to the pump buckets move: they are bent, as seen in fig. 1., the augular point being the centre on which they move: the short arm m has the pump rod h joined to it, and to the long one is affixed the handle. The centre pins of the levers are supported on a piece of wood g, fixed in the case nearly in the axis of its cylindric head: the pump rod h is divided into two branches ii, fig. 2.; and at their lower ends receive a pin, jointing them to the bucket rod k, through which the pin passes. The rod is continued above as well as below the joint: the lower part goes into the pump, and the upper sides through a brass collar fixed to the back of the case; this collar is included between the two branches ii of the pump rod; its use is to confine the bucket rod to move truly vertical, while the pump rod being attached to it at only one point can obey the irregular motion occasioned by the lever describing a circular are. The bucket rod & passes through a stuffing box in the top of the pump, through which moves easily, and yet without permitting the escape of any liquor by it: below this it is screwed into the branches of the bucket, which has a valve in it, and is surrounded by soft leather, which makes it fit the barrel of the pump without leaking. In the bottom of the furrel another valve p, similar to that in the bucket, is placed, and a close tube leads from it to a leaden pipe r, bringing the liquor from the casks in the cellar. At the upper part of each barrel a small leaden pipe is soldered, better seen in fig. 3,tttt: these pipes are bent upwards, and come through the side of the case at nnn. It is to be observed that the pipes leading from the two first pumps a bare brought into one, and both deliver through the same spout; this is for the convenience of mixing two kinds of beer.

The operation of the pumps is exactly the same as a common sucking pump. We will suppose the pump to be full of liquor: by drawing up the bucket o its valve closes (and it may for the present be considered as solid), a vacuum is caused in the barrel beneath it, the pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of ine liquor in the casks below (if not more than 30 feet lower than the bucket) forces the liquor up the suction piper through the valve p and refills the barrel; at the same time the ascent of the bucket lifts the liquor up the pipe t and cut of the spout n when the bucket returns the lower valve p falls, and retains the liquor in the pump; the valve in the bucket o opens, and receives the liquor through it: on the rising of the bucket its valve shuts, and it lifts the liquor as before. L is a small cistern to catch any waste from the vessels which are held under the spout n to be filled: it has a pipe leading from it to a waste butt placed in the cellar to receive it.

Some beer-pumps (as the ingenious ones invented by Mr. Rowntree of Black friar's road) are of a more complex construction; but they need not be described here.

BEERALSTON, a small borough town of England, in the county of Devon, which sends

two members to the British parliament: five miles from Tavistock, and 211 W. of London. BEERING'S BAY, a bay on the west coast of North America, in the North Pacific Ocean. Lon. 221. E. Greenwich. Lat. 59. 18 N.

BEERING'S ISLAND, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, about ninety miles long, and twenty-five to thirty wide: thirty leagues W. Kamchatka. Lon. 181. to 182 E. Ferro. Lat. 54. 45. to 56. 10 N.

BEEROTH, in ancient geography, a city of the Gideonites, distant about 7 miles from Jerusalem.

BEERSHEBA, a city given by Joshua to the tribe of Judah, and afterwards transferred to Simeon. It was distant 20 miles south from Hebron; and had a Roman garrison in the time of Eusebius and Jerom. Beersheba was at the southern extremity of the Holy Land.

BEES-HEAD (St.), a cape of England, in the western extremity of Cumberland. Lat. 54, 31 N. Lon. 30. 43 W.

BEESTINGS, or BREASTINGS, a term used by country people for the first milk taken from a cow after calving.-The beestings are of a thick consistence, and yellow colour. Medical auors have imagined them peculiarly fitted and intended by nature to cleanse the young animal from the recrements gathered in its stomach and intestines during its long habitation in utero. The like quality and virtue is supposed also to reside in women's first milk after delivery; and hence the necessity of the mother's suckling her own child, rather than committing it to a nurse whose first milk is gone.

BEET, in botany. See BETA.
BEETLE, in entomology.

BÆUS.

See SCARA

BEETLE also denotes a wooden instrument for driving piles, &c. It is likewise called a stamper, and by paviours a rammer. BEETLE (Black), in entomology. See BLATTA.

BEETLE (Diamond). See CURCULIS. TO BEETLE. V. n. To jut out (Shakspeare). BEETLEBRO'WED. a. Having promi nent brows (Swift).

BEETLEHEADED. a. Loggerheaded; having a stupid head (Shakspeare). BEETLESTOCK. s. The handle of a beetle (Shakspeare).

BE/ETRAVE. BE ETRADISH. s. A plant. BEEVES. s. (the plural of beef.) Blackcattle; oxen (Milton. Pope).

To BEFA'LL. v. n. It befell, it hath be fallen. 1. To happen to (Addison). 2. To happen; to come to pass (Milton).

To BEFIT. v. a. Tosuit; to become (Mil.). To BEFOO'L. v. a. To infatuate; to fool; to make foolish (South).

BEFORE, prep. (bipoɲan, Saxon.) 1. Further onward in place (Dryden). 2. In the front of; not behind (Par. Lost). 3. In the presence of (Dryden). 4. In sight of (Shak.). 5. Under the cognizance of (Dryden). 6. Ín the power of (Dryden). 7. By the impulse

of something behind (Shakspeare). 8. Preceding in time (Dryden). 9. In preference to (Hooker). 10. Prior to. 11. Superiour to. BEFORE. ad. 1. Sooner than; earlier in time (Milton). 2. In time past (Dryden). 3. In some time lately past (Hale). 4. Previously to (Swift). 5. To this time; hitherto (Dryden). 6. Already (Dryden). 7. Further onward in place (Shakspeare).

BEFOREHAND. ad. 1. In a state of anticipation, or preoccupation (Addison). 2. Previously; by way of preparation (Hooker). 3. Antecedently; aforetime (Atterbury). 4. In a state of accumulation, or so as that more has been received than expended (Bacon). 5. At first before any thing is done (L'Estr). BEFORETIME, ad. Formerly (1 Sam.). BEFORT, a small but strong town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsace. It is seated at the foot of a mountain. Lat. 47. 46 N. Lon. 6. 54 E.

To BEFORTUNE. v. a. To betide (Shak). To BEFO UL. v. a. To make foul; to soil. To BEFRIEND. v. a. To favour; to be kind to; to countenance (Pope).

To BEFRINGE. v. a. To decorate, as with fringes.

BEG, or Bey, is a Turkish title, properly signifying lord. The word is also written begh, or beig, sometimes bee, or bek, or sech; but pronounced bey.

BEGS, or BEGHs, of Egypt, de.note twelve generals, who have the command of the militia, or standing forces of the kingdom, and are to secure the country from the insults of Arabs, as well as to protect the pilgrims in their annual expeditions to Mecca.

To BEG v. n. (bergeren, German.) To live upon alms (Luke).

To BEG. v. a. 1. To ask; to seek by petition (Young). 2. To take any thing for granted (Burnet) .

BEGEMDER, a province of Abyssinia, north-east of Tigné, bordering upon Angot, and separated from Amhara, which runs parallel to it on the south, by the river Bashilo. Both these provinces are bounded by the river Nile on the west.

To BEGET. v. a. Chegezzan, Saxon.) To generate, or bring forth. To progluce, as effects, or accidents.

BEGETTER. s. He that generates, or gets

a child.

BEGGAR. §. 1. One who lives upon alms; a mendicant. 2. One who assumes what he does not prove, or one who begs the question. TO BE GGAR. v. a. To reduce a person from plenty to want.

BEGGARLINESS. s. A quality which would permit a person to submit to any meannes for the sake of subsistence.

BEGGARLY. a. Poor; mean. BEGGARLY.ad. Meanly ; despicably. BEGGARY. s. Extreme poverty. BE/GHARDA. See BEGUARDS. To BEGIN. r n. I began, or begun; I have legun. (bezinnan, Saxon.) 1. To enter

upon something new (Cowley). 2. To con mence any action or state (Prior). 3. Te enter upon existence (Dryden). 4. To have its original (Pope). 5. To take rise; to commence (Dryden). 6. To come into act (Dry.). TO BEGIN. v. a. 1. To do the first act of any thing (Pope). 2. To trace from any thing, as the first ground (Locke). 3. To begin with. To enter upon (Gov. of Ton.).

BEGINNER. s. (from begin.) 1. He that gives the first cause, or original, to any thing (Hucker). 2. An unexperienced attempter (Hooker).

BEGINNING. s. (from begin.) 1. The first original, or cause (Swift). 2. The entrance into act, or being (Denham). 3. The state in which any thing first is (Dryden). 4. The rudiments, or first grounds (Locke). 5. The first part of any thing (Broome).

To BEGI’RD. v. a. I begirt, or begirded; I have begirt. 1. To bind with a girdle. 2. To surround; to encircle (Prior). 3. To shut in with a siege; to beleaguer (Clarendon).

BEGIS, in ancient geography.

BEGLERBEG, a Turkish title for the chief governor of a province, who has under him several beys or sangiacs, that is, subgovernors. The word is also written beylerbey, beglerbey, beghelerbeghi, and beylerbeg.It is compounded of begler, lords; the plural of beg, lord, with the word beg subjoined; importing as much as lord of lords. The next to the vizier azem, or the first vizier, are the beglerlegs in Turkey, who, according to Rycaut, may be compared to archdukes in some other countries, being the next ministers below the prime vizier, and having under their jurisdiction many sangiacs or provinces, and their begs, agas, &c.

To BEGNA'W. v. a. (from be and gnaw.) To bite; to eat away (Shakspeare).

BEGONE. interject. Go away; hence; haste away (Addison).

BEGONIA. In botany, a genus of the class moncia: order hexandria. Calyxless: corol from four to eight-petalled. Male, filaments numerous on the receptacle. Female, capsule winged, many seeded. Twenty-three species, all natives of the Indies or South Ame

rica.

BEGOT. BEGOTTEN. The particip. pas sive of the verb beget.

To BEGREASE. v. a. To soil or daub with fat matter.

To BEGRIME. v. a. To soil with dirt deep impressed (Shakspeare).

BEGUARDS, or BEGHARDS, religious of the third order of St. Francis in Flanders. They were established at Antwerp in the year 1228, and took St. Begge for their patroness, whence they had their name. From their first institution they employed themselves in making linen cloth, each supporting himself by his own labour, and united only by the bonds of charity, without having any particu lar rule.

BEGUINES, a congregation of religious or nun- founded either by St. Begghe, founder likewards of the Beguards, or by Lambert le

Begue; of whom the former died about the end of the seventh century, the latter about the end of the 12th. They were established first at Liege, and afterwards at Neville, in 1:07; and from this last settlement sprang the great number of Beguinages, which spread themselves over all Flanders, and which have passed from Flanders into Germany. In the fatter country, some of these religious fell into extravagant errors, persuading themselves that it was possible, in the present life, to arrive at the highest perfection, even to impeccability, and a clear view of God; in short, to so emiBent a degree of contemplation, that there was no necessity, after this, either to observe the fasts of the church, or submit to the direction and laws of mortal men. The council of Venna, in 1113, condemned these errors, and ablished the order of Beguines; permitting, nevertheless, those among them who continued in the true faith to live in chastity and penitence,either with or without vows. It is by favour of this latter clause that there still subsist 50 any communities of Beguines in Flanders; wo, since the council of Vienna, have conducted themselves with so much wisdom and piety, hat Pope John XXII. by his decretal, which plains that of his predecessor made in the cound of Vienna, took them under his protection; ad Boniface VIII., in another, exempted thes from the secular tribunal, and put them unde the jurisdiction of the bishops. To BEGUIE. v. a. (from be and guile.) 1. To impose upn; to delude (South). 2. To deceive; to wade (Shakspeare). 3. To deceive pleasingly to amuse (Davies).

BEGUN. The rticiple passive of begin. BEHAʼLF. s. (fron behoof, profit.) 1. Favour: cause favoure (Clarendon). 2. Vindication; support (Adason).

To BEHAVE. v. a. To carry; to conduct (Atterbury).

TO BEHAVE. v. n. Toat; to conduct one's self.

BEHAVIOUR. s. (frontchave.) 1. Manher of behaving one's self (dney.) 2. External appearance (Sidney). 3.Gesture; manner of action (Hooker). 4. Elgance of manners; gracefulness (Bacon). 5. Conduct; general practice; course of life (Loke). 6. To be upon one's behaviour. A famtiar phrase, noting such a state as requires great caution (L'Estrange).

the practice of beheading by means of an instrument called a Guillotine (so denominated from the name of its inventor) was exceedingly general. It resembles a kind of instrument long since used for the same purpose in Scotland, called a Maiden.

BEHELD. The participle passive of behold. BEHEM or BEHAIM (Martin), a geogra pher and navigator of the 15th century, though hitherto little talked of, was a very enterprising man, and deserves an honourable mention in this place. He was born at Nuremberg in Franconia, of a noble family not yet extinct, and had the best education which the darkness of that age would permit: from his infancy the studies to which he was most addicted were those of geography, astronomy, and navigation. As he advanced in life he often thought of the existence of the antipodes, and of a western continent, of which he was ambitious to make the discovery. Filled with this great idea, in 1459, he paid a visit to Isabella, daughter of John I. king of Portugal, at that time regent of the duchy of Burgundy and Flanders; and, having informed her of his designs, he procured a vessel, in which, sailing westward, he landed upon the island of Fayal; and is the first European who is known to have done so. He there established, in 1460, a colony of Flemings, whose descendents yet exist in the Azores, which were for some time called the Flemish Islands. This circumstance is proved, not only by the writings of contemporary authors, but also by the manuscripts preserved in the records of Nuremberg. After having obtained from the regent a grant of Fayal, and resided there about twenty years, Behem applied in 1484 (eight years before Columbus's expedition) to John II. king of Portugal, to procure the means of undertaking a great expedition towards the south-west. This prince gave him some ships, with which he discovered that part of America which is now called Brazil; and he even sailed to the Straits of Magellan, or to the country of some savage tribes whom he called Patagonians, from the extremities of their bodies being covered with a skin more like a bear's paws than human hands and feet.

A fact so little known, and apparently so derogatory to the fame of Columbus, ought not to be admitted without sufficient proof; but the proofs which have been urged in support of its authenticity are such as cannot be controverted. They are not only the letters of Behem himself, written in 1486, and preserved in the archives of Nuremberg, but likewise the publie records of that city. Nay, the eelebrated astronomer Riccioli, though an Italian, yet does not seem willing to give his countryman the honour of this important discovery? In his Geographia Reformata, book iii. p. 90. he says, "Christopher Columbus never thought of an expedition to the West Indies until his arrival in the island of Madeira, where, amusing himself in forming and delineating geogra phical charts, he obtained information from Martin Boehm, or, as the Spaniards say, from Alphonsus Sanchez de Huelva, a pilot, who