Get this book in print
About this book
My library
Books on Google Play
CHAPTER III.
FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF RAHULA'S RELIGIOUS LIFE TILL
THE NEAR APPROACH OF THE NIRVANA.
Buddha sends for Rahula-Arrangements for instructing Rahula
and other boys-Tutors-Boys admitted to the vows-Nuns-
Rapid spread of monasticism-Disciplinary rules-Education in
metaphysics-Ananda and the Leng-yen-king-Buddha in these
works like Socrates in Plato-Buddha said to have gone to Cey-
lon-Also to the paradise of desire-Offer of Devas to protect
Buddhism-Protectors of China-Relation of Buddhism to Hin-
doo polytheism-Prajna-paramita-King Prasenajit-Sutra of
the Benevolent King-Daily liturgy-Ananda becomes Buddha's
attendant disciple-Intrusted with the Sutras in twelve divisions
-Buddha teaches his esoteric system-Virtually contained in the
"Lotus Sutra"-In this the sun of Buddha culminated-His
father's approaching death announced--Buddha reaches the
forty-ninth year of his public preaching,
CHAPTER IV.
LAST DISCOURSES AND DEATH OF BUDDHA.
Buddha's immortality in his teaching-Death real and final-Object of
Nirvana teaching-Buddha visits the Tau-li heaven-Descends
again by Indra's staircase-The first images-Death of Buddha's
aunt-Death of Shariputra-Buddha at Kushinagara-Between
the Sala trees-Last instructions-Kashiapa made patriarch-
Flesh prohibited-Relieves the king of Magadha-Sends for
Ananda-Answers to four questions-Brahma comes-Buddha's
last words-Death-Gold coffin-Maya comes-Cremation-His
relics-Pagodas,
PAGE
34-45
46-59
CHAPTER V.
THE PATRIARCHS OF THE NORTHERN BUDDHISTS.
Features of Asiatic life in the time of the patriarchs-Character,
powers, and intellectual qualities of the patriarchs-Series of
thirty-three patriarchs-Appointment of Kashiapa by Shakya-
muni-The Svastika-Council of Rajagriha, for writing out the
books of Buddha, and settling what should be received as canonical
-The part taken by Ananda in the authorship of the Buddhist
books-Ananda, second patriarch-The third was Shangnavasu-—
Remarks on samadhi and reverie-Fourth, Upagupta-Conversion
of a wicked woman when dying-Fifth, sixth, and seventh patri-
archs-Buddha's prophecy regarding Buddhanandi, the seventh-
Struggle between filial love and Buddhist conviction in Buddha-
CONTENTS.
mitra-The way in which he subdued an unbelieving king-Ma-
ming given to the king of the Geta to induce him to raise the siege
of Pataliputra-Kapimara, the thirteenth-Nagarjuna, the four-
teenth-Converts ten thousand Brahmans-Writes the Ta-chi-tu-
lun-Vigorous defence of Buddhism by Kanadeva-Assassination
of Kanadeva-Sanghanandi, precocious as a boy-Prophecy re-
specting him-Rahulata ascends to heaven-Sangkayasheta's dis-
cussion on the nature of sound-Converts five hundred hermits--
Kumarada's views on the inequality of present retribution-Diffi-
culties met with by Manura in teaching Buddhism in Southern
and Western India-A patriarch's power over birds-Haklena
converts Singhalaputra, who succeeded him as patriarch (the
twenty-fourth), but was killed by the king of Candahar-The
orthodox school has only twenty-four patriarchs-The contempla-
tive school has twenty-eight-Pradjnyatara, the twenty-seventh,
converts Bodhidharma, the twenty-eighth, who proceeds to China
-Hindoo knowledge of the Roman empire,
CHAPTER VI.
SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF BUDDHISM IN CHINA.
The emperor Ming-ti sends an embassy to India for images, A.D. 61-
Kashiapmadanga arrives in China-Spread of Buddhism, A.D. 335
-Buddojanga-A pagoda at Nanking, A.D. 381-The translator
Kumarajiva, A.D. 405-The Chinese traveller, Fa-hien, visits India
-His book-Persecution, A.D. 426-Buddhism prosperous, 451-
Indian embassies to China in the Sung dynasty-Opposition of the
Confucianists to Buddhism-Discussions on doctrine-Buddhist
prosperity in the Northern Wei kingdom and the Liang kingdom-
Bodhidharma-Sung-yün sent to India-Bodhidharma leaves Liang
Wu-ti and goes to Northern China-His latter years and death-
Embassies from Buddhist countries in the south-Relics-The
Liang emperor Wu-ti becomes a monk-Embassies from India and
Ceylon-Influence of Sanscrit writing in giving the Chinese the
knowledge of an alphabet-Syllabic spelling-Confucian opposition
to Buddhism in the T'ang dynasty-The five successors of Bodhi-
dharma-Hiuen-tsang's travels in India-Work as a translator-
Persecution, A.D. 714-Hindoo calendar in China-Amogha intro-
duces the festival for hungry ghosts-Opposition of Han Yü to
Buddhism-Persecution of 845-Teaching of Ma-tsu-Triumph of
the Mahayana-Bodhiruchi-Persecution by the Cheu dynasty-
Extensive erection of pagodas in the Sung dynasty-Encouragement
of Sanscrit studies-Places of pilgrimage-P'u-to-Regulations
for receiving the vows-Hindoo Buddhists in China in the Sung
dynasty-The Mongol dynasty favoured Buddhism-The last
Chinese Buddhist who visited India-The Ming dynasty limits the
right of accumulating land-Roman Catholic controversy with
Buddhists-Kang-hi of the Manchu dynasty opposes Buddhism-
The literati still condemn Buddhism,
xxvii
60-86
87-154
CHAPTER VII.
THE SCHOOLS OF CHINESE BUDDHISM.
The growth of esoteric sects in India-The Jains-Their series of
twenty-four patriarchs - Bodhidharma headed a new school in
Southern India, and was heretical as viewed from the Jains' stand-
point-He founded the contemplative school in China-Nagarjuna,
the author of the most revered books of this school-Tsung-men-
Kiau-men-Divisions of Tsung-men-The Tsung-men sects are
heretical in the view of the old orthodoxy-Specimen of the teach-
ing of the Tsung-men-Lin-tsi school-Professes strict discipline
-Its founder died A.D. 868-His monument on the bank of the
Hu-to river in Chi-li-Resemblance to European speculation on
the absolute-Is Buddhism pantheistic?-Exoteric sects—Lü-men
(Vinaya)-Yogachara-Fa-siang-Madhyamika-Fa-sing-Tsing-
tu, or sect of the "Pure land" or "Western heaven "-Tien-t'ai'
-Poetry of the Tsing-tu school,
CHAPTER VIIL
155-174
ON CHI-K'AI AND THE T'IEN-T'AI SCHOOL OF BUDDHISM.
T'ien-t'ai, a place of great note in Chinese Buddhism-Chï-k'ai resided
there in the sixth century-His cloak and rice bowl-Fu-lung feng
-Fang-kwang sï and the rock bridge-Legend of the Lo-hans-
Twelve monasteries founded - He taught the Fa-hwa-king—
System of threefold contemplation - Six connectives-Eight
modes of characterising Buddhism - Ten steps in progress-
Derived much from Nagarjuna-T'ien-t'ai, a middle system-
Regulations,
175-187
CHAPTER IX.
THE BUDDHIST MORAL SYSTEM.
The Ten virtues and Ten vices-The cause of human stupidity is in
the passions-The Five prohibitions-The Ten prohibitions-Klap-
roth's praise of Buddhism-But it is atheistic, and therefore this
praise should be qualified-Kindness to animals based on the
fiction of transmigration-Buddhism teaches compassion for suffer-
ing without inculcating obedience to Divine law-Story of Shak-
yamuni-Sin not distinguished from misery-Buddhists teach that
the moral sense is innate-They assign a moral nature to animals
-The Six paths of the metempsychosis-Hindoo notions of heaven
and hell-Countless ages of joy and suffering-Examples-Exemp-
tion from punishment gained by meritorious actions--Ten kings
of future judgment- Fate or Karma - Buddhism depreciates
heaven and the gods-Buddha not God, but a Saviour-Moral
influence of the Paradise of the Western heaven-Figurative inter-
pretation of this legend-The contemplative school identifies good
and evil-No moral distinctions in the Nirvana-Buddhism has
failed to produce high morality-The Confucianist condemnation
of the Buddhists-Mr. P. Hordern's praise of Buddhism in Birmah
-The Birmese intellectually inferior to the Chinese-Kindness to
animals known to the Chinese before they received Buddhism-
Buddha's reasons for not eating flesh,
xxix
188-204
CHAPTER X.
THE BUDDHIST CALENDAR.
National festivals-Festivals in honour of celestial beings-In honour
of the Buddhas and Bodhisattwas-In honour of characters in
Chinese Buddhist history - Supplemental anniversaries - Sin-
ghalese Buddhists keep a different day for Buddha's birthday-
In the T'ang dynasty Hindoo astronomers reformed the calendar
-Gaudamsiddha-The week of India and Babylon known to the
Chinese-Word mit for Sunday-Peacock Sutra-The Hindoo
Rahu and Ketu,
205-212
CHAPTER XI.
RELATION OF BUDDHISM TO THE OLDER HINDOO MYTHOLOGY.
Buddhism accepted the Hindoo mythology, with the sacred books of
the Brahmans, so far as it agreed with its own dogmas-The gods
Indra, Brahma, and Ishwara listen as disciples to Buddha-Eight
classes of Devas-Four kings of Devas-Yakshas-Mahoragas-
Pretas-Maras-Yama, king of the dead-Creation is denied to
the Hindoo gods in the Chung-lun and other works,
CHAPTER XII.
213-220
THE BUDDHIST UNIVERSE.
The universe passes through incessant changes-Kalpas of various
lengths-Kalpas of establishment, of destruction, &c. -Saha world
-Sumeru mountain-The Southern continent is Jambudvipa--
Heaven of the thirty-three-Tushita paradise-Upper tier of para.
dises-Heavens of form and of desire-Heavens without form ---
Brahma's paradise-No wise man is born there, because Brahma
says he created the universe-The hells-Story from the "Ti-tsang
Sutra,"
221-227
CHAPTER XIII.
THE EXTENDED UNIVERSE OF THE NORTHERN BUDDHISTS.
Primitive Buddhism aimed at moral improvement and the Nirvâna
-Its mythology was of popular growth-The Mahayana mythology
was introduced by the metaphysicians of Buddhism itself—Nagar-
juna the chief inventor-Hwa-yen-king-An extended universe
invented to illustrate dogma-Ten worlds beyond the Saha world
in ten different directions-New divinities to worship-Amitabha
-His world in the West-Kwan-yin and Ta-shi-chi-The world
of Ach'obhya Buddha in the East-World of Yo-shï Fo, the heal-
ing teacher-Mercy, wisdom, &c., are symbolised in the Bodhi-
sattwas-Wu-t'ai shan in China is introduced in the Hwa-yen-
king, .
228-238
CHAPTER XIV.
BUDDHIST IMAGES AND IMAGE-WORSHIP.
--
Temples Entering hall, Si-ta-t'ien-wang-These four kings described
-The laughing Buddha, Mi-li Fo-Behind him, Wei-to-Chief
hall, Ta-hiung-pau-tien Shakyamuni - Ananda - Kashiapa-
Kwan-yin, Wen-shu, and other Bodhisattwas-Buddha repre-
sented as teaching-Buddha of the past, present, and future-
Chapels to O-mi-to Fo, Ti-tsang, and the Ten kings-Representa-
tion of the eight miseries from which Kwan-yin delivers-Temples
in Ceylon-Images in temples near Peking-Tan-cho sï snake--
Pi-yün sï-Hall of Lo-hans-Diamond throne of Buddha-Colossal
images of Maitreya-Musical instruments - Reflections,
CHAPTER XV.
MONASTERIES AT PU-TO.
.
239-258
This establishment more modern than T'ien-t'ai and Wu-t'ai-Many
Thibetan inscriptions-Frequent visits of Peking lamas-Dedi-
cated to Kwan-yin-Gifts by Kang-hi-Images-Caves-Pagodas
-Inscriptions-Resident defenders of Buddhism-The Potala of
Jehol in Mongolia-It is also the name of the palace-Temple of
the Dalai Lama-In China an island was preferred to be the tau-
ch'ang of Kwan-yin,
259-267
CHAPTER XVI.
BUDDHIST PROCESSIONS, ASSOCIATIONS, PILGRIMAGES, AND
CEREMONIES FOR THE DEAD.
Yü-lan-hwei, "Association for giving food to the dead"-Worship of
ancestors-Liturgical services in the houses of the rich, for the
liberation of the souls of the dead from hell-Village processions-
4