quired. The first thing observable in the For the nature, position, and number of the bones in man, see ANATOMY; and for the chief differences and variations in those of other animals, see COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. BONES (Analysis of). As chemistry is inexhaustible in its objects, so it is indefatigable in its researches, and especially within the last fifty years has laid, as it were, all nature under tribute. Hence the bones of various animals, and even those of man himself, have been subjected to experiment. Many of the products afforded by the combustion and distillation of bone, such as bone-ash, lampblack, ammonia, &c. have been long known, and employed in the arts. Pelletier, Proust, Bouillon, and Rouelle, have recently directed their inquiries to this subject; but the most important, as well as the most successful experiments, were those of Scheele and Hatchett, the former of whom discovered in 1771 that the earthy part of bones is phosphat of lime; and from the analysis of the latter we learn that, although the proportion of ingredients varies in the bones of different animals, the general constituents of bone are as follow: 1. Gelatin, soluble by boiling rasped or bruised bones in water, and giving a fine clear jelly; 2. Oil or fat, separable during the boiling, by rising to the top of the water, and when cold concreting it into a suct; 3. Phosphat of lime, soluble in dilute nitrous, muriatic, or acetous acid, and precipitable thence by pure ammonia; 4. Some sulphat of limes 5. A little carbonat of lime; and, 6. A membranous or cartilaginous substance, retaining the form of the bone after every thing else has been extracted by water and an acid. Of these ingredients the phosphat of lime exists in far the greatest abundance, amounting in different bones to between 52 and 85.5 parts in 100 of the whole. To the gelatin is owing the property which bones are well known to possess of contributing to the richness of soups, and even, when properly boiled, of making soup by themselves. The cartilage, according to Hatchett, is composed chiefly of albumen, which must therefore be regarded as another of the constituents of bone. It is remarkable, however, that the enamel of the tooth is entirely destitute of this albuminous cartilage. On examining some fossil bones from the rock of Gibraltar, Mr. Hatchett found them to consist of phosphat of lime, without any cartilage or soft animal part. Their interstices were filled with carbonat of lime; and they appear altogether to resemble bones that have been burnt. BONES, in commerce, are very useful articles for making different kinds of toys, and also in several of the chemical arts, as for making cast iron malleable, for absorbing the sulphur of sulphureous ores, for forming tests and coppels, or vessels for refining gold and silver with lead; for burnt bones compose a mass of a porous texture, which absorbs vitrified lead and other metals, while the unvitrescible gold and silver remain entire behind. They are used for the preparation of milky S glasses and porcelains, for the rectification of volatile salts, and of empyreumatic oils, and for making glue. The bones of different animals are not equally fit for different uses. The bone of the cuttle-fish is used by goldsmiths for making moulds; those of bullocks for painters black; also, in lieu of ivory, for toys and cutlers work. To BONE. v. a. (from the noun.) To take out the bones from the flesh. BONE-ACE (properly bon, or good, ace), an easy game at cards, played thus: The dealer deals out two cards to the first hand, and turns up the third, and so on through all the players, who may be seven, eight, or as many as the cards will permit; he that has the highest card turned up to him carries the bone, that is, one half of the stake, the other remaining to be played for. Again, if there are three kings, three queens, three tens, &c. turned up, the eldest hand wins the bone; but it is to be observed that the ace of diamonds is bon-ace, and wins all other cards whatever. Thus much for the bone; and as for the other half of the stake, the nearest to 31 wins it, and he that turns up or draws 31 wins it immediately. BONE-ASH, the residue of burnt bones. The process is performed in the open air, in large heaps, and the earthy salt which remains forms on an average about half the weight of the fresh bone. It is composed chiefly of phosphat of lime, and is used by the assayers as the material for cupels, and for other pur To BOʻNESET. v. n. (from bone and set.) To restore a bone out of joint; to join a bone broken (Wiseman). BONESETTER. s. (from boneset.) A chirurgeon (Denham). BONFIRE. s. (lon, good, Fr. and fire.) A fire made for triumph (South). BO'NGRACE. s. (bonne grace, Fr.) A covering for the forehead (Hakewill). BONGO, an island of the Pacific ocean, belonging to the emperor of Japan. Lat. 32. ON. Lon. 134. 0 E. BONING, in surveying and levelling, is the placing of three or more rods or poles all of the same length, in or upon the ground in such a manner that their tops may be all in one continued straight line, whether it is horizontal or inclined, so that the eye may look along the tops of them all, from one end of the line to the other. BONIS NON AMOVENDIS, in law, a writ directed to the sheriff's of London, &c. charging them, that a person against whom judgment is obtained, and prosecuting a writ of error, be not suffered to remove his goal until the error is determined. BONITON, the common French name of the scomber arnia of Linné us. BONN, a city of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and electorate of Cologn, situated on the west side of the Rhine. Bon is a beautiful town, the streets are wide, and the fortifications in repair; here is a palace belonging to the elector of Cologn, who used to keep his court here. Lat. 50. 40. N. Loa. 7. 0 E. L BONNEFONS (John), a Latin poet. He was born in 1554, at Clermont, in Auvergne, and died in 1614. His poems have been published several times, the best edition is that appended to the poems of Beza, printed by 卜 Barbau, at Paris, in 1757, 12mo. BONNER (Edmund), an English prelate. He was a poor peasant's son in Worcestershire, and educated at Oxford by the liberality of a gentleman. He afterwards got into the favour of cardinal Wolsey, who bestowed upon him several benefices. Henry VIII. made him his chaplain, and he zealously promoted the divorce between his master and Catharine o Arragon, and the king sent him to Rome w get the sentence confirmed; where his beha-" viour was so bold, that the pope threatened t throw him into a cauldron of boiling lead. In 1538, he was nominated bishop of Hereford, being then ambassador at Paris, but before his consecration he was translated to London. In the reign of Edward VI. he scrupled the oath of the king's supremacy, for which he was committed to prison, but an his submission he obtained his discharge. His negligence, however, in promoting the reformation, and complying with the laws, occasioned him a second iraprisonment, and the loss of his bishoprie. On the accession of Mary he was restored to his episcopal function, and throughout the whole of her reign shewed a most sanguinary spirit, by bringing great numbers of Protestants to the stake. queen Elizabeth came to the throne, he refused the oath of allegiance and supremacy, for which he was deprived, and sent prisoner to the marshalsea, where he died in 1509. His body was interred privately in St. George s church-yard, Southwark. Bonner was a man of a very furious and ernel disposition. (kins.) When The following pieces were published under the name of this prelate. 1. Preface to the Oration of Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Wichester, concerning true Obedience. 2. Several Letters to the Lord Cromwell. 3. A Declaration to Lord Cromwell, describing to him the evil behaviour of Stephen (hishop of Winchester). 4. Letter of his about the Proceedings at Rome concerning the King's Divorce from Catharine of Arragon. 5. An Admonition and Advertisement given by the Bishop of London to all Readers of the Bible in the English Tongue. 6. Injunctions given by Bonner, Bishop of London, to his Clergy (about preaching), with the Names of Books prohibited. 7. Letter to Mr. Lechmore. 8. Responsum et Exhortatio; Lond. 1553, 8vo. Answer and Exhortation to the Clergy in praise of Priesthood: spoken by the Author in St. Paul's Cathedral, the 16th of October 1553. 9. A Letter to Mr. Lechmore, 6th September 1553. 10. Articles to he enquired of in the general Visitation of Edmund Bishop of London, exercised by him in the Year 1554, in the City and Diocese of London, &c. 11. A profitable and necessary Doctrine, containing an Exposition on the Creed, seven Sacraments, ten Commandments, the Pater Noster, Ave Maria, with certain Homilies adjoining thereto, for the Instruction and Information of the Diocese of Loncoa. 12. Several letters, declarations, arguings, disputes, &c. of his are extant in John Fox's Book of Martyrs. 13. His Objections against the Process of Robert Horne, Bishop of Winchester, who had tendered the oath of supremacy to him a second time. BONNESTABLE, a town of France, in the department of Sarte, and late province of Maine. Lat. 48. 11 N. Lon 0. 30 E. BONNET, in a general sense, denotes a cover for the head, in conimon use before the introduction of hats. BONNET, in fortification, a small work consisting of two faces, having only a parapet with two rows of palisadoes, of about 10 or 12 feet distance; it is generally raised before the saliant angle of the counterscarp, and has a communication with the covered way, by a trench cut through the glacis, and palisadoes on each side. BONNET A PRETRE, or PRIEST'S BONNET, in fortification, is an out-work, having at the head three saliant angles, and two inwards. It differs from the double tenaille only in this, that its sides, instead of being parallel, are like the queue d'aronde, or swallow's tail, that is, narrowing, or drawing close at the gorge, and opening at the head.. BONNET, in the sea language, denotes an addition to a sail; thus we say, lace on the bonnet, or shake off the bonnet. BONNET PEPPER, in botany. See CAP SICUM. BONNET (Charles), a celebrated naturalist and natural philosopher, was born at or near Geneva, March 13, 1720. In compliance with his father's desires, he applied himself, though with much reluctance, to the study of the law here he was most pleased with the works of Burlamaqui and Heineccius; but notwithstanding his application to these authors, he always manifested a strong partiality for natural history, and was very active in making experiments. In consequence of his experiments which demonstrate that tree-lice propagate without copulation, a correspondence was commenced between him and Reaumur, accompanied with presents from the latter, which were very flattering to Bonnet, who was then a youth of twenty years. In the year 1743, having obtained the degree of LL.D. he relinquished a pursuit which he had commenced so reluctantly. In the same year he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society. Being now liberated from his other pursuits, he applied himself without intermission to collecting together his experiments and observations on the tree-louse and the worm, which he published in 1744, under the title of Insectology. About the end of the year 1746, he was chosen member of the literary institution at Bologna, which introduced him to a correspondence with the famed Zanotti, who may be deemed the Fontanelle of Italy. In 1747 he undertook a very difficult work on the leaves of plants; which, of all his publications in natural history, bore the strongest marks of originality, both with respect to the manner in which his experiments were made, and the discoveries resulting from them. His extreme attachment to natural history gradually led him to a study of a very different nature: speculative philosophy now engaged his whole attention. The first fruit of his meditations in this department was his Essay on Psychology. In this work the principal facts observable in human nature, and the consequences resulting from them, are stated in a concise and conspicuous manner. His next work was the Analysis of the Mental Faculties; it engaged his incessant attention for five years, ending with 1759. It is somewhat singular that both he and the abbé de Condillac should have illustrated their principles by the supposition of a statue, organized like the human body, which they conceived to be gradually inspired with a soul, and the progressive developement of whose powers they carefully traced. In 1762 our author published Contemplations on organized Bodies. In this the author had three princi pal objects before him; the first was to give a concise view of every thing which appears interesting in natural history, respecting the origin, developement, and reproduction of organized bodies; the second was to confute the two different systems founded upon the Epigenesis; and the third was to explain the system of germs, indicate the ground upon which it was founded, its correspondence with facts, and the consequences resulting from it. In 1764 appeared The Contemplation of Nature: in which the author first enlarged upon the common conceptions entertained concerning the existence and perfections of God; and of the order and uniformity observable in the universe He nexts descends to man, examines the parts of his composition, and the various capacities with which he is endowed. He next proceeds to the plants; assembles and describes the laws of their economy; and, finally, he examines the insects, indicates the principal circumstances in which they differ from larger animals, and points out the philosophical inferences that may legitimately be deduced from these differences; and he concludes with observations respecting the industry of insects. This work being of a popular nature, the author spared no pains in bestowing upon it those ornaments of which it was : susceptible. Besides these works he published, Memoirs and Writings on Natural History, Observations on Insects, Letters on Natural History, Dissertation on the Loves of the Plants, Dissertation on the Pipa, and different treatises on bees. His last publication was the Palingenesis, which treats of the prior existence and future state of living beings. Part of this Palingenesis has been published in different languages under the title, Inquiries into Christianity it must be a source of infinite satisfaction to those who sincerely search after truth, to see the man of genius, of learning, of profound research, standing forth, and eloquently, as well as ably, defending the truths of revelation against the objections of its opponents; yet cautiously avoiding every harsh reflection upon those whose sentiments differ from his own on this most important of all topics. M. Bonnet was in 1752 chosen member of the grand council in the republic of Geneva; and he assisted regularly at their deliberations till the year 1768, where he distinguished himself by his eloquence; by his moderation, united with firmness; by his good sense and penetration in cases of difficulty, and by the zeal with which he endeavoured to reclaim his fellow-citizens to that ancient simplicity of manners which had been so conducive to the welfare of the state; and to the love of virtue, so essential to the existence of genuine liberty. This great man died May 20, 1793, in his seventy-third year: he retained his presence of mind to the last moment, administered comfort to surrounding friends and relatives, and anxiously attempted to alleviate the distress of his disconsolate wife, in whose arms he expired. BONNETIA. In botany, a genus of the class polyandria, order monogynia,. Calyx five-leaved, petals five; capsule three-celled, three-valved, many-seeded. One species a native of Cayenne; a tree with alternate, elliptic obtuse, entire glabrous leaves; raceme terminal; flowers purple. BONNEVILLE, a town of Savoy, in Italy, subject to the king of Sardinia, 20 miles south of Geneva. Lat. 46. 32 N. Lon. 6. 10 E. BO'NNILY. ad. (from lonny.) Gayly; handsomely; plumply. BOʻNNINESS.. (from bonny.) Gayety; handsomeness; plumpness. BONNY. a. (from bon, bonne, French.) 1. Handsome; beautiful (Shakspeare). 2. Gay; merry; frolicksome (Shakspeare). BONNY-CLABBER. s. Sour buttermilk (Swift). BONONIA, or FALSINA, the ancient name of Bologna. BONONIAN, or BOLOGNIAN STONE, a sort of spar found near Bologna or Bononia, and which, when. duly prepared, possesses the curious property, on being exposed a few minutes to the light, of becoming luminous or phosphorescent in the dark. It is in fact the ponderous spar, and, from being comFounded of sulphuric acid and barytes, is rmed in chemical language sulphat of batyles. (See BARYTES.) This stone is found native in various parts of Italy, in pieces of different shapes and sizes, but seldom larger than an orange: these pieces are of various colours, soft, glossy, and fibrous. In the Philosophical Transactions, No. 134, an allusion is made to a method which one Zagonius pos sessed, of making statues and pictures of this stone, which would shine variously in the dark; but the secret was not revealed to any one. The phosphoric property of this stone was discovered about the year 1630. In its origi nal state it has no lucid appearance; but mist undergo a particular calcination before it will ́exhibit one. The process will be described under the term PHOSPHORUS (Bolognian), by which the substance in its prepared state is generally known. A short exposure to the light of the sun, or even to the Hame of a candle, is sufficient for it to imbibe such a quantity of light as to shine, when taken into the dark, like burning coals; even when immersed in water it emits the same glowing light. The light it emits is suflicient to read by, if the letters be placed near it. The light will not continue long, but often wants renewing by a fresh exposure. This substance, and others of the same class, lose their luminous property gradually, which they however regain by being heated a second time: when well prepared, this stone will retain its power of imbibing and giving out light five or six years, but seldom longer. Many other stones of the gypsum kind are also capable of acquiring similar properties. BONS-HOMMES, or BoN-HOMMES, 2 sort of hermits of St. Augustin, founded by F. de Paula. They were brought over into England in 1283 by Edmund earl of Cornwall, and settled at Ashorug in Bucks, besides which they had only one house more at Edingdon in Wiltshire. They followed the rale of St. Austin, and wore a blue habit. The name is said to have arisen from Lewis XI. of France. who used to call F. de Paula, prior of the order, Le bon homme. Till then they had been distinguished by the appellation of the Minimi. BONTADE, in music, an irregular flight. BONTIA. Barbadoes wild olive. In betany, a genus of the class didynamia, order angiospermia. Calyx five-parted; corol twolipped; the lower lip three-parted, revolute; drupe ovate, one-seeded, with an oblique tip: nut one-celled. One species only, b. daph noides, with a yellow corol, having a purje line down the lower lip. This plant is generally cultivated in Barbadoes for hedges and other fences, being of rapid growth, and soon attaining its natural height of about ten feet. BONVINCINO, called LE MORETTO (Alessandro), history and portrait painter, was born at Rovate in 1514. He was first the disciple of Titian, under whose direction he studied diligently for some years. But, having accidentally seen the designs of Raphael, he felt an elevation of mind that he never had before experienced. He therefore gave himself up entirely to study those master-pieces of art and genius; and his observations were guided with such judgment, as well as attention, that his improvement was truly surprising, and he became an exceedingly good painter. His works were eagerly bought up, being extremely admired for the tenderness of the pencilling, for the correctness and spirited expression of the figures, for the neatness of the finishing, and for the rich variety of his draperies, which usually consisted of velvets, damasks, or sattins, all copied after nature, and being wonderfully imitated. He was also equally excellent in portrait, and by many was placed in competition even with Titian. He died in 1564. BONUS HENRICUS (Henricus, Lat.: so called because its virtues were detected by some one whose name was Henry.) Tota bona. Chenopodium. English mercury. The. plant to which this name is given in the pharmacopoeias is the chenopodium bonus henricus; foliis triangulari-sagittatis integerrimis, spicis compositis aphyllis axillaribus, of Linnéus. It is a native of this country, and comnon in waste grounds from June to August. The young plant differs little from spinage when cultivated; and in many places the young shoots are eaten in spring like asparagus. Sce CHENOPODIUM. BONY. a. (from bone.) 1. Consisting of bones (Ray). 2. Full of bones. BONZES, Indian priests. The Tonquinese have a pagod or temple in each town; and each pagod has at least two bonzes belonging to it: some have 30 or 40. These bonzes, in order to distinguish themselves from the laity, wear a chaplet about their necks consisting of 100 beads; and carry a staff, at the end of which is a wooden bird. They live upon the alas of the people; yet are very charitably disposed, and maintain several orphans and widows out of their own collections. The bonzes of China are the priests of the Fohists, or sect of Fohi. It is one of their established tenets, that there are rewards allotted for the righteons, and punishments for the wicked, in the next world; and that there are various mausions in which the souls of men will reside, according to their different degrees of merit. But, in order to deserve the favour of heaven, the bonzes instruct the people to treat the priests with respect and reverence, to support and maintain them, and to erect temples and monasteries for them. They tell them, that, unless they comply with these injunctions, they will be cruelly tormented after death, and pass through a disagreeable variety of transmigrations: in short, that they will be changed into mules, asses, rats, and mice. The Chinese bonzes, according to F. Le Compte, are no better than a gang of dissolute idle fellows. All their aim is to incite people to commiserate their abject condition: to which end they have recourse to several tricks and impostores. According to Navarette, the bouzes of China are computed at 50,000 BO'OBY. s. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow (Prior). BOOBY, in ornithology. See PELICA NUS. BOOGE-BOODGE, a town of Hindoostan Proper, capital of the rajah of Cuch, 330 miles N.E. by E. of Surat. Lon. 68. 0 E. Lat. 23. 16 N. BOOK. s. (boc, Saxon.) 1. A volume in which we read or write (Bacon). 2. A particular part of a work (Burnet). 3. The register in which a trader keeps an account (Shakspeare). 4. In books. In kind remembrance (Addison). 5. Without book. By memory (Hooker). To Book. v. a. To register in a book (Davies). Book, a writing composed on some point of knowledge by a person intelligent therein, for the instruction or amusment of the reader. The word is formed from the Saxon buc, which comes from the northern buech, of bucchaus, a beech or service tree, on the bark of which our ancestors used to write. Book may be defined more precisely, a composition of some man of wit or learning, designed to communicate, to prove, or illustrate some science, art, truth, or invention. Book is distinguished from pamphlet, or single paper, by its greater length; and from tome or volume, by its containing the whole writing. Isidore makes this distinction between liber and codex: that the former denotes a single book, the latter a collection of several; though, according to Scipio Maffei, codex signifies a book in the square form; über, a book in the roll form. As to the origin of books or writing, those of Moses are undoubtedly the most ancient that are extant: but Moses himself cites many books which it behoved to be written before his time. Of profane books, the oldest extant are Homer's poems, which were so even in the time of Sextus Empiricus; though we find mention in Greek writers of seventy others prior to Homer, as Hermes, Orpheus, Daphne, Horus, Linus, Musæus, Palamedes, Zoroaster, &c.; but of the greater part of these there is not the least fragment remaining; and of others, the pieces which go under their names are generally held, by the learned, to be supposititions. Several sorts of materials were used formerly in making books: plates of lead and copper, the barks of trees, bricks, stone, and wood, were the first materials employed to engrave such things upon as men were willing to have transmitted to posterity. Josephus speaks of two columns, the one of stone, the other of brick, on which the children of Seth wrote their inventions and astronomical discoveries. Porphyry makes mention of some pillars, preserved in Crete, on which the ceremonies preserved by the Corybantes in their sacrifices were recorded. Hesiod's works were originally written upon tables of lead, and de-` posited in the temple of the muses in Boeotia: the ten commandments, delivered to Moses, |