misfortunes, or misconduct in trade, is unable any longer to keep his books open; and confequently is obliged to fhut up his desk, or is desk-broken. BANK of a river; or a mound of earth; Bevos, mons, collis, a bill, or rifing ground, to reftrain the current of a river, &c.

BARDASH; vox nuper civitate donata (but instead of being adopted, it ought to have been banished from our own, and from every other alphabet in the univerfe); ab Ital. bardafcio; Fr. Gall. bardache; draucus, cinædus: Gr. etiam Bagdas apud Hefych. et Phavor. reperitur; et ab utroque vaidos, redditur: Skinn. fed unde inquies iftud Ital. bardafcio? credo dictum quafi bardaccio; hoc à bardo pro bardato, equus ornatus, et inftructus: notum autem eft equitare, apud multas gentes præcipue Gallicam, lascivo fenfu ufurpari; et nemo nefcit turpes illos amatores fua Пlaidina, ftudiofe et ambitiofe in delicias fuas ornare :"-a fet of the most despicable, and deteftable wretches on the face of the earth; dressed up, and prinked out, for the most abominable purposes.

BANKET; "commonly written, and pronounced banquet, and banquetting-house, from the Fr. Gall. banque; Ital. banco; Teut. benck; Sax. Bænce. Skinn."-in fhort, from any thing, rather than from Aßaž, aßaxos, abacus, fella, fcamnum ; quia convive ad menfam in orbem circumfident; a feat, bench, table, defk, or any fuch thing to write at, or eat off on, &c.

BANNER, davw, Davw, quafi Dardw, pando, bando; to display, unfold.

BAPTISM," Barliw, baptizo; to baptize; dip, or wash: R. Banlw, mergo; to plunge under water, to fink. Nug."

from Пage, adfum: fo that when any thing is bare and uncovered, it may really and literally fay, bere I am, plain and open to all view.

BARE: both Jun. and Skinn. have traced this word through all the northern languages; and yet acknowledge that alludit Gr. Pargos, lucidus, BAR, or par; Clel.Voc. 8, fays, that "bar, or mar, confpicuus ; à Pãos, lux ; nuda enim luci expofita et conboth fignify judgment: and in p. 6, he had told fpicua funt: to which Skinn. adds, "fed plufquam us, that bar, or par, was also called (mar, maire, alludit Lat. pareo, pro appareo; quia nuda maxime P. 25) mage; whence magus; maius, &c."-con-parent:"-but pareo, pro appareo, certainly orig. fequently Gr. either from Mayas, magnus, major, majus, feu maius: or else, as he says, p. 83, "ey, or may (the initial m being purely adventitious) in the fenfe of legal power, gives the word magus, BARGAIN;" Fr. Gall. barguigner; licitari, which in the Latin was foftened into maius (or licitando cun&tari; Ital. bargagno; pactum; bar-· rather majus); but that maius, fignified judge is gagnare; pacifci: ab Ital. per; pro; et gagnare; indifputable; its root was ey; the law."-confe- pro quadagnare; lucrari; qui enim licitatur, lu-· quently Gr. for if we add only the article to crum quærit Skinn."-after what the Dr. hasey, and write it l'ey, as in par-l'ey-mot, we fhall here advanced, it may feem perhaps too violent fee it derives à As-yw, dico, jus dicere: and in an etym. to derive bargain from Nixw, by transpo-p. 33, n. he fays, "the term now in ufe for a "the term now in ufe for a fition Ixw, vinco; and yet it has very probably. ftudent's being called to the bar, means his being drawn its origin from thence; for Now undoubt- ́ made an advocate, which the Greeks have tranfedly gave birth to vinco; vinco as undoubtedly lated Пaganλnlos, or paraclet; which by the Chrif-gave birth to win; win as undoubtedly gave birth tian divines has received a fanctification in a theological fenfe; and might have been anciently written bar-ey-called, or called to the bar of the law; a barrister in fhort."—all Gr.

BARBARISM ("Bagßagioμos, Bagßagos, barBARBAROUSS barifmus, idioma barbaricum; a barbarous expreffion, or rude ufe of words; ineruditus; ruftic, clownish, and exotic: Nug."-the word in its primary fenfe, fays Clel. Way. 1, only meant a perfon born in a diftant country: it was indeed afterwards abfurdly perverted into a term of reproach.

BARB 7 Bngßn, barba; a beard; the fang of BARBEL a book, dart, or fpear; though per BARBER haps the fish, named a barbel, may be derived from Dagyos, barbulus.

BARD, bardus; a British poet : properly fpeaking, this word can be of neither Gr. nor Lat. extract, and therefore it is referred to the Sax. Alph.

I

to the Teut. word gewinnen; and gewinnen very.
probably being contracted to gwin, might have
given birth to gain; and then gain, being joined
to the other part of the compound bar, (what-
ever fource that may be deduced from, or whatever
it may fignify, for I have not yet been able to
trace it) may have given birth to our word bar-.
gain; and if fo, the latter part of it would un--
doubtedly be Gr.

BARGE Bags, navis, navigium; a small
BARK Ship.

BARK as a dog; "Bouzaoμan, rugio; non tan--
tum de leonibus, fed et aliis feris: or from Bauw,'.
latro; verbum fictum ex voce canum, quam latrando
edunt, Bau-Bau: Theocr. Idyll. vi. & de Baürde, pro-
Baüle, i. e. úλaxles, to bray; bowl, or bark. Upt."
or from Beax, fono; by tranfpofition bark.

BARK of a tree; Bagis, barca; cortex; the rind of a tree. Nug."

BARK

air; a word compounded of Bagus, gravis, pon-
derofus; and Melgov, menfura; measure.

BARON; none of the etymol. give us that
fatisfaction on this art. that Cleland affords us ;
though even that great antiquary has not gone
quite far enough in the investigation of our word
baron; he tells us only that "bar, bir, par, påir,

BARK-fhire; Verft. 150, tells us, that "Barckfhyre was fo named of the plentie of beorcken trees, of as we now call them birchen trees that there grew.”— only he should have told us that BIRCH was Gr. BARN-ACLES, or geefe; " anfer Scoticus, Euλoyos, vel Euλoyevns: Ital. n. pl. bernacche, idem. credo, fays Skinn. à noftro bearn; filius, proles; et aac; quercus, robur; et fecundariò, quævis ar-peer, mar, mage, and maire, all fignify judge:"bor." and yet he could not, or would not, but why thofe words fhould fignify a judge, any fee that both bearn, and oak, were Gr.-but Ju- more than a cardinal, he has left us to trace out nius fays, "huc faciunt verba J. Bromton, quæ for ourfelves: there are then only two reasons. habet, ubi defcribit Hiberniam (rather Scotiam) that occur at prefent; and the first is, that bar, habet et aves, quas barnaces vocant, aucis fyl- and par, with all their numerous dependences, veftribus fimiles, quas de lignis abietinis, quafi may fignify a judge, because, as Clel. himself accontra naturam producit, quibus viri religiofi knowleges, p. 6, that the " bar, or par, was also tempore jejuniorum vefcuntur, eò quòd de coitu, called mar, and mage;" "whence," fays he, " the vel de carne, minimè procreantur;"-the pro-word magus; and thence certain diftricts, more or duction of these creatures is one of the most ex-lefs large, received the name of pagus:"-now traordinary operations in nature, if the account 'pagus poflis deducere à Пayos, collis," fays Voff. given of them by the writers of natural hiftory" may be credited.

BARNARD Verft. fuppofes this name to be BERNARDS Sax. and to fignify bear's-heart; (as in another inftance we know Richard I. was called ceur de leon, or lion's heart); but lion, bear, and heart, are all Gr.

BARON and femme; vox fæcialium propria, antiquâ ling. Fr. Gall. baron et femme, i. e. vir et femina: Skinn."-here the Dr. ftops :-we have feen the etym. of baron, in the foregoing art. as for femme, we fhall fee that under FEMININE. Gr.

nempe quia primitus in colle fecuritatis causâ ædificia exftruxêre:"-and therefore a judge might antiently have prefided as a baron, or head over his parish, or diftri&t: the fecond reason why a baron may fignify a judge is, because, as Clel, acknowledges, bar, par, mar, and mage, may defcend à may, maius, majus; all which vifibly oriBARNE, or child: Junius writes it bern; Verst.ginate à major, i. e. à Meyas, magnus; to fignify bearne and bearn; Skinn. bearn; Clel. bairn; Ray, a grandee, a head, a judge in all causes between barn; and Lipfius, barne; and would have us the people. derive it from the Sax. Run. Dan. Goth. Teut. Almann, Iceland. or other northern tongues; but Suidas tells us, that Begun fignifies Tos, filius; a fon; which no doubt is defcended from the Syriac bar; Simon Bar Jona, Simon the fon of Jonas ; which fome editions of the New Teftament give us as a proper name, Simon Barjona. Mat. xvi. 17.-however let us even fuppofe with all thofe gentlemen, that our word barne is only a various dialect for born; i. e. derived from the Sax. Bæpan, or Bæɲne, parere; ftill the Sax. is not the original language; for Bæɲan undoubtedly fignifies no more than to bear, or bring forth; and confequently is derived à Degw, fero, porto, gero; to bear, or carry in the womb, till the time of birth. It is more probable however that barne, or bern, is derived, as Clel. obferves, Way. 62, from verna; in contradiftinction to liberi, who were free-born; but verna was the name given to thofe born in flavery: though that gentleman derives verna from the Celtic bairn :-but verna feems to come from ver; and ver from Inui, Ew, unde Eag, ver. Voff.

BARN-TEEMS; this compound this compound fignifies broods of children: fee TEAM. Gr.

BARO-METRE, Bagogov, barometer; a mathematical inftrument, to measure the weight of the

BAR-PENS are explained by Clel. Voc. 130, to be feats of the head druid, baron, or judge: and in 210, he affirms, that "pen, ven, and poll, are radicals, fignifying the head; because originally all fales or barterings were carried on by beads of cattle:"-confequently will take the fame deriv. with veneo, venal, and vendo, to vend. Gr.

BARREL; "nollem jurare anо τns Bagulnlos, à gravitate dici; fays Skinn."-It were rather to be wifhed he had faid à profunditate :-but he goes on; "mallem igitur deflectere à noftro bear, vel beer; Ital. bara ; feretrum :"-this feems to be a ftrange etym. as well as strange orthogr.-if the word barrel be really of Sax. orig. it would be better to derive it à bene; hordeum, barley; from whence our word beer is undoubtedly derived; and it is common to call it a beer-barrel ; or veel to hold beer: Sax.

BARREN, "fometimes the privative in (or as it is here written en) was placed at the end of a word; as in barrin, i. e. barren, or not bear

ing: Clel. Voc. 4."-"vel forte per ellipf. à Belg. | &c. ; fince Junius himfelf has quoted Hefych. onbaerende; Fr. Theotifc. unbarig; Sax. unbe- Bagues, devdea: trees, grove, foreft. nend; non pariens; baeren enim Belgis parere fignificat. Skinn."-this ellipfis feems unnatural, fince the Dr. acknowledges that baeren fignifies parere; and yet by the ellipfis, baerende muft fignify non parere: nay, fhould the Dr. ftill infift on his ellipfis, we may nevertheless affirm, that both the Sax. unbeɲend, and the Belg. baeren, would originate à Degw, fero, quafi bero; to bear, to carry, to bring forth young, i. e. pario.

BAR-RISTER, commonly derived from bar, in the sense of a person's being called to the bar : but it feems rather to be derived from the fame root with BAR-on, in the fenfe of a minor baron, or barrister: confequently Gr.

BARROW; perhaps from Bapos, pondus; a weight; a machine to carry heavy things in: or elfe from Depw, fero, porto, bajulo; to carry, or bear, or barrow any great weight.

BARTHRAM, Пugaiew, pyrethrum, barthram ; pellitory of Spain; fometimes called priory of the wall; which word priory, and perhaps pellitory, is only a contraction of parietaria, à paries :but with regard to our prefent word barthram, it is evidently derived from Пug, ignis; fire; and Adw, uro; to burn; and therefore it would be better to write it bartham, and not barthram; for it is Alw, not Algw, uro; to burn; this herb having a bot, fiery, pungent root.

BASE," Balus, profundus; deep, mean, low. Nug."-if the Dr. meant by bafe, the foundation of a pillar, he was undoubtedly right in the etym. for that is only the English word for bafis: but if he meant, as he feems to mean by base, any thing low, mean, and defpicable, he is probably wrong; for then it originates from a different root, viz. Bara, quod Hefych. exponit Aiguin, dedecus, infamia, probrum; difgrace, in

BASIL, "Barineos, regalis; royal; R. BaoAeus, rex; a king. Nug."

annuli; forte, continues Skinn. à Fr. Gall. bassin ; pelvis annuli; i. e pars annuli latior, et turgidior, cui inferitur gemma: vide bafon:"-but bason, as we fhall fee prefently, is Gr.

BARROW-bog: "" Пogxos Græcum eft nomen Πορκος antiquum, fed obfoletum; quòd nunc eum vo-famy, difhonesty. cant Xoigov: à Пogxos, Lat. porcus; Gall. porceau; Ital. porco; Hifp. puerco; Belg. vercken; Teut. barg; Sax. beangh; farr, aper : Jun. and Skinn." BASIL of a ring: Skinn. writes it bezeill, vox this laft word aper, makes me rather imagine quæ non nifi apud Higginium, et Janua Linguathat the Teut. barg, and Sax. beaɲgh, are not rum reperitur: (Ainfworth writes it bezel, or derived from Пogxos, but from Kangas: aliudbezil; and tranflates it the beazil of a ring ;) “ pala autem Kangos, Tyrrhenis, aliud Græcis; fays Voff. Tyrrhenis caprum notabat; inde igitur Latinorum caper: at Græcis tranfmarinis Kargos eft aper, majalis, verres caftratus"-but after all; it is more probable that barrow-beg may be derived not from the Greek, but the Latin; though we have followed the Greek, and not the Roman manner of writing it; for the Romans called it verres; and Plutarch, in Cicero's life, as quoted by Voff. fays, Βεῤῥην γαρ οἱ Ρωμαιοι τὸν μη εκτίμη evovit would have answered our purpose better, if we were to read it according to the common editions To Exllunpevov, caftratus; because our barrow-bogs are fatted hogs, and confequently cut.

"Baon, regia domus ; a royal· } parBASILICA palace, a stately edifice; but ticularly applied to churches erected to Saints. Nug."-we are told by Clel. Voc. 43, and 85,. that " Barius, is derived from the Celtic mace, or vafs; quafi vafs-ul-eus; the minister of the mace."-the priority must be decided fomewhere. BASILISC, Barixionos, bafilifcus ; ferpens quidam; a ferpent.

BASIS, Baris, bafis, fundamen; a prop, foundation; also the foot of a pillar, or pedestal of a ftatue.

Lye

BARROWS, or rather BARUES; bills covered, or furrounded with trees; both Jun. and BASK in the fun; " Belg. baekeren een kindt ; Skinn. would derive it from the Sax. by giving fovere infantem ad ignem, baekeren in de fonne, aprius two words of different fignifications, and dif-care, captare folem: Skinn."-who acknowledges, ferent etym. and yet they both meant the fame "hæc forte à verbo to bake; quod vide; q. d. ad ̈ thing; Jun. fays, "barrow, nemus, lucus; maxime ignem, feu ad folem quadantenus coquere. tamen ut videtur fylvula collem veftiens; Sax. bea- alfo has given the like deriv. in his Add. ab nu, beaɲue, or beona :" and Skinn. fays, Iceland. "bakaft; fe calefacere :"-but, if both barrowes, à Sax. béoɲg, tumulus :”—and no- thefe are proper deriv. then they may be deduced thing more however, it certainly does not from the Gr. as under the art. BAKÉ. Gr. mean a barren, naked bill, or mound, or tumulus ; BASKET, onhos, phafelus; navis oblonga; but one covered, or furrounded with wood, trees, an oblong boat: or perhaps it may with greater

propriety

propriety be derived à Barxaww, fafcino; unde | cudgel: R. Baxingia, the fame; because the anBuonavos, fafcinus: if the words fafcis, and fafci- tient bastions, and buildings were made of poles, culus may take their origin from thence; · a and long fticks, or staffs: Nug."-this explanabundle of flicks, or a fagot. Junius fays, "videri tion feems to have been mifapplied; for, though poffet vox basket traxiffe aliquid ex Basalw, porto; Baxlgov gives origin to baculum and baculus, yet to carry any thing in:" which is a very good deri- it is very probable, that neither the Gr. or Lat. vation; but not fo good as the former by Voff. words gave origin to the French word bafton (if BASON; both Jun. and Skinn. have traced there be any fuch word in French ;) neither does this word (Junius, under the art. bafen) à Fr. the French word bafton, or English word baftion, Gall. baffin; Teut. Belg. and Dan. becken; Ital. fignify a stick, or staff; whatever the antient bacino; Hifp. bacia, bacin; and then adds, " Mar-baftions and buildings might have been made of: tinius refert ad buccinum, fpecies conche; unde the word Baxgov, therefore has been applied to quoque conca Italis eft vas lotorii fpecies, quòd fit BATOON. Gr. veluti capax quædam concha :"-if this be the true deriv. then we must seek for another etym. Voffius quotes Suidas, "qui docet Buxavn, buccinum, vel bucinus, effe ogyavov μeoixov, meaning the fea fhell, above mentioned, of that form which is generally given to a Triton :"-let me only add, that Skinn. fays, "Covarruvias deflectit bafon, à Bafeos," and then adds; "credo potius omnia Germ. et Goth. effe originis:"-nations which perhaps fcarce ever knew what a bafon was, till of late years.

BASS Barowy, profundior; deeper; the BASSOON lower, or deeper ground-work of mufic: R. Babus, profundus, magnus, gravis; deep-toned.

BASTONADA; " Balgov, baculus; Βακίρον, a staff, ftick, or cudgel; from the French bafton; or the Ital. baftone: Nug."-so that now we have another authority to corroborate the former; and yet we may perfift in referring this word Balgov, to BATOON; only obferving, that according to all the rules of etym. if Baxlgov, and baston give origin to our word baftion; then this word ought to have been written bastionada. BAT, or club; Baxlgov, baculus: Upt."-this gentleman is right.

BATCH of bread, perhaps means no more than a baking of bread; as much in quantity as the oven can contain at one baking: if fo, it would be Gr.

BATCHELOR : though most of our dictionaries give us this word under this form, yet it ought to be referred to BACHELOR. Gr.

BATE, or make-bate; Пalxoow, Пalew, quafi. Balew, batuo; to beat an argument; to bandy words; to bold a difpute: fee to DEBATE. Gr.

BATH," Balev, mergere; to dip, or plunge. under water. Upt."

BAS-TARD, " Bacoaga, a common woman, a harlot, ftrumpet: Nug."-this appears with great fpecioufnefs, but that is all that can be faid for it; for Skinn. has with much greater probability derived it, vel à Germ. boefz, malus; and aerd, vel art, natura: vel potius Teut. boefz, malus; et Sax. Steopt, ortus, editus; one bafe-born, born not in wedlock: fo that according to the Dr. the former half is Gr. the latter, Sax.: but with Clel. Voc. 3, we may rather suppose " baftard was BATOON; Baxgov, baculum; a staff, stick, or derived from bafe-terred, or laid on the ground; cudgel; but now commonly used to fignify a gebecause fuch illegitimate offspring were not en-neral's truncheon; in French bâton; from whence titled to the honours of filiation, till by the father taken up from the ground: this ceremony was called in Latin tollere; after which, the child was confidered as little, if at all, inferior to what is now understood by lawfully begotten."

BASTE, or beat Sued. bafa; Iceland. beyfta, BASTE meat S verberare, pulfare; vel cibum dum affatur butyri feu adipis liquamine ungere: credo, fays Skinn. à baft, cædere, percutere; quia olim cibum bacillo unatorio confricabant, nunc liquamen tantum eminus inftillant: alludit Gr. Basos, quod tefte Salmaf. fuftem, quo onera portantur, fignat: Basalw, Basu, porto; baculus enim corpus portat; feu fuftentat: a stick, to drip meat with. Lye, in his Add. fuppofes it to be Iceland. BASTION," Balgov, baculus; a staff, flick, or

our word vifibly defcends; as bâton itself is vifibly Gr" et Baxlgov dicitur maga To Baiεiv, quomodo et 'Paßdos dicta exiftimatur maga To Pãov To Badige. Voff."

BATTEN;" vel corruptum à fatten; vel à Sax. badian; to bathe; fimo volutari, instar jumenti, fovere, pinguefacere: Skinn."-but then the Dr. ought to have confidered, that if we take either, or both, of thefe deriv. they are of Gr. extract. the former from Palm, præfepe; a manger, to fatten oxen at; the latter from Balw; mergo; to dip, plunge, or roll in the mud. Let me then obferve, that the Belg. baete, baeten; lucrum; and the Teut. batten; prodeffe; to profit, are evidently derived à Palin, præfepe; abovementioned.

BATTER,