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Sect. 3. Failure of the Attempts at Systematic Reform
Sect. 4. Return to Mixed Systems with Improvements
CLASSIFICATORY SCIENCES.
BOOK XVI.
CHAPTER III.-FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF ARRANGEMENT
OF PLANTS.
Sect. 1. Prelude to the Epoch of Casalpinus
Sect. 2. Epoch of Casalpinus.-Formation of a System of
Arrangement.
Sect. 3. Stationary Interval
Sect. 4. Sequel to the Epoch of Casalpinus.-Further Forma-
tion and Adoption of Systematic Arrangement
CHAPTER IV.-THE REFORM OF LINNEUS.
Sect. 1. Introduction of the Reform
Sect. 2. Linnæan Reform of Botanical Terminology
Sect. 3.
233
237
243
249
Nomenclature.
261
265
Views on a Natural Method.
267
272
Sect. 4. Linnæus's Artificial System.
Sect. 5.
Sect. 6. Reception and Diffusion of the Linnæan Reform
CHAPTER V.-PROGRESS TOWARDS A NATURAL SYSTEM
OF BOTANY..
277
CHAPTER VI. THE PROGRESS OF SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY. 287
Epoch of the Fixation of Characters.-Ray and Willoughby
300
Sect. 1. Knowledge of Galen and his Predecessors
Sect. 2. Recognition of Final Causes in Physiology.-Galen.
319
324
CHAPTER II.-DISCOVERY OF THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD.
Sect. 2. The Discovery of the Circulation made by Harvey.
Sect. 3. Reception of the Discovery
330
33T
Sect. 4. Bearing of the Discovery on the Progress of Phy-
siology.
332
337
339
CHAPTER III.-DISCOVERY OF THE MOTION OF THE CHYLE,
AND CONSEQUENT SPECULATIONS.
Sect. 1. The Discovery of the motion of the Chyle
Sect. 2. The consequent Speculations. Hypotheses of Di-
gestion.
CHAPTER IV.-EXAMINATION OF THE PROCESS OF REPRO-
DUCTION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS, AND CONSEQUENT
SPECULATIONS.
Sect. 1. The Examination of the Process of Reproduction
in Animals
341
Sect. 2. The Examination of the Process of Reproduction
in Vegetables.
343
Sect. 3. The consequent Speculations.-Hypotheses of Gene-
ration
346
CHAPTER V.-EXAMINATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND
CONSEQUENT SPECULATIONS.
Sect. 1. The Examination of the Nervous System.
Sect. 2. The consequent Speculations.
PAGE
350
ing Life, Sensation, and Volition .
CHAPTER VI.-INTRODUCTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF DEVE-
LOPED AND METAMORPHOSED SYMMETRY.
Sect. 1. Vegetable Morphology.-Göthe. De Candolle
Sect. 2. Application of Vegetable Morphology.
359
365
Sect. 2. Distinction of the General Types of the Forms of
Animals.-Cuvier
Sect. 3. Attempts to Establish the Identity of the Types of
Animal Forms
368
371
374
CHAPTER VIII. THE DOCTRINE OF FINAL CAUSES IN
PHYSIOLOGY.
377
382
Sect. 1. Assertion of the Principle of Unity of Plan.
Sect. 2. Estimate of the Doctrine of Unity of Plan
Sect. 3. Establishment and Application of the Principle of
the Conditions of Existence of Animals.-Cuvier. 389
Sect. 1. Ancient Notices of Geological Facts
Sect. 2. Early Descriptions and Collections of Fossils
Sect. 3. First Construction of Geological Maps.
CHAPTER II.-FORMATION OF SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIVE
GEOLOGY.
Sect. I. Discovery of the Order and Stratification of the Ma-
terials of the Earth
Sect. 2. Systematic Form given to Descriptive Geology.-Wer-
ner...
Sect. 3. Application of Organic Remains as a Geological Cha-
411
414
418
422
Sect. 4. Advances in Palæontology.—Cuvier
Sect. 5. Intellectual Characters of the Founders of Systematic
Descriptive Geology.
CHAPTER III.-SEQUEL TO THE FORMATION OF SYSTEMATIC
DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY.
Sect. 1. Reception and Diffusion of Systematic Geology
Sect. 2. Application of Systematic Geology.-Geological Sur-
veys and Maps
426
Sect. 3. Geological Nomenclature
Sect. 4. Geological Synonymy, or Determination of Geological
Equivalents
430
432
435
CHAPTER IV.-ATTEMPTS TO DISCOVER GENERAL LAWS
IN GEOLOGY.
Sect. 1. Necessity and Object of a Science of Geological
Sect. 2. Aqueous Causes of Change
Sect. 3. Igneous Causes of Change.-Motions of the Earth's
Surface
Sect. 4. The Doctrine of Central Heat
Sect. 5. Problems respecting Elevations and Crystalline Forces 468
Sect. 6. Theories of Changes of Climate
CHAPTER VI.-PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF
Sect. 2.
Sect. 3. Questions of the Transmutation of Species
Geography of Plants and Animals
Sect. 4. Hypothesis of Progressive Tendencies
Sect. 5. Question of Creation as related to Science .
479
Sect. 6. The Hypothesis of the Regular Creation and Extinc-
tion of Species
1. Creation of Species
Sect. 7. The Imbedding of Organic Remains
2. Extinction of Species
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY.
CHAPTER VII.-PROGRESS OF PHYSICAL GEOLOGY.
Sect. 1. Object and Distinctions of Physical Geology
Sect. 2. Of Fanciful Geological Opinions.
Sect. 3. Of Premature Geological Theories
483
488
492
494
496
CHAPTER VIII. THE TWO ANTAGONIST DOCTRINES OF