after the castle or keep had long disappeared, as in the case of the Old B. in London, and the B. in Oxford.

BAILEY, GAMALIEL, 1807-59; b. N. J.; studied medicine in Philadelphia, and graduated in 1828; visited China as ship's physician; was editor of the Methodist Protestant in Baltimore; with James G. Birney started, in 1836, the Cincinnati Philanthropist, an abolition journal. His press was destroyed by a mob, but he continued the paper until 1844. In 1847, he began in Washington the National Era, which was mobbed in the next year, but not suppressed. Wanting a story for his paper, Dr. B. inclosed 100 dollars to Harriet Beecher Stowe, asking her to send him something. She sent one of the chapters of Uncle Tom's Cabin, without the remotest idea of the stupendous fame it was to achieve.

BAILEY, JACOB WHITMAN, 1811-57; b. Mass. ; a naturalist, graduate of West Point academy and lieut. of artillery; professor of botany, mineralogy, and chemistry in the academy in 1834-57, winning much distinction for microscopical researches, and publishing a volume of illustrations. He made a collection of 3000 objects, marked and catalogued; and of algæ he gathered 4500 specimens. These, with his books, went to the Boston society of natural history. He was president of the American association for the advancement of science in 1857, and invented the indicator which bears his name. His health, never very strong, was broken by exposure while rescuing his wife and daughter from the steamboat Henry Clay, burned on the Hudson river five years before. The American Journal of Science and Arts (2d. series, Vol. XXV.) contains a review of his life and labors.

BAILEY, JAMES E.; b. Tenn., 1822; commenced practice of law at Clarksville, 1843; elected to state legislature, 1853; served in confederate army; elected U. S. senator from Tenn. to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Andrew Johnson, 1877.

BAILEY, JAMES MONTGOMERY, 1841-94; b. Albany, N. Y.; journalist; settled in Danbury, Conn., and became widely known for his humorous writings on the News; published The Danbury News Man (1872), and Life in Danbury (1873).

BAILEY, or BAILY, NATHAN or NATHANIEL, an English lexicographer and schoolmaster at Stepney, who died in 1742. He published An Universal Etymological Dictionary in 1721, adding a supplementary volume in. 1727. This work was so popular that by 1802 it had reached its thirtieth edition, and it is known that Johnson made liberal use of it in preparing his own dictionary. Bailey supervised the Dictionarium Britannioum, published in 1730, and wrote other books, of little importance. In 1883 the English Dialect Society reprinted the eighteenth-century dialect words preserved in Bailey's dictionary. This work was one of the sources from which Chatterton drew his pseudo Old English words.

BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES, a distinguished British poet, was b. at Basford, in the co. of Nottingham, in the year 1816. His early education was conducted in his native town, and afterwards he became a student at the university of Glasgow. He was called to the English bar in 1840, but never practiced. The first edition of Festus, the poem by which he is best known, was published in 1839, and in subsequent editions received a large amount of new matter. It attracted considerable notice in England, and was in America hailed with a perfect tornado of applause. While the enthusiasm lasted, Mr. B. was in certain quarters mentioned in the same breath with Shakespeare, Milton, and Goethe. This injudicious admiration was, however, certain to cool down, and to prove more prejudicial to the real interests of the author than unmerited censure itself; consequently, in literary journals, Festus is frequently mentioned with a contempt which it is far from deserving. It is a wonderful work, when the age of the author at the pericd of its production is taken into account. It was commenced before the author had reached his 20th year, and completed in three years. Festus errs from excess of boldness. Mr. B. speaks of universes as other poets speak of buttercups. He has the entrée to the highest heaven and to the regions of penal fire. He is on terms of perfect familiarity with eternity. He lays his scenes in the " center,' elsewhere," "everywhere," ""nowhere." Despite its extravagance, Festus is full of poetical thought and felicitous expression, and has occasional dashes of grim humor in it, not unworthy of Goethe's mocking fiend himself. The faults of the poem are as great as the beauties; there is no congruity or proportion in it, and you lay it down with a sense of admiration qualified with disgust. In 1850, Mr. B. published the Angel World, which possesses all the faults and all the beauties of the former work on a reduced scale. If the reader's admiration is less, his disgust is less. The Angel World is now incorporated with the larger work. Mr. B.'s subsequent writings have been the Mystic, the Age, a colloquial satire, and the Universal Hymn (1867). The first production is in the writer's early style, with all the beauties deleted. But whatever measure of success may attend Mr. B. in "elsewhere," and "nowhere," complete failure awaits him when he deals with mankind and the ordinary affairs of earth.

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BAILEY, SAMUEL, a writer on politics, political economy, mental philosophy, and other subjects, was b. in 1791 in Sheffield, England, where he became a banker. He d. Jan. 18, 1870, leaving £90,000 as a bequest to the town. Among his works are: Questions for Discussion in Politics, Political Economy, and other Departments of Knowledge (1823); A Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measures, and Causes of Value (1825); The II.-5

Rationale of Political Representation (1835); The Right of Primogeniture Examined (1837); Money and its Vicissitudes in Value (1837); A Defense of Joint-stock Banks and Country Issues (1840); Letters on the Philosophy of the Human Mind (three series, 1855, 1858, 1863); On the Received Text of Shakespeare's Dramatic Writings, and its Improvement (2 vols., 1862, 1866).

Mr. B.'s works on the Pursuit of Truth (1821) and the Publication of Opinions (1829) gave a great impetus to liberal and advanced views. His writings generally are distinguished by independent thinking, logical precision, and careful English style, and warm aspirations for the improvement of mankind. His treatises on the mind, while abounding in original suggestions, expand and enforce the views of the school of Locke in metaphysics, and what is termed the doctrine of utility in morals. His emendations of the text of Shakespeare are purely conjectural, and have little value.

BAILEY, THEODORUS, b. N. Y., 1805; a naval officer; midshipman in 1818; lieutenant in 1827; commander in 1849; captain in 1855; commodore in 1862; rear-admiral in 1866. He was in the service in the Pacific during the war with Mexico. In the civil war he was in command of the frigate Colorado, and led the right column of Farragut's fleet in the opening of the Mississippi and the capture of New Orleans. In 1867, he was placed on the retired list. He d. 1877.

BAI'LIE, a Scotch term, with several legal applications. It chiefly, however, and popularly, signifies a superior officer or magistrate of a municipal corporation in Scotland, with judicial authority within the city or burgh. In royal burghs, the office is in some respects analogous to that of alderman in England. The chief magistrate of a Scotch corporation, called the provost (q.v.), and often one or more of the bailies, are, in virtue of their office, in the commission of the peace; and by the 6 Geo. IV., c. 22, bailies are exempted from serving on juries. There are also bailies of regality and barony, who are appointed by the superior or over-lord of the manor (q. v.), with limited powers fixed by the 20 Geo. II., c. 43. There is a B. for the sanctuary or abbey of Holyrood, appointed by the Duke of Hamilton as hereditary keeper, and having jurisdiction within the precincts. See ABBEY, SANCTUARY. The word B. was also formerly a term in the prac tice of Scotch conveyancing, and signified an officer who represented the seller, and who, as such, gave seisin or sasine (q.v.), or delivery of the lands sold to the buyer or his attorney; but by the changes and simplifications effected by recent legislation, the office of B. in this sense may be said to be virtually abolished.

BAILIFF in English, BAILIE in Scotch, BAILLI in French, and BALIO in Italian, are terms having a common origin-namely, the middle Latin ballivus, which is again connected with the older form, bagalus, or bajulus. Through all the changes of application they have undergone in the course of history, they have continued to agree in denoting an overseer of some kind-an officer exercising superintendence on behalf of some superior authority. At the Greek imperial court in Constantinople, the chief tutor of the imperial children was called bajulos. The same title seems also to have been given in Constantinople to the superintendent of the foreign merchants, who was appointed by the Venetians, and it may possibly be for this reason that the title balio came at length to be applied also to the Venetian ambassadors themselves. The title ballivus was introduced by the knights of St. John into the s. and w. of Europe, as the eight members of their chapter were called ballivi conventuales, whence also the name ballei, given to the circles into which the possessions of the order were divided. In France, the royal baillis were at one time commanders of the troops, administrators of the royal domains, and judges each in his district. In later times, the royal baillis were deprived of the two latter offices, and were consequently then called baillis d'epée only. Proprietors of estates, also, possessing supreme jurisdiction, appointed baillis to superintend these courts of justice. As very little knowledge was required for these situations, and as they might be purchased, they were held in little estimation; and in later times, the baillis became standing characters on the stage, held up to ridicule on account of their ignorance and their absurd pretensions, as well as for cheating and injustice. In England, the name B. was introduced in the reign of William I., to designate the superintendents of counties, which were called ballivæ.

BAILIFF, in English law, is a legal officer, and may be described as the keeper, protector, or superintendent of some duty or charge legally imposed on him. As officers of the law, bailiffs put in force arresting process, and they perform other duties within the co. or bailiwick required of them by the sheriff, who is their immediate official superior. In this sense bailiffs are either bailiffs of hundreds, or bound bailiffs. The duty of the former is to collect fines, summon juries, attend the judges and justices at the assizes and quarter sessions, and execute writs and process s in the several hundreds. Bound bailiffs, again, are officers usually joined by the sheriffs with the bailiffs of hundreds, and employed on account of their adroitness and dexterity. They are called bound bailiffs, because the sheriff, being civilly responsible for their official misdemeanors, they are annually bound in an obligation, with sureties, for the due execution of their office. There are also special bailiffs, who are officers appointed by the sheriff on the application of the party suing out the process to be executed; and whenever a party thus chooses

his own officers, he is considered to discharge the sheriff from all responsibility for what is done by him. There is, besides, another exceptional class of bailiffs, called bailiffs of liberties, honors, manors, and other lordships and franchises.

BAILIFF, HIGH. A chief bailiff. See BAILIFF.

BAILIWICK legally means the co. or district within which the sheriff's bailiffs may execute their office. Blackstone says that this word was introduced by the princes of the Norman line in imitation of the French, whose territory was divided into bailiwicks, as that of England into counties.

BAILLET, ADRIEN, 1649-1706; a French writer and critic. His parents were poor, but he found a friend in the bishop of Beauvais, who educated and advanced him to the priesthood. In 1680, he was librarian to the advocate general of the parliament of Paris, of whose library he made a remarkable catalogue in 35 folio volumes, all written with his own hand. He was an incessant worker, scarcely sparing time for needful rest. He wrote a History of Holland from 1609 to 1690 (a continuation of Grotius), in 4 vols.; Lives of the Saints, Life of Descartes, etc.; but his most valuable production is The Judgment of the Learned on the Principal Works of Authors, in 9 vols.

BAILLEUL, a t. of France, department of the Nord, with manufactures of woolens, cottons, lace, hats, beet-root sugar, etc.-the cheese of its neighborhood being also celebrated. Pop. in 1891, 13,300.

BAILLIE, JOANNA, a modern poetess of distinguished merit, was b. in 1762 at Bothwell, in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Her father was a Presbyterian clergyman. She re ceived a superior education, and soon began to manifest those talents which subsequently excited the admiration of the public. Her career was a singularly happy one, but devoid of all striking incident. At an early period, she went to reside in London, where her brother, Matthew Baillie, had established himself as a physician. Here she remained till her death, which occurred on the 23d of Feb., 1851, when she had attained the venerable age of 88. No authoress ever enjoyed a larger share of the esteem and affection of her literary contemporaries. All vied in showing her a courteous respect, and even America sent its votaries to her little shrine at Hampstead. Her greatest achievement is undoubtedly the Plays on the Passions, which, though erroneous in conception, are full of noble and impressive poetry, and often characterized by intense dramatic power. The principle upon which Miss B. proceeded in the construction of these works, was to take a single passion as the subject of a play, and to exhibit its influence on an individual supposed to be actuated by nothing else. In point of fact, such persons do not exist in society; men are swayed by a variety of conflicting emotions; and even when any one of these becomes dominant, it does not wholly destroy the rest, otherwise the victim of a ruling passion would lapse into a monomaniac. The leading personages of Miss B.'s plays are, therefore, rather impersonations of certain elements of human nature, than genuine human beings. They are vivid poetical studies in psychology; not mirrors held up to nature, like the brilliant and variegated creations of Shakspeare. Still, there are scenes, in her tragedies especially, where the interest of the reader is intensely excited by the great art shown in the minute delineation of a particular passion, and where he is forced to forget the artificial theory of the authoress. The first volume of the Plays on the Passions appeared in 1798, and met with remarkable success. Four years after ward, she published a second volume; in 1804, Miscellaneous Plays; in 1812, the third volume of her Plays on the Passions; and in 1836, three volumes of dramatic poetry. The most popular as well as the most powerful of her works is the tragedy of De Montfort. It was brought upon the stage in London, Kemble acting for eleven nights the character of the hero. Many of Miss B.'s minor pieces are very sweet, simple, and beautiful; and are marked by a sprightly grace of versification, cu a playful serenity of spirit, which pleasantly remind one of the personal character of the authoress herself. Some of these are humorous ballads and poems in the Scottish dialect. Miss B. is described as under the middle size and slender in form, with a countenance showing talent and decision. See Miss Thackeray's Book of Sibyls (1883).

BAILLIE, LADY GRIZEL, was born in 1665, at Red Braes, Berwickshire, Scotland. She was the daughter of the Scottish patriot, Sir Patrick Hume, afterward first Earl of Marchmont, and in 1684 supplied him with food during his concealment in the vault. beneath Polwarth Church. She shared her father's exile at Utrecht (1686-88), and in. 1692 married the son of Robert Baillie, of Jerviswood. Lady Grizel died December 6th, 1746. Some ballads written by her are preserved.

BAILLIE, MATTHEW, M.D., a distinguished physician and anatomist, was b. on the 27th Oct., 1761, in the Manse of Shotts, Lanarkshire, Scotland. His father was descended from the family of B. of Jerviswood, so noted in the history of Scotland during the reign of Charles II.; his mother was a sister of the two celebrated anatomists, William and John Hunter; and one of his sisters was Joanna B., the poetess. Talent seems to have been both hereditary and abundant in the family. On account of his abilities, his father was appointed professor of divinity in the university of Glasgow, where young B. went through the usual curriculum, and afterwards proceeded to Balliol college, Oxford, as an exhibitioner on the Snell foundation. In 1780 he commenced his anatomical studies. in London under the care of his uncle, and was frequently employed as demonstrator to

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the latter in his theater at Great Windmill street. His success in this capacity was so great, that on the death of Dr. Hunter, in 1783, he was found qualified to become his successor. In 1784, he began to lecture, and acquired a high reputation as a vigorous and lucid expositor of the science of anatomy. In 1795, he published a small work entitled The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body. It made an era in medical science. In addition to the information formerly scattered through the writings of Bonnetus, Lieutaud, Montagni, and others, it contained a multitude of ingenious observations made by his uncle and himself, and greatly enhanced our knowledge of the changes produced on the human frame by disease. It had a remarkable influence on the study of medicine, and excited in a greater measure, perhaps than any other book, a spirit of careful induction among professional men. In 1799, Dr. B. relinquished his anatomical lectureship, and in 1800, his appointment as physician to St. George's hospital, which he had held for 13 years. He now devoted himself exclusively to his duties as a medical practitioner, and by his honorable assiduity succeeded in realizing a large fortune. In one of his busiest years, when he had scarcely time to take a single meal, his professional income is said to have reached £10,000. In 1810, he was appointed physician to the king, and offered a baronetcy, which, however, he declined. At last, worn out with incessant labor, he died on the 23d Sept. 1823.

BAILLIE, ROBERT, one of the most eminent, and perhaps the most moderate of all the Scotch Presbyterian clergy during the time of the civil war, was b. at Glasgow in 1599, and educated at the university of that city. In 1622, he received episcopal ordination-episcopacy being then nominally the established religion of the country -and was shortly after presented to the parish church of Kilwinning. At first a maintainer of the doctrine of passive obedience, he seems to have changed his opinions on this point some time during 1630-36. In 1638, he sat in that famous general assembly of the Kirk of Scotland which met in Glasgow to protest against episcopacy being thrust on an unwilling people, but conducted himself with greater prudence and temperance than was quite agreeable to his excited brethren. However, he soon threw himself eagerly into the national cause. In 1640, he was selected by the Scottish leaders, on account of his pamphlet against Laud's party, as a proper person to go to London, along with other commissioners, to prepare charges against archbishop Laud, whose rash and tyrannical measures were alleged to have been the origin of the recent hostilities against the sovereign. On his return to Scotland in 1642, he was appointed joint-professor of divinity at Glasgow, along with Mr. David Dickson, an equally distinguished, but less moderate divine. In 1643, he was again sent to London as a delegate to the Westminster assembly of divines, where he conducted himself in an unobtrusive manner, but cordially concurred in the doctrines which were drawn up. It is curious to notice, in connection with this incident of his career, that though Mr. B. had himself experienced the injustice of intolerance, like almost every other theologian of his age, he vehemently discarded the principle of toleration, and asserted the divine right of Presbytery with as much emphasis as Laud did the divine right of Episcopacy. After the execution of Charles I., in 1649, B. was chosen by the church to proceed to Holland, and to invite Charles II. to accept the covenant and crown of Scotland. Though it was not easy to deal with one of Charles's slippery character, B. is admitted to have borne himself in the matter with great prudence and dignity. After the restoration, he was made principal of Glasgow university. He died July, 1662. His Letters are a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the times.

BAILLIE, ROBERT, of Jerviswood, happily described as the Scottish Sydney, was a native of Lanarkshire, and distinguished himself during the latter part of the reign of Charles II. by his bold opposition to the tyrannical misgovernment of the duke of Lauderdale. Having on a certain occasion (June, 1676) rescued a relative, the Rev. Mr. Kirkton, from the clutches of archbishop Sharpe's principal informer, a wretched profligate of the name of Carstairs, who pretended that he had a warrant for the apprehension of the clergyman, but refused to show it, B. was actually prosecuted for interfering to prevent the illegal capture of his friend. For this purpose an ante-dated warrant was furnished to Carstairs, signed by nine of the councillors. The marquis of Athole afterwards admitted to bishop Burnet that he was one of the nine who lent their names to this infamous document. The case was therefore made out to be a tumult against the government. B. was fined in 6000 marks (£318). He refused to pay, and was sent to prison; but so strong was the indignation of the Scottish gentry that he was released at the end of four months, in consideration of payment of one half of his fine to Carstairs. In 1683, B. took a prominent part in a scheme of emigration to South Carolina, as he saw no other refuge from the degrading tyranny of the government. About the same time, however, he entered into correspondence with the heads of the new puritan party in London, whose leaders were Russell, Sydney, and the duke of Monmouth, and subsequently repaired to that city to concert measures for a vigorous insurrection against the government, not, however, so far as he was concerned, with a view to revolution, but as the only means of securing adequate reforms. On the discovery of the Ryehouse plot, B. was arrested and sent down to Scotland. Accused of conspiring against the king's life, and of being hostile to monarchical government, B. was tried at Edinburgh, and condemned to death upon evidence at once insufficient and illegal. His bearing both on his trial and during his imprisonment was heroic. He was executed Dec. 24, 1684.

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BAILLOT, PIERRE MARIE FRANÇOIS DE SALES, violinist and composer, was b. at Poissy, France, 1771, and d. at Paris in 1842. After receiving his musical education in Paris and Rome, he appeared in public as a violinist in 1791, and in 1795 became professor of the violin in the Paris Conservatoire, which post he held until his death. He studied harmony and counterpoint under Catel and Cherubini, became a member of Napoleon's private band in 1802, traveled in Russia in 1805-8, and in 1814 organized chamber-music concerts in Paris, which gained him reputation as a quartet-player. In 1815-16 he made a tour in Holland, Belgium, and England, and became a member of the London Philharmonic society. He was director of the orchestra at the Paris Opera in 1821-31; of the Concerts Spirituels in 1822-24, and of the Royal Band in 1825. Baillot was the last great representative of the classical school of violin-playing in Paris, and his Méthode de Violon (1803), adopted by the Conservatoire, is considered by Fétis one of the best works of its kind. His compositions are difficult, and are almost forgotten. A posthumous work, Observations aux concours de violon du Conservatoire de Musique, was published (Paris, 1872). See Wasielewski's Die Violine und ihre Meister.

BAILLY, JEAN SYLVAIN, a distinguished French savant, president of the national assembly of 1789, and mayor of Paris, was b. in that city Sept. 15, 1736. Originally Intended by his father for an artist, he first turned aside into literature, until, becoming acquainted with Lacaille, he was fortunately induced to study astronomy, which proved to be the true sphere of his genius. In 1763, B. presented to the académie des sciences his Lunar Observations; in 1766 appeared his Essay on the Satellites of Jupiter, with Tables of their Motions; and in 1771, a treatise on the light of these satellites, remarkable for the profundity of its astronomical views, and which classed him at once among the greatest astronomers of his time. His historico-scientific works, especially his History of Indian Astronomy, are full of learning and ingenious disquisition, and written with great elegance. In 1777 he published his Letters on the Origin of the Sciences; and in 1799 his Atlantis of Plato. In 1784 he was elected a member of the académie française; and in the following year, of the académie des inscriptions. The éloges which he wrote about this period for the académie des sciences on Charles V., Molière, Corneile, Lacaille, Leibnitz, Cook, and Gresset, were very highly praised. Fontenelle was the only Frenchman before him who had enjoyed the honor of being a member of the three academies at once. The revolution interrupted his peaceful studies. During the earlier part of it he occupied a very prominent position. Elected president of the national assembly, June 17, 1789, and mayor of Paris on the 15th of July, he conducted himself in these capacities with great integrity and purity of purpose; but at last lost his popularity by allowing the national guard to fire on the masses who were assembled in the Champs de Mars, on the 17th of July, 1791, to demand the dethronement of the king. He now threw up his mayoralty, considering it impossible to satisfy either party, withdrew alto gether from public affairs, and went to live first at Nantes, and afterwards with his friend Laplace at Melun. Here he was seized by the Jacobin soldiery and brought to Paris, where he was accused of being a conspirator, and executed Nov. 11, 1793. Among his papers were found, and afterwards published, an Essay on the Origin of Fables (1799), and Memoirs of the Revolution (1804).

BAILMENT (French, bailler, to deliver). The holding of personal property by one person, under an obligation to return or deliver it over, in specie, to another person, after some special purpose is accomplished. It may be divided into three kinds or classes: 1. Where the transaction is for the benefit of the bailor or some person whom he represents. Under this head are included, (a) Depositum, or deposit, in which case goods are delivered to the bailee, to be kept and returned on demand without compensation, and (b) Mandatum, or mandate, where the bailee does something with or about the article delivered without compensation. 2. Where the transaction is for the benefit of the bailee or some person whom he represents. This class embraces commodatum, or loan, where an article is lent to the bailee for his use, without recompense, and is to be itself returned. 3. Where the transaction is for the benefit of both parties. This class includes (a) Pignus, or pledge, in which the thing bailed is given as security for a debt incurred, and (b) Locatio, the hiring for recompense. Under the head of locatio are included (a) Locatio rei, the hiring of a thing; (3) Locatio operis faciendi, the hiring of labor, care or attention upon the property bailed; (7) Locatio custodia, the hiring of the custody or keeping of an article, and (6) Locatio operis mercium vendarum, the hiring of the carriage of goods from one place to another. When the bailment is for the bailor's sole benefit, as in deposit and mandate, the bailee is required to exercise only slight care, and is responsible only for gross negligence; when it is wholly for the benefit of the bailee, as in commodatum, he is required to exercise the greatest care, and is answerable for even slight negligence; but when it is for the mutual benefit of the bailee and bailor, the former is, as a rule, only bound to exercise ordinary care, and is only liable for ordinary negligence. This demand for simply ordinary care applies, then, to pignus, or pledge, and to most of the cases of locatio. But inn-keepers and common carriers of goods are held, at common law, responsible for all losses of or injuries to goods entrusted to their care, except those occasioned by the act of God or the public enemy, or the fraud or negligence of the bailor or his servants. This onerous responsibility, amounting as it did to an insurance of the articles except against the causes specified, has been much lightened for the inn keeper in modern times by statute; and common carriers of goods are now uniformly permitted to limit their liability by fair and reasonable contracts made with the shippers. In a few of the United States, of which New York is one, such exempting contracts are sustained by the courts,