to his former condition, unless he can be efficiently nourished. Hence, with the poor the case is almost hopeless.

This, of course, is only to be received as the merest outline of the writer's views: the filling up involves many questions on the nature of the disease, and its preventive management and treatment, which somewhat qualify the general proposition laid down so broadly as we have laid it: good air and exercise, for example, enabling a person to struggle against the taint better than one whose concomitants as well as his food are deleterious. Many curious conclusions and useful hints are also thrown out in the course of the discussion; of which we quote a sample.

INFANT SCHOOLS.

in the absence of the tumor, so constant and so conclusive as to justify a reliance upon them in pronouncing an opinion whether a constitution be scrofulous or not. It is certain that the ordinary tests are fallacious: I know that the major part of them may be observed, again and again, without any other evidence that the constitution is tainted with scrofula. We may even have enlarged glands, while no product such as that which I have alluded to is deposited; although, in the absence of any source of irritation, enlarged subcutaneous glands constitute grounds for grave suspicion that the constitution is scrofulous. Thus, whatever may be the constitutional peculiarity, however marked may be the general physiognomy by what is called the scrofulous diathesis, we have no certain sign of the existence of the disease until sufficient evidence can be obtained that the deposit "A great social experiment is now in progress, has taken place. The constitution may suffer long from which most important consequences must before such a deposit is made, and the glands them- follow. The truth seems deeply fixed in the minds selves may he swelled without presenting in their of thinking men, that the character of our people substance a scrofulous deposit: indeed, the deteri-is to be determined by the education or mental oration of the system proceeds so slowly, that although the tendency be directly onwards from the period when the gland is simply enlarged to that when the deposit would ordinarily occur, in that interval favorable or unfavorable circumstances may be experienced, and no deposit may take place on the one hand, the constitution may im-training upon the bodily health of the child, I will prove and the glandular swelling may subside; on the other, the ailing child's life may be cut short by other diseases before the proof of scrofula is complete.

"In childhood, the time necessary for the perfect development of the disease is, I believe, very long; so long as to build up the whole body with bad materials In adult life, the time is still more considerable; so that, although in each case, the causes of the disease may be efficient, their influence may not be continued long enough to bring about such a change in the constitution as fits it for the development of scrofula; and if they be not so continued, the swelling glands may subside, and the person may escape the deposit, or, the causes of ill health becoming more intense, he may die of some more acute disease."

training they receive in childhood; and as the conviction is strong that the work cannot be begun too early, children are collected into infant schools almost as soon as they can walk. And as I have had large opportunities (by which I have endeavored to profit) of estimating the effect of such

now express the conviction at which I have arrived.

"I believe, then, the effect is prejudicial. 1 know that the health of those infants who are suffered to amuse themselves as they please during the day, is better, cæteris paribus, than that of those children who have been for many months regular attendants at infant schools. And the reason of the difference I apprehend to be this, that in children the blood is vigorously circulated through the entire frame by means of the exertion of the muscular system; and this exertion of the muscular system can only be maintained by providing such amusement as will keep the body in motion. The listless walk around the school-rooms, though repeated many times a day, will not quicken the heart's action, and will not warm the hands and feet. And so long as the hands and feet and the surface of the body remain cold for many hours of every day, so long the child will have congestion of some internal organs; and a state of permanent disease is readily induced, digestion is illperformed, nutrition is defective; and if this state of things be long-continued, scrofula may be the consequence.'

THE STRUMOUS IN THE FIELD.

The cause of the scrofulous deposit, Mr. Phillips thinks, is to be found in a depraved state of the blood; this much is certain, that the blood of a scrofulous person undergoes a change. Whether this change "does really stand to scrofula in the relation of cause," he says, "I cannot conclusively prove, though I believe that it does." Could it be proved, however, there would still be the further questions-Do circumstances cause the change? or do they induce changes in the body, that act "There is commonly a general want of tone and upon the blood? does the depraved blood act direct-energy in the solids which incapacitates the sufly by depositing the particles with which it is charged, or previously let down the constitution, and indirectly prepare the glands for the reception of the foreign matter. The primary if not the sole cause of scrofula, in the opinion of Mr. Phillips, is insufficient nutrition-deficient or improper food; and to food alone he looks for a cure. Change of air and change of scene are useful as aids; treatment may correct deranged health, or assist the digestion, weakened or impaired; certain medicines, during the fine season (from May till October) may improve the scrofula, though the patient would probably have improved as much without them; but as soon as use has blunted or exhausted the effects of these things, the patient will fall back

ferer for proper exercise; the muscular system is quickly exhausted, and incapable of sustained exertion-this is a consequence of impaired nutrition. The splendid-looking corps of Dutch Grenadiers, which constituted, when on parade, so distinguished an ornament of Napoleon's army, and which was said to be greatly tainted with scrofula, suffered more from fatigue, cold, and hunger, during the disastrous retreat from Moscow, than any other portion of the French army; few of them, indeed, survived the retreat. It is a matter of remark in the army, that fair, lymphatic-looking men, apparently enjoying brilliant health, frequently present a dragged, broken-down appearance, after two or three days' severe marching."

CORRESPONDENCE.

Slave Trade, and it was one of the most gratifying acts of his life, that he was permitted to vote for the final abolition of a trade which had so long disgraced our country. Neither his increasing

be absent from his family, and he resigned a seat where he had shone most conspicuously. Such was his talent for writing, that before the Evening Post was established, his friends Alexander Hamilton, Oliver Walcott, and other leading Federalists, selected him to preside over the columns of a journal, about to be established, which offer was declined, and William Colman was selected in his place. His pen was not permitted to remain idle, and under the advice of Timothy Pickering, George Cabot, James Hillhouse, Roger Griswold, and other distinguished men, he was called to conduct a Journal at Hartford, the Mirror, and which was the leading political journal in that State during the war.

WE copy from the New York Express a notice of the death of an old and true friend, to whom we have often been indebted for counsel and en-business at home, nor his habits permitted him to couragement-and whose aid was effectually given to us in establishing the “ Living Age." DEATH OF THE VENERABLE THEODORE DWIGHT. IT is with the deepest sorrow that we announce the death of this venerable and worthy man, aged 81 years. He died at the house of his son, Theodore Dwight, jr., this morning, at 4 o'clock, after an illness of a few weeks. For a number of years he had enjoyed unusually good health, with the exception of a rheumatic affection, which caused him to be quite lame. The death of his wife, a few weeks since, also at a very advanced age, and with whom he had lived more than half a century, had the effect to depress his spirits, and he had rarely left the house since. About two weeks ago, he became so prostrate that he has been confined to his bed, since which, without any painful disease, he had become weaker and weaker, until he breathed his last, surrounded by all his children. In his last illness he has been favored with the full vigor of his mind, and has enjoyed, in an unusual degree, the consolations of the Christian religion, which was the rule and guide of a long life. Mr. Dwight has filled a wide space in public affairs, having been an editor of a paper for nearly half a century. He was, since the death of Major Benjamin Russell, formerly of the Boston Sentinel, and Mr. Goodwin of the Hartford Courant, probably the oldest editor living. He was born at Northampton, in 1765. His mother, the daughter of President Edwards, during the trying scenes of the Revolution, was his principal instructer; his brother, the late President Timothy Dwight, of Yale College, being absent as chaplain in the revolutionary army.

When the celebrated Hartford Convention assembled, Mr. Dwight was selected to be their secretary, which duty he performed with signal fidelity. The selection was most fortunate, in one particular at least, as he afterwards published to the world the history of that celebrated body, which will always be the leading work in the events of those times.

We believe that, with the exception of Harrison Gray Otis, and perhaps one other member, he was the last survivor of that body of distinguished men.

After the close of the war, viz., 1815, he was induced by the leading federal gentlemen of this State, Stephen Van Rensselaer, Judge William W. Van Ness, Abm. Van Vechten, Elisha Williams and others, to commence the Albany Daily Advertiser, the first daily paper ever started in Albany. After two years' experiment, a favorable opportunity offered for establishing a journal in this city, and in 1817 he united with the writer of this article in publishing the New York Daily Advertiser, and continued associate editor and proprietor until the great fire of 1836, when he relinquished his interest in the concern, and retired, with his family, to Hartford, where he has lived until the last three years, the latter portion of which he has resided with his son.

His father, about the year 1778, was a pioneer down the Mississippi, and died near Natchez. At the close of the Revolution he entered his uncle's office, the late Judge Pierpont Edwards, as a student at law; and having finished his course, he settled at Hartford, where he soon rose to the head of his profession. He was a great favorite For the period of about forty years, he was a of Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth, and when that prominent editor, and rarely passed a day without eminent jurist was appointed minister to France, he writing at least one article for the paper. There selected Mr. Dwight to be his private secretary, a is probably no man living who has written and post, however, which he declined. Early in life, published so much as the subject of this article. he was associated with Lemuel Hopkins and Rich-Nor have we ever known a person to write with ard Alsop, in a series of poetical numbers, under the title of the Echo and Green House, and which appeared in the Hartford Mercury. They were political and satirical, and were considered of a high order. Mr. Dwight, although in some degree celebrated as a poet, rarely indulged in that branch of literature. He directed his pen more to political writing, and, in high Federal times, became very prominent. He was a great admirer of the politics of Washington and his principles. Being a ready debater and writer, he came into public life early, and was very popular. For a great number of years he was a Senator in the state of Connecticut, and about the year 1809, was elected to Congress. He was a prominent speaker on the floor, and often received the commendations of John Randolph, for his eloquence.

He took a leading part in the debate on the bill for the suppression of that abominable traffic, the

greater facility. He had schooled himself to write so correctly, that he never read over his article after it was written, either to correct the sentiment or to prepare it for the press. When he finished the last word, the whole was completed, rarely to be altered.

He was a great student, to the very last. His whole time, when absent from his business, was spent with his family, and always in reading. He rarely visited even his friends, and never, on any occasion, went to a place of amusement.

He made it a rule never to omit reading, daily, a portion of the Scriptures, which were always the rule and guide of his life.

His flow of spirits was most extraordinary, and his flashes of wit were unsurpassed. His society was the most charming that could possibly be conceived.

His knowledge of the political history of this.

Mr. W. B. Robinson, brother to the chief justice, believed if the St. Lawrence were to be opened, as the St. John's had been, cargoes would taken from the West, in the summer months, to Maine and Boston.

country, from the adoption of the Federal Consti- | St. Lawrence to the Americans. He read a tution to within a few years, was perhaps not dispatch from government to show that it was equalled. He was the personal friend of every willing if the measure could be shown to be adprominent Federalist, from John Adams the elder, vantageous. to the period when that party became disbanded; and there was, perhaps, no man whom they depended on more to advocate their principles, than Mr. Dwight. The friend and companion of Pick-be ering, Fisher Ames, Rufus King, Gov. Griswold, Goodrich, Oliver Ellsworth, Alexander Hamilton, and a host of great men, must have had talents and character of a high order. He was, indeed, among the last of those talented men and pure patriots.

Mr. Dwight was one of the purest men we have ever known. He never uttered a thought or wrote a word he did not implicitly believe. He never adopted the sentiment that the end justifies the He was a sincere and devoted Christian and a patriot. His writings were always on the side of sound morals-he was a friend to law and order, and always sustained the institutions of our country.

means.

The solicitor general (Sherwood) thought that if a measure were proposed by which Canadian vessels could carry on the United States trade, via the St. Lawrence, he would consent to it; but as to a free navigation, the Americans protected their shipping interests.

Mr. Viger (president of the executive council) "was decidedly opposed to admitting American vessels to enter into competition with Canadian. He considered that the man who would allow a foreign power to exercise the sovereignty of its waters would be a traitor to his country.' [Mr. V. was confined eighteen months in Montreal jail, on suspicion of being "a traitor to his country," and he is now ready to prove his loyalty by brand

He was one of the founders, and for a great number of years an active director, of the Ameri-ing others with treason!] can Bible Society, and first drew up the project of erecting the buildings the society now occupy, which, in accordance with his plan, were put up, principally, if not wholly, by gifts made by wealthy individuals. As a father, husband, and friend, he was one of the kindest and most devoted that ever filled these relations. Thousands, who have read his writings and admired his talents, will read the account of his death with sincere regret.

It is a source of great satisfaction to know, that in his last hours he was sustained, in his hopes and confidence, by a merciful Saviour.

THE Conclusion of the Oregon Treaty with Great Britain, upon terms honorable to both nations, is an event of the utmost importance to them; and as we think it an indication of the future policy of Great Britain toward the United States, we look forward to a time when we may allow, without check, the full flow toward that nation of all the kindred feeling which parentage, common habits, and a common literature so naturally create.

Mr. Baldwin, of Toronto, said, that the more trade the better; and if by opening the St. Lawrence to the Americans we can increase the traffic, the benefit will be ours. As to Mr. V.'s objections, many European rivers were freely navigated by different nations, and it was only proposed to allow the Americans the privileges on a great river which had been already conceded to them on the Welland Canal.

Mr. Cayley supposed it possible that Mr. Merritt wished to carry this address, as a mere threat to frighten the British government.

This subject is continued in the following extracts from the Liverpool correspondent of the Evening Mirror, who is reporting and commenting upon the speech of Lord Stanley against the new corn bill:

"My lords, I say again, that upon this very system of protection rests the whole of your colonial system. I say it rests upon it far more than pecuniary reasons. (Hear, hear.) I know very well the political economists say, 'Cast off preHere is the beginning of another step to closer tection-let there be free trade all over the world intimacy. We copy from the New York Tri-give full advantages to free trade-let us have

bune

FREE NAVIGATION OF THE ST. LAWRENCE.

In the Montreal Weekly Pilot we find an account of a curious discussion in the legislature of the Canadas, on an address to Queen Victoria, proposed by W. H. Merritt, a native of the United States, of the loyalist party, in which it was proposed to make the navigation of the River St. Lawrence free to the ships of all nations, on the same terms as the schooners, &c., of the United States now pass between Lakes Erie and Ontario -through the Welland Canal.

The free navigation of the St. Lawrence was an object anxiously sought after by Messrs. Adams and Clay's administration. Not much is now said about it, but on or near its banks, or the margin of the great lakes, some four or five millions of American citizens have their homes.

Mr. Moffat, a Scotch merchant, representing Montreal, I believe, was in favor of opening the

no protection imposed for the maintenance of our colonies-cast the colonies away.' My lords, I say adopt that system-I do not doubt the loyalty of the colonies-I do not doubt even their attachment; but I say you shall then have done all in your power to weaken the attachment, to loosen the bonds which tie the colonies to the mother country. Once grant commercial independence, and you may rely upon it, they have made a step towards political independence. I speak of your colonies: you have thrown them open to all other nations; you tell the emigrant who quits your shores, that from the time he leaves England, though he may settle in the British colonies, that he is no more to us than the Frenchman, the Dutchman, the German, or the American-(hear, hear)-you say to him and to your colonists,

You are entitled to no favor from us; we will give you no protection; don't seek our help; trade with any other country you think fit; you are as much connected with them as with us.' (Hear.)”

His lordship then alluded in much stronger The Rochester Democrat, publishes the followterms to the dispatch which had just been received ing letter from Montreal : by the government from Lord Cathcart, the governor general of Canada. For myself I do not apprehend the results which he predicted are very near at hand. The remonstrance, however, coming from such a quarter, has given rise to various surmises. Remarkable as are the circumstances under which this dispatch is published, they are not more remarkable than its contents. Lord Cathcart says :—

"The improvement of the internal communications by water in Canada was undertaken on the strength of the advantage of exporting to England our surplus wheat and flour by Quebec. Should no such advantage exist, the revenue of the province to be derived from the tolls would fail. The means of the province to pay principal and interest on the debt guaranteed by England would be diminished, and the general prosperity of the province so materially affected, as to reduce its revenue derived from commerce, thus rendering it a possible case that the guarantee given to the public creditors would have to be resorted to by them for the satisfaction of their claims.

The late English news in reference to the corn the prospects of the Canadas than has ever taken bill, is considered here as the greatest damper on place. The provinces cannot compete with the American States in exporting grain, for the very reason that grain is usually double from this port than from New York or Boston. Last fall, when flour was being shipped from the States to Liverpool, for 75 cents per barrel, it cost $150 here, and the insurance paid on cargoes during October and November was 10 per cent being six times as much as was paid in Boston.

The present sliding scale on grain in England, favors the Canadians 75 per cent. in duties, over the shipments from the United States. If Mr. Peel's bill becomes a law, Canadian products must be shipped through the United States, as it cannot be done by the St. Lawrence to compete with the American shipper.

This act of the British parliament had done more to foster a hostile feeling towards the mother country, than anything for years. Several of the The larger portion, nearly all of the surplus themselves, in language not to be misunderstood, defenders of the administration publicly expressed produce of Canada, is grown in the western part that if Great Britain won't protect the interests of of it, and if an enactment similar in principle to the duties drawback law should pass Congress, her colonies, she need not expect her provinces to permitting Canadian produce to pass through the exhibit loyalty. One leading member of parliaUnited States for shipment, and the English ment has intimated that it would better the condimarket was open to produce shipped from Ameri- tion of his constituency, if the Canadas were can ports on as favorable terms as if shipped from annexed to the United States. The new drawback law now before our conCanadian ports, the larger portion of the exports of Upper Canada would find its way through the gress, to allow shipments of produce and merchancanals of the State of New York, instead of those dise from Canada, through the United States to of Canada, rendering the St. Lawrence canals England, is hailed with joy. comparatively useless. The effect of the duties drawback law has been to transfer the purchase of sugar, tea, and many other goods to New York, from whence nearly all of these articles for the supply of Upper Canada are now imported.

"Should such a change in the export of Canadian produce take place, it will not only injure the Canadian canal, and forwarding trade, but also the

shipping interest engaged in carrying these articles

from Montreal.

"A change in the corn laws, which would diminish the price the Canadian farmers can now obtain, would greatly affect the consumption of British manufactures in the province, which must depend on the means of the farmers to pay for them. An increased demand and consumption has been very perceptible for the last two years, and is mainly attributable to the flourishing condition of the agricultural population of Upper Canada.

"Even if a relaxation of the system of protection in the colonies is to be adopted, it is of infinite consequence that it should not be sudden. The ruin that such a proceeding would cause is incalculable.

"The political consequences as to the government of the colony involved in the foregoing suggestions are sufficiently obvious, [viz., alienation from the mother country, and annexation to our rival and enemy, the United States,] as also must be those arising from the trade of Upper Canada being as it were transferred from Montreal to New York. This latter consideration belongs, however, less to the operation of the corn laws, though partially connected with that branch of the subject.'

If that bill passes, all the products of Upper those of Lower Canada will mostly go through Canada will pass through the Erie canal, and Lake Champlain to New York, and thence to England.

Mr. Walsh, in his letter of 27 May to the National Intelligencer, gives us the complaint of the Poor Chinese, and a French application of the doc

trine of vested interests:

A few days ago I escorted two American gentlemen to the collection of Chinese articles sent by the French diplomatic mission and the commercial delegation to the department of agriculture and commerce. A permit from the secretary-general enabled us to inspect them before the stated hour of admission. One of my companions was fresh from the Celestial Empire, where he had passed twelve years, the other's residence was six. These competent judges pronounced the collection to be meagre and inferior, not better in any respect than a foreign or native merchant in Canton might casually have in his counting and storerooms. There are specimens of Eastern tobacco and lump-tea, some peculiar tissues, and a number of sorry pictures. My general inference from all that I have heard and read (and we have very interesting communications from the French commissioners) is that a considerable time must elapse before French trade with China can become of any value and extent. Note the language of the Chinese authorities about Chusan, as reported in the latest advices from Hong Kong:

"In the treaty it is clearly stated that after receiving the total amount of twenty-one millions

of dollars, then the English should restore Ting-world and the stock exchange, the true indicators hai to China; but there is nothing said about of political apprehensions, have remained perfectly giving it up after granting ingress to the city. quiet. Rely on it fully, the peace with Europe Now they have received all the money, and yet will not be disturbed by anything that will now can violate the treaty in giving back Ting-hai, occur in Mexico. Both England and France will which is insatiable covetousness; and moreover remain quiet spectators in Mexico. The idea of they eat their words, saying, let us enter the city, placing an European prince on the Spanish throne and then we will give up Ting-hai. This shows is quite given up as impracticable, inasmuch as it that they disregard good faith and equity, and are would necessarily lead to a very great expense truthless. Setting aside the fact that the people without doing any permanent good, or producing will not permit them to go into the city, yet sup- effects to be relied on for the next ten years. pose they do so, still the English will not give up Mexico is inflated by European promises; but PaTing-hai. And, in the third place, it is an old redes will probably learn to his sorrow that a diplolaw of the country that foreigners should not matic promise is not considered binding on any enter the cities." party, and that promises in diplomacy are always made with a mental reserve, "if the fulfilment shall be conducive to the interest of the promising party." Now it appears that the French-English alliance has for the present reached its culminating point, and it would be dangerous even for Louis Philippe to attempt to push it much further. Louis Philippe rules by the taste for money he has On the 25th instant, a deputy summoned Mr. instilled into the French nation; and this taste may Guizot to report to the chamber what he was doing not be gratified by a war. A war, therefore, would with the government of the United States in rela- be suicidal to his dynasty, and as the perpetuation tion to the treaty of commerce which France had of the latter is the great object of his life, war will concluded with Texas, and by which advantages not easily be attempted. Moreover, it is sufficient were stipulated for the importation of French pro- to look over the French Budget of 1847-over the ducts. The deputy regarded the treaty as still ex-new extraordinary credit that is to be opened to isting and operative under the law of nations. Mr. Guizot replied in terms which I shall proceed to translate for you from the official Moniteur :

Macao has been declared by the Portuguese government a free port, but countervailing restrictions are imposed. The entry of tobacco is prohibited. Some of the London oracles rejoice in the information of a probable sugar crop in the Punjaub, produce of free labor, the Sikhs being conquered.

"The question raised by the honorable member is, whatever he may think of it, very delicate and very difficult, and most of the precedents which might be adduced are contrary to the conclusion to which he seems to incline. He will excuse me from entering into any details at present; it is evidently for the interests of France that the treaty of commerce, which was concluded with Texas when independent, should be recognized by the United States, and should subsist notwithstanding the disappearance of Texas as an independent commonwealth. On this head we are in the same situation as England, who had also a special treaty with Texas; the question_exists for her as well as for

us.

This question, I repeat, is very complex and difficult. We discuss it; we negotiate, and we support the interests of our country. But the honorable member cannot desire that interest should clash with right. I beg him not to insist at present; I do not wish to debate the matter here; that might prejudice the interests which I espouse." The deputy rejoined:

"I shall not pursue the subject; but I must tell the chamber that I greatly fear that the solution of the case will not come, if ever there should be a solution, until after the treaty has been dead and buried."

Your department of state will no doubt do justice to the question, which is really important under the constitution and circumstances of our Union.

ministers, and on the fact, that the standing deficit amounts to about 40,000,000 francs, which absorbs annually an equal amount of the sinking fund-to perceive at once that the policy of France is for peace, and not for a contest with a great power. The interference of France and England in the affairs of Buenos Ayres cannot be put in the same parallel with an armed interference in the affairs of Mexico and the United States; for the demonstration against Rosas is purely local, while a war with the United States is certain at once to derange all the relations of commerce and navigation.

But the idea that France may join England in active operations against America is preposterous. Even now that war has actually broken out between Mexico and the United States, and the notice passed by the senate, the British press forbears to make any offensive remarks, if we except that stupid paper, "The Standard," which represents an obsolete clique rather than a respectable party in England. France has a sum of 1,000 millions of francs set aside for public works, and will require continued peace to cover her deficit in 1856 (!) England must prepare for financial difficulties, and a political and social revolution from the abolition of the corn laws. This is not the time to go to war, and to entangle beforehand that very commerce which the present administration mean to liberate. France requires the prosecution of her public works for her political safety; for they alone engage a sufficient number of the electors to place the ministerial majority beyond contingency. England must have full commerce if she would

From the United States Gazette we copy a let-compete with her continental rival, and prevent

ter from a correspondent, whose speculations we have generally read with much respect it gives a view, probably by a German, of the

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF EUROPE.

Antwerp, May 14, 1846. We are in possession of the latest news from America up to the 19th April, and the commercial

dangerous combinations among her own subjects. It is needless to deny that one of the great inducements to the abolition of the corn laws is the dangerous union of the chartists with the anti-cornlaw leaguers the fact that the systematically starved have counted heads and found the immense disparity between the number of sufferers and oppressors. This is not the time to exact new sacrifices, to levy new taxes. The next general, seri