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Destruction to the rest: this pause between
(Unanswer'd lest thou boast) to let thee know;
At first I thought that liberty and heaven
To heav'nly souls had been all one: but now
I see that most through sloth had rather serve,
Minist'ring spirits, train'd up in feast and song;
Such hast thou arm'd, the minstrelsy of heaven,
Servility with freedom to contend,

165

As both their deeds compar'd this day shall prové. 170
To whom in brief thus Abdiel stern replied.

A postate, still thou err'st, nor end wilt find
Of erring, from the path of truth remote :
Unjustly thou deprav'st it with the name
Of servitude to serve whom God ordains,
Or Nature: God and Nature bid the same,
When he who rules is worthiest, and excels
Them whom he governs. This is servitude,
To serve th' unwise, or him who hath rebell'd
Against his worthier, as thine now serve thee,
Thyself not free, but to thyself inthrall'd ;

167. Ministring spirits,] So
they are called Heb. i. 14. Are
they not all ministring spirits?
and Satan mentions it in deri-
sion. Compare this with that
of Virgil, Æn. ix. 614.

Vobis picta croco et fulgenti murice
vestis:
Desidiæ cordi: juvat indulgere cho-
reis:

Et tunicæ manicas et habent redimi-
cula mitræ.

O vere Phrygiæ, neque enim Phry-
ges! ite per alta

Dindyma, ubi assuetis biforem dat
tibia cantum.

175

180

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Yet lewdly dar'st ou Reign thou in hell th In heav'n God ever Behests obey, worth Yet chains in hell, n From me return'd, a This greeting on thy So say'ing, a nobl Which hung not, bu On the proud crest c Nor motion of swift Such ruin intercept: He back recoil'd; t His massy spear ups

thyself inthrall'd;] So sat. ii. vii. 81.

Tu mihi qui imperitas, al

Quisnam igitur liber? sap qui imperiosus.

And as to what is here servitude, see Aristotle's I b. i. c. 3, and 4.

183. -in hell thy kin Not that it was so at This is said by way of pation. God had order to be cast out, ver. 52. ar the Almighty had pronc the good angel looks u done. And this sentimen

Reign thou in hell thy king

me serve

In heav'n God ever blest,

is designed as a contrast tan's vaunt in i. 263.

Better to reign in hell, tha in heaven.

Winds under ground, or waters forcing way
Sidelong had push'd a mountain from his seat
Half sunk with all his pines. Amazement seiz'd
The rebel Thrones, but greater rage to see
Thus foil'd their mightiest; ours joy fill'd, and shout,

Presage of victory, and fierce desire

201

Of battle: whereat Michael bid sound

Th' archangel trumpet; through the vast of heaven
It sounded, and the faithful armies rung
Hosanna to the High'est: nor stood at gaze

205

The adverse legions, nor less hideous join'd
The horrid shock: now storming fury rose,
And clamour such as heard in heav'n till now
Was never; arms on armour clashing bray'd
Horrible discord, and the madding wheels

210

Whose false foundation waves have

wash'd away,

Cygnus to an oak or a rock falling, Scut. Herc. 421.

Ηριπι δ', ὡς ὅτε τις δρυς ηριπεν, η ότε

πετρη

Ηλίβατος, πληγείσα Διος ψολοεντι κεραυνω.

And similes of this kind are very frequent amongst the ancient poets, but though our author might take the hint of his from thence, yet we must allow, that he has with great art and judgment heightened it in proportion to the superior dignity of his subject. But perhaps he might rather more probably allude to Spenser's description of the fall of the old dragon, under which allegory he intended to represent a Christian's victory over the devil. Faery Queen, b. i. cant. xi. st. 54.

So down he fell, as an huge rocky clift,

With dreadful poise is from the main land rift, &c.

Thyer.

210. -and the madding wheels] What strong and daring figures are here! Every thing is alive and animated. The very chariot wheels are mad and raging. And how rough and jarring are the verses, and how admirably do they bray the horrible discord they would describe! The word bray (probably from the Greek βραχω strepo) signifies to make any kind of noise. It is applied by Spenser to the sound of a trumpet, Faery Queen, b. iii. cant. xii. st. 6.

And when it ceas'd, shrill trumpets loud did bray.

But it usually signifies any disagreeable noise, as b. i. cant. vi.

st. 7.

Of brazen chariots rag'd; dire was the noise
Of conflict; over head the dismal hiss

Of fiery darts in flaming vollies flew,
And flying vaulted either host with fire.

Her shrill outcries and shrieks so
loud did bray :

and b. i. cant. viii. st. 11.

He loudly bray'd with beastly yelling sound:

and sometimes it is used as a verb active, as here in Milton; Faery Queen, b. v. cant. xi.

st. 20.

Even blasphemous words, which she doth bray:

and in Shakespeare's Hamlet, act i.

The kettle drum and trumpet thus
bray out
The triumph of his pledge.

212. -over head the dismal
hiss

Of fiery darts] Now the author is come to that part of his poem, where he is most to exert what faculty he has of ύψος, magniloquence of style, and sublimity of thought,

Nunc, veneranda Pales, magno nune ore sonandum.

Virg. Georg. iii. 294.

He has executed it to admiration: but the danger is, of being hurried away by his unbridled steed; and of deserting propriety, while he is hunting after sound and tumor. And it is hard to guess, what fault to charge on the printer, since poetic fury is commonly both thought and allowed to be regardless of syntax. But here in this sentence, which is certainly vicious, the hiss flew in vollies, and the hiss vaulted the

hosts with fire: the author may be fairly thought to have given it

-over head with dismal hiss The fiery darts in flaming vollies flew. Bentley. But if there be any place in this poem, where the sublimity of the thought will allow the accuracy of expression to give way to the strength of it, it is here. There is a peculiar force sometimes in ascribing that to a circumstance of the thing, which more properly belongs to the thing itself; to the hiss, which belongs to the darts. See my note on ii. 654. Pearce.

As the learned Mr. Upton remarks in his Critical Observations on Shakespeare, the substantive is sometimes to be construed adjectively when governing a genitive case. Aristophanes in Plut. 268. Ω χρυσον αγγει λας επων, Ο thou who tellest me a gold of words, that is, golden words. Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia, p. 2. opening the cherry of her lips, that is, cherry lips. So here the hiss of darts is hissing darts.

214. And flying vaulted either host with fire. Our author has frequently had his eye upon Hesiod's giant-war as well as upon Homer, and has imitated several passages; but commonly exceeds his original, as he has done in this particular. Hesiod says that the Titans were overshadowed with darts, Theog. 716.

215

So under fiery cope together rush'd
Both battles main, with ruinous assault
And inextinguishable rage; all heaven
Resounded, and had earth been then, all earth
Had to her centre shook. What wonder? when
Millions of fierce encount'ring angels fought
On either side, the least of whom could wield
These elements, and arm him with the force
Of all their regions: how much more of power
Army' against army numberless to raise

Dreadful combustion warring, and disturb,
Though not destroy, their happy native seat ;
Had not th' eternal King omnipotent
From his strong hold of heav'n high over-rul'd
And limited their might; though number'd such
As each divided legion might have seem'd
A numerous host, in strength each armed hand
A legion, led in fight yet leader seem'd
Each warrior single as in chief, expert
When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway
Of battle, open when, and when to close
The ridges of grim war: no thought of flight,

-κατα δ' εσκιασαν βελείσσι Τιτηνας,

but Milton has improved the horror of the description, and a shade of darts is not near so great and dreadful an image as a fiery cope or vault of flaming

darts.

229. -though number'd such &c.] Each legion was in number like an army, each single warrior was in strength like a legion, and though led in fight

220

225

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235

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