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character, though the principle on which I presume their benefits to depend, is not the one commonly recognized." 321.

These steps taken, the next great object is, to change the air on the surface as often as possible. Riding on horseback or in a carriage, walking, sailing, swinging, &c., are to be adopted, according to the season of the year and the circumstances of the patient. Swinging and sailing are considered by our author as the best species of passive exercise.

Inhalation. The third section of this chapter contains remarks on the inhalation of various medicinal substances, as the sedatives of opium, hyoscyamus, conium, prussic acid, &c., or of stimulants, as tar, chlorine, iodine. It is pretty clear, from the following extract, that Dr. C. does not rely much on inhalation.

"I have briefly noticed the principal remedies employed in consumption, as direct applications to the lung. That the method is sometimes useful cannot be questioned, but it should ever be considered as of secondary importance to the constitutional treatment we may deem proper; for, he who looks on phthisis as a local malady, and remediable by local means, will assuredly find himself mistaken. Neither is it to be forgotten, that if inhalation at times confers benefit, it may be productive of much evil; and that especially where stimulating vapours are employed, great care should be taken that little irritability of the pulmonary substance exists." 339.

The fourth section of this chapter contains cursory remarks on other points of local treatment, as adapted to certain symptoms, as inflammation, hectic fever, hæmoptysis, diarrhoea, colliquative perspiration, cough, &c. On these we need not dwell, as there is nothing very different in these remarks from the opinions and practice of the experienced portion of the profession.

The last chapter is occupied with a statement of cases, preceded by a short, but very valuable dissertation on the diagnosis of tubercles in the lungs. To ascertain the existence of these bodies in their early stages of deposition and development is extremely difficult. The attempt to rely on auscultation and percussion alone, in such cases, is highly preposterWe need and require the aid of symptomatology, history, hereditary tendencies, &c., and we shall often derive more authentic information from these, in incipient cases, than from physical signs.

ous.

"Percussion and auscultation are without doubt the best and most certain means of diagnosis, which phthisis admits; and were we limited to one set of marks alone, we should scarcely hesitate to adopt them in preference to all others. They are not however infallible-and I hold that in the very early stages of the disease, we are scarcely justified in concluding from them only, that tubercles are present, unless the evidence they offer is also corroborated by the history of the case the hereditary tendencies of the patient, and the nature of the symptoms which are present." 368.

The principal signs on which auscultators have relied are, greater or less dulness of sound on percussing the upper portions of the chest-absence or diminution of the respiratory murmur in the same situation—and resonance of the voice or cough. These being all distinct, consolidation of the lung is pretty certain-and if in the upper lobes, the great proba.

bility is that the solidification results from tubercles-especially if the patient evince the usual phenomena of phthisical tendency. But then it is by no means always that such physical signs are all present or unequivocal. In the early stages of the disease they are very much wanting. Yet even here, the experienced eye will pretty generally detect the lurking and mortal malady through the medium of other signs than auscultatory.

"The general aspect of the patient-almost intuitively recognized by those accustomed to observe it; the panting respiration-the quick irritable pulse, inordinately accelerated on the least exertion-the usual presence of struma in some external organ-and the contracted, flat contour of the chest, present a combination of symptoms which it is all but impossible to mistake; and we shall seldom find that these are not amply confirmed, by a recourse to auscultation and percussion. It is not however always that symptoms are so distinct, and without question, in numerous examples the general signs amount to suspicion only, while the physical ones either render these more conclusive, or at times announce tubercular occupation with precision, where the others are too indistinct to attract much attention or lead to much alarm. It is therefore especially proper that we should duly consider their relative value, and estimate properly the circumstances under which they may without deception be relied on.' 369.

Our author attaches more importance to percussion than to auscultation in the early stages of tubercular deposition; for when tubercles are scattered through the lungs, and at some distance from each other, the respiratory murmur in the intervening spaces can only be pronounced abnormal by those whose ears are very long accustomed to the stethoscope. Both auscultation and percussion, however, ought always to be conjoined, and neither of them trusted to singly.

Our author details ten cases (chiefly dispensary patients) where the treatment appeared to have conduced to the quiescence of existing pulmonary tubercles-three tending to show the possibility of tubercular absorption-and three cases of phthisis in its very advanced stage benefitted by the alkali. These cases appear to be very honestly and candidly stated; and as they must all have been seen by others at the public institution where they occurred, they possess a degree of authenticity, which can seldom be claimed by the histories of cases in private practice. These narratives we must leave to the careful perusal of our readers, as we have considerably exceeded the bounds which we first laid down for analysis of this work. The interest of Dr. Campbell's book regularly increased as we proceeded in the perusal of it, and we conscientiously believe that it is the best and most practical treatise on the subject that has appeared in the English language. The style is clear and unadorned, but terse and clas sical. It is perfectly free from the slightest tincture of quackery, mystery, or puffery; and a tone of candour, modesty, and veracity pervades every page.

THE CYCLOPEDIA OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. Edited by Robert B. Todd, M.D. F.R.S. &c. &c. Part XXII. London: Sherwood and Co. 1841.

THE Number before us maintains the high character of the work. The articles Marsupialia and Monotremata by Mr. Owen, and Microscope by Dr. Carpenter, are particularly worthy of encomium.

It is inconsistent with our plan to offer any elaborate account of a work of this description. A few points are all that we can notice. The first is the

Periods of Gestation, &c. of the Marsupialia.

The following propositions, observes Mr. Owen, are satisfactorily established, viz. that the young of the Marsupialia are developed primarily, as Tyson conjectured, in the true uteri or cornua uteri; but that, contrary to Tyson's opinion, they are, as compared with other Mammalia, prematurely born; and that, nevertheless, the attachment of the immature young to the nipple is essentially the same as in ordinary mammals, the young marsupial being nourished by the lacteal secretion, and its blood aerated by its own independent respiratory actions.

Such, therefore, being the condition of the problem of marsupial generation in the year 1830, there remained to be determined by exact experiment and observation the period of uterine gestation, the structure of the fœtal envelopes and appendages, the nature of the connection, if any, between the uterine fœtus and the womb, the manner of the uterine birth, and the condition and powers of the new-born young.

With a view to the solution of these questions, I applied for and obtained from the Council of the Zoological Society permission to perform the requisite experiments on the Kangaroos in the menagerie in Regent's Park. A healthy female (Macropus major, Shaw) was separated from the rest; she had a young one which measured about one foot two inches from the nose to the root of the tail, and which continued to return to the pouch for the purpose of sucking and for shelter. The right superior nipple was the one in use; it was nearly two inches long, and one-third of an inch in diameter; the mammary gland formed a large swelling at its base. The other three nipples were everted, and about half-an-inch in length.

A healthy full-grown male was admitted into the paddock with this female for a certain period each day, and watched, during that time, by the keeper or myself. In the course of a week the female seemed to be in a condition to excite the sexual ardour, and after a few days toying on the part of the male, she received his embrace on the 27th August, at 1 p.m. The female stood with her fore-paws off the ground, the male mounted, 'more canino,' embracing her neck with his fore-paws, and retained his hold during a full quarter of an hour; during this period the coitus was repeated three times, and on the second occasion much fluid escaped from the vulva. The male was removed from the female in the evening of the same day, and was not afterwards admitted to her. On September the 2nd, six days after the coitus, I examined the pouch of the female, and

this scrutiny was repeated every morning and evening until the birth of the young kangaroo had taken place. I select the following from the notes taken on those occasions:

Sept. 6th-10th day of gestation. The pouch is nearly free from its peculiar brown musky secretion. The right superior nipple retains its large size, and the young one that has left the pouch returns occasionally to suck.

Sept. 11th-15th day of gestation. No appearance of a mammary fœtus; nipples in the same condition; the young kangaroo continues to suck and return to the pouch for shelter.

Sept. 30th.-34th day. The nipple in use by the young kangaroo (which has died) is diminished in size, and the brown secretion has begun to be formed. Qy.-Will the fœtus seize the larger nipple as the readiest, ar be directed to another more proportionate to the size of its mouth?

Oct. 4th.-38th day. The keeper has observed the female putting her nose into the pouch, and licking the entry. She was examined at six in the evening; there was a slight increase of the brown secretion; the nipple formerly in use has diminished one-third in size; the other nipples indicate no appearance of approaching parturition.

Oct. 5th.-39th day. The keeper examined the pouch at seven this morning, and found there the young one attached to a nipple. On being made acquainted with this fact I repaired to the Zoological Gardens, and examined the pouch. The new-born kangaroo was attached to the left superior nipple, to the point of which it adhered pretty firmly. It measured one inch from the mouth to the root of the tail, was quite naked, and covered by a thin semitransparent vascular integument, the place of attachment of the umbilical chord was obscurely indicated by a longitudinal linear cicatrix. The fore-legs were longer and stronger than the hind ones, and the digits were provided with claws; the toes were developed on the hind legs; the body was bent forward; and the short tail tucked in between the hind legs. The little animal breathed strongly, but slowly; no direct act of sucking could be perceived. Such, after a gestation of thirty-eight days, is the condition of the new-born young of a species of Kangaroo, of which the adult, when standing erect on his hind feet and tail, can reach to the height of seven feet. The birth having taken place in the night, the mode of transference of the young to the pouch and nipple was not observed.

The hypothesis of an internal passage from the uterus to the pouchcountenanced by some imperfect anatomical observations on the course of the round ligament to the abdominal ring, and the continuation thence of the cremaster to the posterior part of the mammary gland, together with the primitive inverted condition of the nipple-is wholly refuted by more exact observations of the conditions of these parts. I was chagrined at the loss of so favourable an opportunity of determining ex visu, this interesting part of the problem; for it had been my intention, if the symptoms of approaching pregnancy had been more marked, to have established a night as well as a day-watch over the female: but by placing perhaps too much reliance on the observations on the pregnant kangaroo recorded in the 9th volume of the Annales des Sciences, in which the duration of four months is assigned to the uterine gestation of this species, I had not

anticipated so speedy a termination of that process as resulted from my experiment.

In order, however, to remedy, as far as might be, this omission, it occurred to me that if the young kangaroo were detached from the nipple and deposited at the bottom of the pouch, any actions of the parent, by which its original transference from the uterus to the nipple had been aided or effected, might be instinctively repeated, and thus an insight be gained into their nature. As, therefore, the experiments of Messrs. Morgan and Collie seemed to show this might be done without necessarily causing the death of the young one, I performed the experiment with the sanction and assistance of Mr. Bennett, then Secretary of the Zoological Society.

Oct. 9th.-I examined the pouch of the female, and found the young one, now four days old, evidently grown, and respiring vigorously; it adhered more firmly to the nipple than was expected, requiring a continued gentle pressure to detach it: when that took place, a minute drop of whitish fluid, a kind of serous milk, was expressed from the nipple. No blood followed, nor anything to indicate a solution of organic continuity; the extremity of the nipple was small, not swollen as in Mr. Collie's case. The young one moved its extremities vigorously. It was deposited at the bottom of the pouch, and the mother was left and then carefully watched. Soon after this was done she seemed uneasy, was often scratching the exterior of the pouch, and every now and then dilated the cavity with her two fore-paws, grasping the sides of the aperture, and pulling them in contrary directions, just as in drawing open a bag; she then inserted her muzzle pretty deeply into the pouch, moving her head about as if to lick off something from the interior, or perhaps to move the little one. She kept her nose in the pouch sometimes for half-a-minute. I never observed her to put her fore-legs, or either of them in the pouch; they were always occupied in keeping open the mouth of the pouch, while she was at work with her mouth within it. She generally concluded by licking the mouth of the pouch, and occasionally she stooped down to lick the cloaca, which she could reach with ease. When she scratched the outside of the pouch it seemed as if to push up something that was inside towards the aperture. These actions she repeated at short intervals for about an hour; she then lay down and appeared quiet. She had also lain down in the intervals of the above operation, but during that time never meddled with the pouch; when stimulated to do so by some uneasy sensation, she always rose upon her hind feet, and then inserted her muzzle alternately into the pouch and vulva. Observing the freedom with which she could reach both these parts, I was led to believe that the mode of removal of the young from the vulva to the pouch was by the mouth of the mother. Her fore-paws, in this case, would be used, not for the transport of the young, but for keeping the mouth of the pouch open for its reception, it being deposited therein by the mouth, and so held over a nipple until the mother had felt it grasping the sensitive extremity of the nipple.

This means of removal is consistent with analogy; dogs, cats, mice, all transport their young from place to place with the mouth. In the case of the kangaroo, it may be supposed that the fœtus would be held by the lips only, not the teeth, on account of its delicate consistence. Whether this

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