ful in adversity;" "The bird, which sung so sweetly is flown;" "This is the tree which produces no fruit."

That, as a relative, is often used to prevent the. too frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied to persons and things; as, "He that acts wisely deserves praise ;" "Modesty is a quality that highly adorns a woman."

Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined."

SINGULAR AND PLURAL.

Nominative

Possessive

Objective

Who

Whose

Whom

Who, which, what, are called Interrogatives, when they are used in asking questions; as, "Who is he?" "Which is the book? What are you ́doing?"

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

Adjective Pronouns are of a mixed nature, participating the properties both of pronouns and adjectives.

The adjective pronouns may be subdivided into four sorts, namely, the possessive, the distributive, the demonstrative, and the indefinite.

1. The possessive are those which relate to possession or property.

There are seven of them, viz. my, thy, his, her, our, your, their.

Mine and thine, instead of my and thy, were · formerly used before a substantive or adjective beginning with a vowel, or a silenth; as, "Blut out all me iniquities."

2. The distributire are those which denote the persons or things that make up a number, as taken separately and singly. They are, each, every, either; as, Each of his brothers is in a favorable situation." "Every man must account for himself.” "I have not seen either of them."

3. The demonstrative are those which precisely point out the subjects to which they relate this

and that, these and those, are of this class; as, "This is true charity; that is only its image.'

This refers to the nearest person or thing,and that to the more distant: as, "This man is more intelligent than that." This indicates the latter, or last mentioned; that the former or first mentioned: as, "Wealth and poverty are both temptations; that tends to excite pride; this, discontent."

The

4. The indefinite are those which express their subjects in an indefinite or general manner. following are of this kind: some, other, any, one all, such, c..

Other lo declined in the following manner :**

Nom.

Poss.

Obj.

Singular.

other

other's

others

VERBS.

Plural.

others

others'

olhers

A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer; as, "I am, I rule, I am ruled."

Verbs are of three kinds; Active, Passive, and Neuter. They are also divided into Regular, Irregular and Defective.

A Verb Active expresses an action, and necessarily implies an agent, and an object acted upon; as, to love; "I love Penelope."

A Verb Passive expresses a passion or a suffering, or the receiving of an action; and necessarily implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which' it is acted upon; as to be loved; "Penelope is loved by me."

A Verb Neuter expresses neither action or pas sion; but being, or a state of being; as, 661 am, I sleep, I sit."

Auxiliary or Helping Verbs, are those by the help of which the English verbs are principally conjugated; they are do, be, have, shall, will, may, can, with their variations; and let and must, which have no variation.

To Verbs belong Number, Person, Mood and Tense.

t

NUMBER AND PERSON.

Verbs have two numbers, the Singular and the Plural; as, "I love, we love."

In each number there are three persons; as,

Mood or Mode is a particular form of the verb, showing the manner in which the being, action, or passion, is represented.

There are five moods of verbs, the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential, the Subjunctive, and the Infinitive.

The Indicative Mood simply indicates or declares a thing; as, "He loves; he is loved: or it asks a question; as, "Does he love? Is he loved?"

The Imperative Mood is used for commanding, exhorting, intreating, or permitting; as, "Depart thou; mind ye; let us stay; go in peace."

The Potential Mood implies possibility or liberty, power, will, or obligation; as, "It may rain; he may go or stay; I can ride; he would walk; they should learn."

The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing under a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c. and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed or understood, and attended by another verb; as, "I will respect him, though he chide me ;" "Were he good, he would be happy;" that is, "if he were good."

The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a general and unlimited manner, without any distinction. of number or person; as, "to act, to speak, to be, feared."

The Partciple is a certain form of the verb, and derives its name from it's participating, not only the properties of a verb, but also those of an adjective; as I am desirous of knowing him; Admir ed and applauded, he became vain ;" Haring finished his work, he submitted it ;"&c.

There are three Participles, the Present or Aesive, the Perfect or Passive, and the compound Perfect; as, "loving, love, having loved."

THE TENSES.

Tense being the distinction of time, might seem to admit only of the present, past and future; but to mark it more accurately, it is made to consist, of six variations, viz. the Present, the Imperfect, the Perfect, the Plu-perfcct, the First and Second Future Tenses

The Present Tense represents an action or event, as passing at the time in which it is mentioned; as, "I rule; I am ruled; I think; I fear."

The Imperfect Tense represents the action or event, either as past and finished, or as remaining unfinished at a certain time past; as, "I loved her for her modesty and virtue;" "They were travelling post when he met them."

The Perfect Tense not only refers to what is past, but also conveys an allusion to the present time; as, "I have finished my letter;" "I have seen the person that was recommended to me."

The Pluperfect Tense represents a thing, not only as past, but also as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence; as, "I had finished my letter before he arrived."

The first Future Tense represents the action as yet to come, either with or without respect to the precise time when; as, "The sun will rise tomorTow" "I shall see them again."

The second future intimates that the action will be fully accomplished, at or before the time of another future action or event; as I shall have dined at one o'clock;" "The two houses will have finished their business, when the king comes to prorogue them."

The conjugation of a verb is the regular com bination and arrangement of its several numbers, persons, moods, and tenses.

The conjugation of an active verb is styled the

ACTIVE VOICE; and that of a passive verb the

PASSIVE VOICI.

The auxiliary and active verb Tu hare, is cons jugated in the following manner :

*The verbs, though conjugated at large through all their tenses, that the learners may, by a full and regular dis play of them, more completely understand their nature and use, need not be wholly committed to memory, by young persons who are beginning the study of Grammar. If the simple tenses, namely the present and the imper fect together with the first future tense, should in the first instance, be committed to memory, and the rest carefully perused and explained, the business will not be tedious to the scholars, and their progress will be rendered more obvious and pleasing. The general view of the subject thus acquired and in pressed, may be afterwards extended with case and advantage.