Barthelemi to count Caylus, written in 1755 and 1736.

BARTHOLINUS (Caspar), a learned physician and anatomist in the 17th century, was born at Malmoe, a town in the province of Schonen, which then belonged to Denmark. At three years of age he had such a quick capacity, that in 14 days he learned to read; and in his 13th year he composed Greek and Latin orations, and pronounced them in pubbe. When he was about 18, he went to the university of Copenhagen, and afterwards studed at Rostock and Wirtemberg. He next set out upon his travels; during which he neglected no opportunity of improving himself at the different universities to which he came, and everywhere received marks of respect. He was in 1613 chosen professor of physic in that university, which he enjoyed 11 years; when, falling into a dangerous illness, he made a wow, that if it should please God to restore him, he would solely apply himself to the study of divinity. He recovered, and kept his word; aad soon after obtained the professorship of divinity, and the canonry of Roschild. He dred July 13, 1629, after having written several mall works, chiefly on metaphysics, logic, and rhetoric.

BARTHOLINUS (Thomas), a celebrated physician, son of the former, was born at Copenhagen in 1616. After studying some years in his own country, he in 1637 went to Leyden, where he studied physic during three years. He then travelled into France; and resided two years at Paris and Montpelier, in order to improve himself under the famous physicians of those universities. Afterwards, going to Italy, he continued three years at Padua; and at length went to Basil, where he obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy. Soon after he returned to Copenhagen; where, in 1647, he was appointed professor of mathematics; and next year was nominated to the anatomical chair, an employment better ted to his genius and inclination; which he discharged with great assiduity for 13 years, and distinguished himself by making several discoveries with respect to the lacteal veins and lymphatic vessels. His close application, however, having rendered his constitution very infrm, he, in 1661, resigned his chair; but the king of Denmark allowed him the title of honorary professor. He now retired to a little estate he had purchased at Hagested, near Copenhagen, where he hoped to have spent the remainder of his days in peace and tranquillity; but his house being burnt in 1650, his library, with all his books and manuscripts, was destroyed. In consideration of this loss, the king appointed him his physician, with a handsome salary, and exempted his land from all taxes; the university of Copenhagen also appointed him their librarian; and in 1675 the king did him the honour to give him a seat in the grand council of Denmark. He wrote; 1. Anatomia Caspari Bartholini Parentis novis Observationibus primum locupletata, 8vo. 2. De Monstris in Natura et Me

On Bartholomew's day in the year 1662, the act of uniformity, which obtained the royal assent on the 19th of May, took place, in consequence of which about 2000 ministers relinquished their preferments in the church: for the Liturgy with its alterations came not out of the press till Bartholomew eve, and the following day was the ultimate time fixed by the act for the subscription; so that all those throughout the kingdom who conformed, except a few in London, subscribed to they knew not what. Bartholomew-day (says Mr. Locke) was fatal to our church and religion, by throwing out a very great number of worthy, learned, pious, and orthodox divines, who could not come up to the oath and other things in that act. And so great was the zeal in carrying on this church affair, and so blind in the obedience required, that, if you compute the time of passing this act, with that allowed for the clergy to subscribe the Book of Common Prayer thereby established, you will find it could not be printed and distributed so as that one man in forty could have seen and read the book they did so perfectly assent and consent to." See also Burnet's Hist. of his Time, vol. I. p. 212.

It was also on the eve of St. Bartholomew's day, in 1572; that orders were given for extending the horrid massacre which had been begun at Paris; in consequence of which the matins of Paris, as this massacre was styled in allusion to the Sicilian vespers, were repeated in Meaux, Orleans, Troyes, Toulouse, Lyons, &c. and more than 30,000 Protestants butchered in cold blood. Hence this day has been often called black Bartholomew.

BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL (St.); a hospital for the reception of sick and wounded poor persons. It is situated on the south-ra-t side of Smithfield, and incorporated by the name of the hospital of the mayor, commonalty, and citizens of London, governors for the poor, called Little St. Bartholomew's near West Smithfield. This hospital formerly be longed to the priory of St. Bartholomew, in Smithfield, founded by one Rahere, about the year 1102. The present handsome building, which surrounds a square, was begun in 1729. In 1790, there were under the care of this hospital 3750 in-patients, and 8123 out-pa

tients.

BARTHOLOMEW ISLE, a small island, one of the New Hebrides, lying in Bougainville's Passage, between Mallicola and the Tierra del Espiritu Sancto of Quiros. Lon. 167. 24 E. Lat. 15. 42 S.

BARTON, a straggling town of Lincolnshire, seated on the S. shore of the Humber, where there is a considerable ferry to pass over into Yorkshire. Its market is on Mondays; and is 166 miles N. by W. of London. Lat. 53. 42 N. Lon. 0. 20 W. It contains 6197 inhabitants.

BARTRAMIA. In botany, a genus of the class cryptogamia, order musci. Capsule somewhat globular, becoming grooved; fringe double; outer, of sixteen tapering teeth; inner, a carinate sixteen-parted membrane, with the segments cloven. Ten species; some with peduncles taller than the stem, others with peduncles shorter than the leaves. This moss is common to most parts of Europe, and many of its species to our own country. See Botany, pl. XXV.

BARTSIA. In botany, a genus of the class didynamia, order angiospermia. Calyx fourlobed, more or less coloured; corol ringent, with the orifice closed; upper lip concave, longer; lower lip equally three-cleft, reflected, capsule ovate, compressed, two-celled; seeds numerous, angular. Six species; all natives of Europe except b. coccinea, which is a Virginian plant. B. viscosa and b. odontites are found wild in the marshes or pastures of our

own country.

BARUCH (the prophecy of), one of the apocryphal books, subjoined to the canon of the Old Testament. Baruch was the son of Neriah, who was the disciple and amanuensis of the prophet Jeremiah. It has been reckon ed part of Jeremiah's prophecy, and is often cited by the ancient fathers as such. Josephus tells us, Baruch was descended of a noble family, and it is said in the book itself, that he wrote this prophecy at Babylon; but at what time is uncertain.

BARY, BARYS, (Sapos, grave, heavy, difficult.) A prefix to various terms in the medical glossary, implying like the prefix dys (,) defect or injury: as baryphonia a difficulty of speaking, baryecoia a difficulty of hearing. It is the root also of the mineral baryte, barytes, baroselenite, or heavy earth. BARYTES.

See

BARYPYCNI, in ancient music, was a name given to such chords as formed the gravest notes of the several spissa.

In

BARYTES. Baryte or heavy spar. oryctology, a genus of the class earths, order ponderous: consisting almost entirely of ponderous earth; ponderous, parasytic, very brittle, harsh to the touch, soft entirely soluble in boiling sulphuric acid; in the fire at first deprived of the cohesion of its parts, and afterwards melting without ebullition. Eight specics; of which b. Witheringii and b. lamellosa are combined with carbonic acid gas, which does not totally disengage itself during liquefaction, and therefore effervescing with acids. The rest are saturated with sulphuric acid, and therefore do not effervesce with acids; and shine in the dark after having been whitened in the fire.

1. B. Witheringii. Barolit. Witherite. Carbonat of baryte or barytes. Of a common figure and equal texture. Found in Anglezark near Chorley in Lancashire, near St. Asaph in Wales, and in Argyleshire in Scotland, in solid masses and crystallized. Texture shining, radiated, fibrous colour greenishwhite or white; crystals small six-sided prisms terminated by six-sided pyramids: when heated becomes opake. Its powder phosphorous when thrown on burning coals. Contains of baryte sixty-two parts; carbonic acid twentytwo; water sixteen.

2. B. lamellosa. Lamellar baryte. Of a crystalline figure, semi-pellucid, smooth on the outer surface, shining within. Four or five varieties, differing in the number and combination of prisms and pyramids with which they are sided and terminate. Found in Scotland, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Saxony, in solid

masses.

3. B. terrestris. Friable, in an earthy, loose, or united form, by some denominated earthy sulphat of barytes. Ponderons earth cawk, or friable heavy spar; baroselenite in an earthy loose form. Found in the lead mines of Stafford and Derby, near Freyburg, and in the vicinity of Paris, in coarse dusty particles, mostly forming small concretions; seldom in the form of powder.

4. B. compacta. Compact baroselenite, heavy spar, or sulphat of barytes. Subopake shining, of a splintery fracture, with the fragments indeterminate and acute-angled. Found in the lead mines of Derbyshire and Staffordshire, and in Saxony, in amorphous or halfrounded masses, or in nodules.

5. B. Bononiensis. Bologna stone. Diaphonous, shining, somewhat fibrous, breaking into fragments more or less rhombic. Found on the mountain Patemo, near Bologna, detached, in roundish, flat, kidney-form pieces, the fragments of which are obtuse-angled, roundish, with the superficies unequal.

6. B. lamellata. Lamellate heavy spar. Shining within, lamellar in a ponderous manner, spontaneously falling into scaly fragments; the thicker scales cutting the plates under a right angle. Found in the mines of Saxony

and Transylvania in solid masses; sometimes in small centicular crystals.

7. B. vulgaris. Common cawk or baroselenite. Common ponderous spar. Sulphat of barytes, lamellar, breaking into rhomboid fragments, falling spontaneously into convergent scales. There are three varieties:

a. Of a common an.orphous figure.

€. Crystallized in numerous forms and variations, the most usual of which are the quadrangular and sexangular prisms, the double quadrangular pyramid, the quadrangular table Levilled at the edges, the octangular plate and the small rhomb with obtuse angles of 105°. Found in various parts of Britain and other European territories, and is the most common matrix of metallic ores: colour snowy, silvery, or blueish, greyish, reddish, greenish, or yellowish-white: often flesh-colour, smoke-colour, honey-colour, vinaceous, rarely olivegreen, or greyish-black, very rarely blue. ConLas by analysis pure barytes 67,2, sulphuric acid 32,8.

7. B. stillatitia. Stillatitious barytes. Of 2 rounded form, or coating other bodies. Found on Mount Iberg in Hercynia, of a stalactitical origin and form: in other respects agreeing with barytes vulgaris.

Baryt, in common with the other alkaline earths, is capable of combining with all the known acids, forming barytic neutral salts; with the sulphuric acid, however, as we have already observed, it has a stronger affinity than with any other, and the sulphat of baryte, thus formed, may itself be dissolved in sulphuric acid; thus becoming a saline fluid, or acidulous sulphat of baryt; carbonat of baryt is Ekewise soluble in carbonic acid, forming, in nike manner, the acidulous carbonat. If a solation of baryte be exposed to the air, it will soon acquire a pellicle, like lime water, and if air from the lungs be blown through a quill or glass tube into this solution, it instantly becomes milky: in each case carbonat of baryte is produced. Sulphat of baryt, or ponderous spar, is one of the most insoluble bodies in nature, requiring for its solution 43,000 times its weight of water. Nitrat and muriat of baryt, as well as the solution of this earth, are excellent tests of the presence of sulphuric acid, and of all its combinations; for if a single drop of this acid be diffused in a quart of distilled water, and if a few drops of either of the foregoing solutions of barytes be added, a precipitation will ensue. See the ACIDS, and their SALTS.

Phosphorus and sulphur unite readily with this earth, the first forming with it phosphuret, and the second sulphuret of baryt; with oils, baryt forms insoluble soaps, and, like the alkalies, corrodes and dissolves muscular fibre, &c., in the dry way it dissolves silex, like potash, and in the moist way unites with alumine; barytes has no action on metals, but it combines with several of their oxydes, especially those of lead; it is incapable of uniting with the alkalies, but bears such a resemblance to them in many of its properties, that Fourcroy

and some other writers on chemistry have included it among them: in many respects, too, barytes and strontian are so much alike as scarcely to be distinguishable; but in others their properties are so dissimilar as to leave no doubt of their being distinct substances. Fourcroy and Vauquelin have stated these differences. Strontian has less affinity with acids than barytes; it does not fuse in like manner by the blow-pipe, but glitters with a phosphoric flame; it is almost ten times less soluble in water; it is not a poisou, as barytes is; its aqueous solution is not precipitated by the gallic acid, as that of baryt is, affording a greenish precipitate; but the chief difference between these two substances is observable in the salts they respectively produce in their combination with acids, those of strontian being much more soluble than barytic salts.' Nicholson's Jour. i. 536, 4to.

There are two methods, in use among chemists, of obtaining pure baryt from ponderous spar, or sulphat of baryt; for the first we are indebted to Vauquelin, and for the second to Dr. Hope. 1. Let a mixture of the mineral with one-eighth part of its weight of charcoal, both in powder, be kept for some hours red hot in a crucible, by which it will be converted into sulphuret of baryt; dissolve this in water, and precipitate the sulphur by nitric acid. Filter the solution, which consists of nitric acid and baryt, and crystallise it by evaporation. The nitric acid may be driven from them by a strong heat in a crucible, and the pure barytes remains. 2. "Decompose the sulphat of baryt by heating it strongly along with charcoal powder. The product is to be treated with water to dissolve every thing that is soluble; and the liquid, being filtered, is to be mixed with a solution of carbonat of soda. A white powder falls. Wash this powder; make it up into balls with charcoal, and heat it strongly in a crucible. When these balls are treated with boiling water, a portion of barytes is dissolved, and crystallizes as the water cools." The latter method is the most economical; and Dr. Thomson says that several foreign chemists have proposed it without taking any notice of the original discoverer. Chemistry, vol. i. p. 492. The specific gravity of baryt is said by Fourcroy to be 4.00, and by Hassenfratz 2·374: the former is probably nearest the truth.

BARYTONUM. (from Baus, grave, and Tovos, accent.) In the Greek grammar, denotes a verb, which having no accent marked on the last syllable, a grave accent is to be understood. In Italian music, barytono answers to our common pitch of bass.

BASA'LTÉS. Basalt. In oryctology, a genus of the class earths, order argillaceous: consisting of a large proportion of silica, with a less proportion of alumine and oxyd of iron; and often a little lime, magnesia, oxyd of nianganese and soda: opake, inconspicuous, meagre, generally becoming greyish when rubbed with a knife, breaking into indeterminate fragments, mouldering in the air inte

2. B. columnaris. Common basalt. Figu rate trap. Of a dull colour, compact, hardish, tenacious. Spontaneously breaking into prismatic, granular fragments. Found in various parts of the British islands, particularly in Staffa in Scotland, and the Giant's Causeway in Ireland; in the South-sea islands, Sicily, Italy, France, and many other parts of Europe; generally forming the base of mountains; cofour blackish or greenish, black or dark greyish-bluc, variously intersected with veins of white calcareous spar, and often the impression of various fossile bodies and shrubs: hard and difficult to break, feels harch, and sounds under the hammer; texture earthy; fracture uneven; streak ashy-grey: specific gravity from 2.864 to 3.000, that from Staffa contains silica 44, alumine 16, oxyd of iron 16, lime 9, water 5, soda 4, muriatic acid 1.

3. B. pyramidalis. Pyramidal basalt. Of a dull colour, compact, spontaneously falling into pyramidal fragments. Found in the mountains of Boheinia near Aussig, in elongated triangular fragments; and in Hungary near Schemnir and Cremniz in quadrangular fragments.

4. B. tunicatus. Compact, spontaneously falling into crustose fragments; the crusts spherical and concentric. Found with b. columnaris; is a little softer, with a palish tinge, and crumbles more easily.

5. B. wacca. Wack. Wacker. Soft, fragile, compact, a little glossy when rubbed; not falling spontaneously into fragments. Found in the mountains of Bohemia and Saxony, sometimes in entire strata, sometimes in thin layers under or between basalt.

6. B. trapezum. Trap. Trapp. Hardish, compact, imbibing water, growing reddish in the air and mouldering into lamellar pieces, crackling and breaking with explosion in the fire.

Of this there are three varieties: a. Toadstone. Of a darkish, brownish-grey colour, abounding with cavities filled with crystallized carbonat of lime, which, from the destruction or decomposition of the crystals are often empty.

6. Rowley ragg, or turilite. Of a black colour with numerous white dots and black lamels of basaltine, which give it a dark brownish-grey appearance. Found in large masses affecting a rhomboidal form, inclosing rounded pebbles of the same substance; acquiring an ochry crust by exposure to the air, and shining internally from a number of minute particles: heated in the open air it be comes magnetic, and loses about 3 per cent. of its weight: does not redden in the fire; but at 98o melts into a porous black mass, partly porcelain, partly enamel.

7. Whin-stone. Of a blue or greyish-black colour, and rather hard; found in detached fragments, or forming dykes in mines. Found in the mountains of Britain, Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Germany; forming vast masses, and often broken into triangular, quadrangular, or quintangular prisms; colour greyish, purplish, or of other hues; frequently porous, cellular, or cavernous, from the decomposition or falling out of stones of quartz, feltspar, or other substances.

It is still undecided in the opinion of natural philosophers whether basalt be an aqueous or a volcanic production.

A

BASALTES (Chemical Analysis of). specimen from Staffa afforded, by the analysis of Dr. Kennedy, the following ingredients; siles 48 parts, alumine 16, oxyd of iron 16, lime 9, soda 4, muriatic acid 1,water and volatile parts 5. Klaproth analysed a specimen from Hasenberg, and found it to contain silex 44:50 parts, alumine 16-75, oxyd of iron 20;′ lime 9'50, magnesia 2-25, oxyd of manganese 12, soda 200, water 20. Thomson's Chemistry, and Phil. Mag. xvi. 333. BASALTINE. See HORNBLEND and SCHORLAS.

BASARUCO, a coin made of bad tin, current in the East Indies: its value is equal to two-thirds of a rec.

BASCANIA, in antiquity, grotesque figures hung up, by the smiths, before their furnaces.

BASE. a. (bas, French.) 1. Mean; vile; worthless (Peacham). 2. Disingenuous; illiberal; ungenerous (Atterbury). 3. Of low station; of mean account (Dryden). 4. Born out of wedlock; illegitimate (Shakspeare). 5. [Applied to metals.] Without value (Watts). 6. Applied to sounds.] Deep; grave (Bacon).

BASE, in architecture, is used for any body which bears another, but particularly for the lower part of a column and pedestal. The base of columns is differently formed in different orders: thus, the Tuscan base consists only of a single tore, besides the plinth: the Doric has an astragal more than the Tuscan: the Ionic has a large tore over two slender scotias, separated by two astragals: the Corinthian has two tores, two scotias, and two astragals: the Composite has an astragal less than the Corinthian: the Attic base has two tores and a scotia, and is proper for either the Ionic or Composite columns.

BASE, OF BASIS, in chemistry, a term applied, by the old chemists, to designate those substances of a fixed, inert, passive nature, which combined with, and were acted upon by, more volatile or active menstrua. Thus the alkalies, earths, and metallic oxyds, which form compound salts by uniting with acids, were called the bases of these salts.

Modern chemists, though they maintain that in every combination the nisus or force of affinity between two ingredients is mutual and equal, have yet retained the term, for the sake of precision, to express either species or families of salts which differ with regard to the acid,

but agree as to the alkali, earth, or metallic oxyd which they contain. Thus, salts with a base of potash, include all those species which are formed by the combination of the various acids with the particular alkali, potash. Again, salts with an alkaline base comprehend the three families of salts with bases of potash, soda, or ammonia, as distinguished from the other salts with earthy or metallic bases.

The utility, therefore, of this mode of expression is evident; for though the compound salts are usually divided into genera according to their acids, as sulphats, nitrats, muriats, &c. yet it is often desirable to arrange them accordlag to their other element or base, for which the Lavoiserian nomenclature has not particularly provided.

The term base is also used on other occasions as a method of denoting species; as when we say sulphuric acid is composed of oxygen united with a base of sulphur; the vegetable acids, of oxygen and a compound base of hy drogen and carbon. Sometimes also the word base is applied in a more indefinite manner, as in the expression phosphat of lime is the base af animal bone, azot is the base of muscular fbre, where it means merely the characteristic or principal part. (Rees).

BASE, in geometry, the lowest side of any figure. Any side of a figure may be considered as its base, according to the position in which it may be conceived as standing; but commonly it is understood of the lowest side: as the base of a triangle, of a cone, cylinder,

&c.

To BASE. v. a. (basier, French.) To emErse; to make less valuable (Bacon).

BASELY. ad. (from base.) 1. Meanly; dishonourably (Clarendon). 2. In bastardy (Knolles).

BASENESS. s. (from base.) 1. Mean ness; vileness; badness (South). 2. Vileness of metal (Swift). 3. Bastardy (Shakspeare). 4. Deepness of sound (Bacon).

BASE TREE. Trefoil. See Cyrisus. BASELLA. In botany, a genus of the class pentandria, order tryginia. Calyxless, corol seven-cleft, with the two opposite divisions broader, becoming berried; seed one. Five species: all Indian or South American.

BASEMENT, in architecture, a continued base, extended a considerable length, as around a bouse, a room, or other piece of building. To BASH. v. n. (probably from base.) To be ashamed (Spenser).

BASHAN, or BASAN. (anc. geog.) A territory beyond Jordan, mentioned in scripture.

By Josephus, Eusebius, and Jerom, it is called Batana. On the entering of the Israelites into the land of Canaan, the whole of the country beyond Jordan, from that of the Moabites, or Arabia, as far as Mount Hermon and Lebanon, was divided into two kingdoms, viz. that of Sihon king of the Amorites, and of Og king of Basan or Bashan; the former to the south, and the latter to the north. The kingdom of Sihon extended from the river Arnon and the country of Moab, to the river Jabbock; whish, running in an oblique cou.se from the east, was at the same time the boundary of the Ammonites, as appears from Numb. xxi. 24. and Deuteron. ii. 37. and iii. 16. The kingdom of Sihon fell to the lot of the Reubenites and Gadites, and Basan to the half-tribe of Manasseh. To this was aunexed a part of the hilly country of Gilead, and the district of Argob; yet so that Basan continued to be the principal and greatest part: but, after the Babylonish captivity, Basan was subdivided; so that only a part was called Batanea, or Basan, another Trachouitis, a third Auronitis, or Ituræa, and some part also Gaulonitis; but to settle the limits of each of these parts is a thing now impossible.-Bashan was a country famous for its pastures and breed of large cattle.

BASHAW, PASCHA, or PACHA, a Turk ish governor of a province, city, or other district. We say, the bashaw of Babylon, the bashaw of Anatolia, the bashaw of Bender, &c. All Egypt is, on the part of the grand seignior, governed by a bashaw, who has in reality but little power; but seems principally to be meant for the means of communicating to his divan of beys, and to the divans of the several military ogiacs, that is, their bodies, the orders of the grand seignior, and to see that they be executed by the proper officers.

If he farm the country of the grand seignior, the fines that are paid, when any life drops upon the lands, belong to him; for originally all the lands of Egypt belonged to the grand scignior, and the porte stili looks on them as its own: but the grand seignior's power being now lost, they all go to the next heir; who must, however, be invested by the bashaw, and is glad to compound for a small sum.

The nature of the bashaw's office requires him to be ever attempting means to cut off such as are too aspiring, or engaged in designs that may be any way prejudicial to the porte. This often occasions his own deposition; but he is unconcerned about that, as his person is always sacred; and his losing this post is only a step to higher preferment.

BASHEE ISLANDS, five islands in the Chinese sea; three of them are large, and four of them inhabited; they are said to be so called by Dampier, from the name of a liquor used by the inhabitants made of the juice of the sugar-cane, and a small black grain: this name was given to the most easterly island, and became general to them all: the productions are plantains, bananas, pine-apples, sugar-canes, potatoes, yams, and cotton; their quadrupeds