3,564,757; in 1833, 4,187,390; and in 1855, it had only increased to 4,541,556. During recent years, however, the increase has been more rapid, the population in 1864 amounting to 4,807,440; and in 1895 to 5,818,544. The Bavarians, notwithstanding their beer-bibbing propensity, are essentially a sober and industrious people. Though all of German origin, they differ materially in character. The Franconians are intelligent, diligent, and steady; the Swabians, good-naturedly indolent; and the inhabitants of the Palatinate, lively and enterprising; while the Bavarians proper are dull and superstitious. As to religion, in 1890, the Roman Catholics numbered 3,959,077; Protestants, 1,571,863; Jews, 3,885; and other minor sects, 10,157. The state allows perfect toleration, guaranteeing the same civil rights to Catholic and Protestant alike. Individuals of every sect have the privilege of worshiping privately without fear of molestation; and on application to the king by a sufficient number of families, the right of public worship can be secured. A concordat with Rome divides the state into 2 archbishoprics and 6 bishoprics. The consistories of Anspach, Baireuth, and Speyer, under the superior consistory of Munich, govern the Lutheran church, the Munich consistory being in some degree subject to a section in the home department, which manages the temporal concerns of all the churches. The president of the Munich consistory has a seat and vote in the council of the state. The revenues of the church of Rome are derived from lands and endowments; the Protestant church is supported by the state. The Protestant church is under a general consistory and three provincial consistories. The Catholic are much more numerous relatively to the number of communicants than the Protestant. B. has a good system of education, under the supreme direction of a minister of public instruction, to whom certain members of the provincial governments, specially instructed to watch the educational interests of the communities, are subordinate. They, again, have numerous inspectors under them, who make systematic reports. Nevertheless, in upper and lower B., about one fifth of the children are yet without a school education. Besides elementary schools, there are about 30 gymnasia, and numerous realschulen and technical schools of various kinds. The three Bavarian universities are at Munich, Würzburg, and Erlangen, the latter being Protestant. There are several extensive libraries in B., that of Munich being the largest in Germany. Art has been zealously cultivated in B., and since the days of king Louis I. has been peculiarly fostered by the state. There are numerous institutions for the furtherance of painting, sculpture, and music. Government, Revenue, etc.-B. is a constitutional monarchy, the throne hereditary in the male line. Its constitution dates no further back than 1818, when it was declared a part of confederated Germany. The king is the executive. The legislature consists of a chamber of senators, and one of deputies. The senators are hereditary, the king, however, having the power, within certain limits, to nominate members for life. The chamber of deputies consists of five different classes-one eighth of the whole members being chosen from landed proprietors, who exercise judicial powers in right of their property, and have no seat in the upper house; another eighth from ecclesiastics of the Protestant and Roman Catholic churches; a fourth from the inhabitants of cities and market towns; and a half from landed proprietors who neither possess judicial rights, nor a seat in the other chamber. There are, besides, three members from the universities-one from each. There is one member in the chamber of deputies for every 7000 families, or 35,000 inhabitants. In the event of there not being a dissolution, the chamber lasts for six years. The usual length of the annual session is two months. The chambers, in ordinary circumstances, meet once a year for the dispatch of business, and it is compulsory on the king to summon them once in three years. No deliberation can take place unless two thirds of the deputies are present. All matters relating to public burdens, etc., come first under the consideration of the chamber of deputies; with reference to other questions, the king exercises his own discretion as to which chamber shall first discuss them. No alteration in taxation, and no new law, can be promulgated without the consent of the legislature; but the royal prerogative is loosely defined. The ministry of state consists of the departments of the royal house, foreign affairs, justice, home affairs, public worship and instruction, finance, and war. They are not necessarily members of the chambers, though they are privileged to be present at the deliberations. The council of state is composed of the king, one prince of the blood royal, the ministers of state, and six councilors nominated by the king. The revenue of B. for the year 1896-7 was estimated at 345,356,505 marks, of which 31,562,000 marks were to be raised by direct taxation, 82,056,050 marks by indirect taxation, the rest chiefly from domains and state monopolies; exactly balancing the estimated expenditure. In 1876, the public debt amounted to 1,108,954,854 marks ($277,238,713), 398,345,143 marks being contracted for railways. In 1889 the general debt was 1,342,012,422 marks, and the debt on railways amounted to 967,460,400 marks. At the end of 1895 the debt amounted to 1,386,875,020 marks, of which 1,034,460,400 was the railway debt. The raising of the army of B. was in 1871 adapted to the Prussian method of conscription. Every Bavarian is liable to service for seven years, and no substitution is allowed. The period of active service is four years, the remaining three being spent in Baxter. the army of reserve; and the soldier, after quitting the reserve, is bound to serve other five years in the landwehr. When B., in Nov., 1870, became one of the kingdoms of the German empire, her army, on the established conditions of its formation, was formed into two corps of the imperial army, each consisting of two divisions, under the command of the king of B. in times of peace, but controlled by the emperor of Germany in war. In 1888-89 B. contributed to the imperial army 36,631 infantry, 2420 jäger, 581 landwehr, 7372 cavalry, 6698 artillery, 1608 pioneers, 1002 train, 510 special formation, a total of 56,842 officers and men. In 1896-7, her contribution was 2557 officers and 63,086 men. Of these 1342 officers and 41,557 men were infantry; 395 officers and 9101 men artillery, and 256 officers and 7213 men cavalry. During peace the administration of the fortresses of B. is in the hands of its government. History.-The Boii, a race of Celtic origin, were the first inhabitants of B. of whom tradition furnishes any account. From them, its German name, Baiern, as well as its old Latin name, Boiaria, is said to have been derived. They appear to have conquered the country about 600 B.C., and they retained it until shortly before the Christian era, when they were subjugated by the Romans; the country being made an integral part of the Roman empire, under the names of Vindelicia and Noricum. After the decay of the Roman power, the Ostrogoths and Franks successively held possession of it, until Charlemagne conquered it. After his death, it was governed by lieutenants of the Frank and German kings, until 1070, when it passed into possession of the Guelph family; and it was transferred by imperial grant, in 1180, to Otho, count of Wittelsbach, whose descendant now occupies the throne. The Rhenish Palatinate was conferred on this family by the emperor Frederick III. in 1216. Now followed quarrels between relatives, and divisions of territory, until the dukedom of B. was severed from the Rhenish and upper Palatinates (see PALATINATE); of the latter, however, it repossessed itself in 1621-the peace of Westphalia, in 1648, confirming the title of its princes to that possession, as well as its right to the electoral dignity to which it had been raised in 1624. In the war of the Spanish succession, B. supported France, and suffered considerably in consequence; but in 1777, on the extinction of the younger Wittelsbach line, it received the accession of the Rhine Palatinate. In 1805, B. was erected into a kingdom by Napoleon I. The king assisted Napoleon in his wars, and in consideration of his aid received large additions of territory. In 1813, however, the Bavarian king opportunely contrived to change sides, and thus managed to have confirmed to him, by the treaties of 1814-15, an extent of territory nearly as valuable as the possessions which the treaties of Presburg and Vienna had given him, and which he had now to restore to Austria. In 1818, as already intimated, the new constitution came into existence, but owing to various causes, it did not secure that measure of popular freedom and contentment that had been expected. In 1825, Louis I. ascended the throne. He was a well-meaning, liberal, and intellectual monarch, and was favorable to the liberty of the people and the press; but he lavished the wealth of the kingdom to an extrava gant degree on the embellishment of the capital, and on works of art, while he neglected to a considerable extent works of practical value, that would have tended to enrich the country, diminish the public burdens, and consequently increase the welfare of his people. In 1830, a wave from the French revolution swept over the country, disturbing its equanimity, but not to any serious extent. The Bavarian government, however, took alarm, and restricted the freedom of the press. These restrictions excited so much opposition, that they were soon after rescinded, but new dissatisfaction was created by the imposition of new taxes. The Jesuits now obtained an immense influence with the king, which they used to the detriment of popular rights. The wrath of the people was further aroused against their monarch by his connection with the notorious Lola Montez, who was looked upon as an agent of the Ultra montanists-an imputation which that lady, in her autobiography, published in 1858, indignantly repudiates, maintaining that she was the inveterate enemy of that party, and the true friend of the people. In March, 1848, following the example set by the French revolutionists, the people of Munich seized the arsenal, and demanded reforms and the expulsion of Lola Montez. The king had to consent; but in the same month he abdicated his throne, in accordance, says Lola Montez, with a promise made by him to her. His son, Maximilian II., ascended the throne. He died in 1864; and Louis II., a distinguished patron of Wagner, the great musician, succeeded; but, becoming insane, committed suicide in June, 1886. His brother assumed the title of Otto I.; but being also mentally incapable of governing, the regency was assumed by an uncle, prince Luitpold. See GERMANY. BAVA'RIA, a colossal female statue at Munich, which bears the name of the country of which it is a personification, is said to be second in size only to the famous Colossus of Rhodes. It was erected by king Louis I., the model having been executed by Schwanthaler. Externally, the figure bears a German aspect. A long folding garment reaches from the middle to the naked foot; over the half-naked breast a skin is cast, and the hair falls freely over the back. The brow is adorned with sprigs of oak; in the left hand, which is raised, she holds a wreath of oak; and in the right, which is bent towards the breast, a sword; at her side reposes the Bavarian lion, the guardian of her kingdom, in a sitting attitude. The statue is 65 ft. high, the pedestal being 30, so that the whole monument has a height of 95 feet. The statue was cast from the bronze of Turkish and |