politics of: like to knee timber, that is good for ships that are ordained to be tossed, but not for building houses that shall stand firm. The parts and signs of goodness are many. If a man be gracious and courteous to strangers, it shows he is a citizen of the world, and that his heart is no island cut off from other lands, but a continent. that joins to them. If he be compassionate towards the afflictions of others, it shows that his heart is like the noble tree that is wounded itself when it gives the balm. If he easily pardons and remits offences, it shows that his mind is planted above, so that he cannot be shot. ful for small benefits, it shows men's minds and not their trash. if he have St. Paul's perfection, that he would wish to be an anathema from Christ for the salvation of his brethren, it shows much of a divine nature, and a kind of conformity with Christ himself.

If he be thankthat he weighs

But above all,

METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT

As young men, when they knit and shape perfectly, do seldom grow to a farther stature; so knowledge, while it is in aphorisms and observations it is in growth; but when it once is comprehended in exact methods, it may perchance be farther polished and illustrated, and accommodated for use and practice; but it encreaseth no more in bulk and substance.

CONNECTION BETWEEN BODY AND MIND.

Ir any man of weak judgment do conceive that from the union of the body and mind, the sovereignty of the mind or its immortality should be doubted, let him be admonished that an infant in the mother's womb, partakes of the accidents and symptoms of the mother, but, in due season, is separated from her.

QUEEN ELIZABETH.*

For a tablet or picture of smaller volume, in my judgment the most excellent is that of Queen Elizabeth; a prince, that, if Plutarch were now alive to write lives by parallels, would trouble him, I think, to find for her a parallel among women. This lady was endued with learning in her sex singular, and rare even amongst masculine princes; whether we speak of learning, of language, or of science modern or ancient, divinity or humanity; and unto the very last year of her life she accustomed to appoint set hours for reading; scarcely any young student in a university more daily or more duly. As for her government, I assure myself I shall not exceed, if I do affirm that this part of the island never had

* See the Preface to Ascham's Schoolmaster.

forty-five years of better times; and yet not through the calmness of the season, but through the wisdom of her regimen.

For if there be considered on the one side, the truth of religion established; the constant peace and security; the good administration of justice; the temperate use of the prerogative, not slackened, nor much strained; the flourishing state of learning, sortable to so excellent a patroness; the convenient estate of wealth and means, both of crown and subject; the habit of obedience, and the moderation of discontents; and there be considered on the other side, the difference of religion, the troubles of neighbour countries, the ambition of Spain, and opposition of Rome? and then, that she was solitary and of herself; these things, I say, considered, as I could not have chosen an instance so recent and

so proper, so I suppose I could not have chosen one more remarkable and eminent to the purpose now in hand, which is concerning the conjunction of learning in the prince with felicity in the people.

UTILITY.

ARISTOTLE thought young men not fit auditors of moral philosophy :-is it not true also that young men are much less fit auditors of politics than morality, till they have been thoroughly

seasoned with religion, and the knowledge and manners of duties? lest their judgments be corrupted, and made apt to think that there are no true and solid moral differences; but that all is to be valued according to utility and fortune.*

Admitting that utility is the ultimate motive of moral conduct, is it the proximate motive? why do we eat and drink? why do we marry? why is the constable elated with his employment? why is a lad anxious to be a soldier or a sailor? would the same anxiety exist if all the military were dressed like quakers?

Do we approve of noble actions, from the supposition that they were performed from a calculation of utility, of Socrates, for instance, or of Latimer? are our sentiments upon the plains of Marathon and in the pass of Thermopyle, of the same nature as when passing through a pin-manufactory?

Is there not an aspiring to perfection with which all minds, and particularly ardent minds, sympathize, undisturbed by any calculations of utility?

Do we not dislike great minds attempting to regulate their actions by calculations of utility? Do we admire the intelligent soldier who runs away, "Relicta non bene parmula." The philosopher, who had a petition to Dionysius and no ear given to him, fell down on his knees at the tyrant's feet; whereupon Dionysius staid, heard him, and granted his request; but a little after some person, tender of the power and credit of philosophy, reproved Aristippus that he would offer the profession of philosophy such an indignity as, for a private suit, to fall at a tyrant's feet? To which he replied, "Is it my fault that he has his ears in his feet?" Do we approve of this?

Do preceptors of the mind attempt to instruct by calculations of utility, like Jolter, in Smollet's novel, who endeavoured to persuade his pupil to make love by the rules of geometry?

If we attempt to act by a calculation of utility, as a proxi

PLEASURE OF POWER.

THE honest and the just bounds of observation by one person upon another extend no further

mate motive of conduct, will not the attempt thus to calculate end in self-gratification? When we reason under temptation, are we not almost sure to err? Did not Mr. Blifil and Joseph Surface thus reason? Agnus was the only word which the wolf could make of all the letters of the alphabet.

Are not all general rules and laws, barriers fixed by society to prevent this self-gratification?

Is it not the distinguishing mark of a noble and generous mind to act without any such calculations?

Where you feel your honour grip,
Let that aye be your

border:

Its slightest touches, instant pause,
Debar a' side pretences;

And resolutely keep its laws,

Uncaring consequences.

If this note should be read by any young man who imagines himself to be so benevolent as to prefer the interests of others to his own, and so intelligent as to be capable, regardless of general rules, to act upon the system of utility, he may be assured that there is nothing new in his opinions. There have, at all times, been Utilitarians. To the objection made by divines to the advancement of learning that "the aspiring to overmuch knowledge, was the original temptation and sin, whereupon ensued the fall of man," Lord Bacon says, "It was not the pure knowledge of náture and universality, a knowledge by the light whereof man did give names unto other creatures in Paradise, as they were brought before him, according unto their proprieties, which gave occasion to the fall; but it was the proud knowledge of good and evil, with an intent in man to give law