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CAMPOMANES-CAMTOos.

Noric Alps, and threatened Vienna. Austria, therefore, hastened to arrange preliminaries of peace. In the treaty which was concluded by Bonaparte with the Count of Coblenz, 17th October 1797, Austria ceded the Netherlands, Milan, and Mantua, and received as compensation the districts Istria, Dalmatia, and the left bank of the Adige in the Venetian states, and the capital, Venice; while France took the remaining territory of Venice, its possessions in Albania, and the Ionian Islands. In the secret articles of the treaty, Austria, in ceding the left bank of the Rhine, was to receive as compensation Salzburg and the Bavarian district on the Inn; and promises were held out to the Duke of Modena, and other Italian houses, that their concessions should be compensated at the cost of Germany.

CAMPOMA'NÉS, PEDRO RODRIGUEZ, COUNT OF, Spanish minister and director of the Royal Academy of History at Madrid, founded by Philip V. in 1738, was born in Asturias in 1723. His talents and learning were devoted to the advancement of his native country. By his enlightened views of state policy, as well as by his writings, which ranked him among the most eminent Spanish authors, he obtained a great reputation throughout Europe. He gave effectual assistance to Count Aranda in his difficult enterprise of driving the Jesuits out of Spain. He died February 3, 1802. C.'s chief works areAntiguedad Maritima de la Republica de Cartago con el Périplo de su general Hannon, traducido del Griego y ilustrado (Madrid, 1756); Discurso sobre el fomento de la Industria popular (1771); Discurso sobre la Educacion popular de los Artisanos y su fomento (1775); Apéndice a la Educacion popular (1775-1777). These writings contained his opinions on politics, taxation, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. The best known of his financial productions is Tratado de la Regalia de Amortizacion (Madrid, 1765).

CAMPO SANTO (Holy Field) is now the Italian designation for a cemetery or burying-ground, but more especially for an enclosed place of interment, surrounded internally by an arcade, and destined to receive the remains of persons of distinction. The most famous C. S., and that from which the others derived the name, is that of Pisa-in the neighbourhood of the Dome, and consecrated to the memory of men who had deserved well of the republic. It was founded by Archbishop Ubaldo, towards the end of the 12th century. The arch bishop, having been driven out of Palestine by Saladin, brought his fifty-three vessels, which had been destined for the conquest, laden with the earth of the Holy Land. This he deposited on the spot which was thence called the Holy Field, and which, as we have said, gave its name as a generic term to the burying-grounds of Italy. The architect of the existing building was Giovanni Pisano, under whose superintendence it was completed in 1283. It contains an area of 400 feet in length, and 118 in breadth; and is surrounded by a lofty wall, on the inner side of which a wide arcade runs round the whole enclosure, giving to it the character of one magnificent cloister. At the smaller eastern side, there is a large chapel, and two chapels of smaller size on the northern side. The lofty circular arches of the arcade are filled with the richest Gothic tracery, which belongs, however, to a later datethe latter half of the 15th c.-and consequently formed no part of the original design. The walls are adorned with frescoes, which are of great interest and value, both absolutely and with reference to the history of art. The oldest of those which have been preserved adorn one side of the eastern wall:

they represent the passion of Christ, his resurrection, and other sacred subjects. These remarkable paintings are supposed to date before the middle of the 14th c., and are ascribed to Buffalmaco. But the most marvellous productions are those of Giotto (q. v.), of Simone Memmi, the friend of Petrarch, and of Andrea and Bernardo Orcagna. As a museum of classical antiquities, the C. S. is perhaps even more remarkable than in any other point of view. Altars, sarcophagi, bas-reliefs, statues, inscriptions, everything that is interesting or curious which has come into the possession of the Pisans for centuries, they have accumulated within its walls.

small fortified town of the Netherlands, in the CAMPVE'RE, now called VERE or VEERE, a province of Zealand, in Walcheren Island, 4 miles north-north-east of Middleburg. It has a port on the Veersche Gat, a tract of water separating Walcheren from North Beveland. The town is now in a state of deplorable decay, but it still possesses remnants of its early prosperity in its town-house of white freestone, remarkable for its elegant tower, and in its beautiful cathedral. C. has now one calico-factory. Its population has dwindled down to a few hundreds.

From a historical point of view, C. is a city of great interest. In the year 1304 it was the scene of a battle between Guy, Count of Flanders, and William, governor of Holland and Zealand, in which the first was victorious. In 1572, it was delivered from the Spanish garrison; and, a century later, it was the first to proclaim the Prince of Orange, William III., stadtholder. But C. is chiefly interesting for the trading relations subsisting between it and Scotland for nearly four centuries. Wolfaard van Borssele, Lord of Vere, Sandenburg, &c., having married Mary, the sister of James I. of Scotland, the Scotch staple was transferred from Bruges to C. in 1444. C. owed its name to the circumstance, that there originally existed of Campen, in North Beveland, a village situated a ferry (Dutch, veer) from thence to the village on the spot where now lies the hamlet of Kamper

land.

in the privilege of having all goods, destined from The Scotch staple-right at Vere consisted Scotland to the Netherlands, brought to that city; and they could not be transferred to another place before they had been sold there. The numerous Scotchmen living at Vere were under the rule of a Conservator of the Scotch nation,' and had many privileges conceded to them, including the last treaty respecting those rights was in 1741, after right to be governed by the law of Scotland. The which time the increasing prosperity of Scotland rendered the renewal of such partial arrangements unimportant. The conservatorship, however, was held as a sinecure long after the necessity for the office had ceased, the name of Sir Alexander Ferrier appearing in the Edinburgh Almanac as 'ConserVator at Campvere' so lately as 1847, after which time the office seems to have been abolished. The Scotch formed a separate religious community, which, from 1613 until the French Revolution, had a minister of its own, and afterwards, till 1809, was served by the minister of Vlissingen, when

it ceased to exist.

CAMTOO'S, or GAMTOO'S, a river of the east division of the Cape Colony, of 200 miles in length. It rises in the Niewveld mountains, near lat. 32° S., and, flowing through the inland district of Beaufort, and the maritime one of Uitenhage, falls into that inlet of the sea which is immediately to the west of Algoa Bay. It is valuable as an aid to irrigation. For instance, Hankey, a station of the London Missionary Society on its banks, is

CAMUCCINI-CANADA.

thoroughly watered by means of a splendid tunnel carried through solid rock at the expense of the association just mentioned.

CAMUCCI'NI, VINCENZO, one of the most dis. tinguished modern historical painters in Italy, was born in Rome 1775. The school of which he became the head was founded on the theatrical antique style of the French painter David. The first important works by C. were the 'Assassination of Cæsar' and the Death of Virginia;' both painted for Lord Bristol at the commencement of the present century. His picture of Unbelieving Thomas' was copied in mosaic for St Peter's Church. For the church of San Giovanni in Piacenza he executed a 'Presentation in the Temple,' which was greatly admired. These works were followed by many scenes from Roman history; among them, the pictures of 'Horatius Cocles,' and Romulus and Remus' as children. C. who, as a man and an artist, was highly honoured during his career, died at Rome, September 2, 1844. CAMUS, ARMAND GASTON, a prominent character in the French Revolution, was born in Paris, April 2, 1740. On account of his superior knowledge of ecclesiastical law, he was elected Advocategeneral of the French clergy. He was a zealous and ascetic Jansenist, and possessed of extraordinary firmness of character. He hailed the movements of 1789 with joy, and was elected member of the States-general by the people of Paris. In this position, he appeared as the resolute foe of the ancient régime. He gained possession of, and published, the so-called Red Book, giving accounts of court expenditure, which was highly disadvantageous to the court and its ministers. After the flight of Louis XVI., C., with Montmorin, Lafayette, and Bailly, accused the king of treason and conspiracy, and insisted on the suppression of all orders and corporations based on hereditary rights. As conservator of the national archives, he rendered an important service by preserving from destruction the old documents of the abolished corporations and institutions. He was absent in Belgium during the king's trial, but sent his vote for death. In March 1793, when he was commissioned to make prisoners of Dumouriez and other generals suspected of treason, C. himself and his four colleagues were taken prisoners and delivered over to the Austrians (April 3); but, after an imprisonment of two and a half years, he was exchanged for the daughter of Louis XVI. On his return to Paris, he was made member of the Council of Five Hundred, of which he became president, January 23, 1796, but resigned 20th May 1797, and devoted his time to literature. Remaining, however, true to his principles, he voted, July 10, 1802, against Napoleon's proposed consulship during life. C. died of apoplexy, November 2, 1804.

CA'MWOOD, or BA'RWOOD, a dyewood which yields a brilliant but not permanent red colour, and is used along with sulphate of iron to produce the red colour in English Bandana handkerchiefs. It is the wood of Baphia nitida, a tree of the natural order Leguminosa, sub-order Casalpiniea, a native of Angola. It is preferred to Brazil Wood (q. v.), as producing a finer and richer red.

CANA OF GA'LILEE, called by the natives 'Kefr Cana.' This place, celebrated in Scripture as the scene of our Lord's first miracle, when he turned water into wine, is now a small village of a few hundred inhabitants, who are principally Greek Christians or Nazarenes, situated about 13 miles west of the Sea of Galilee, and 6 miles north of Nazareth. At the entrance to the village there is a fountain of the clearest and most delicious waterthe best, say the Christians of Palestine, in the

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CA'NADA, the most valuable province of British America, and perhaps the most important colony of the United Kingdom, is situated chiefly in the basin of the St Lawrence, including in that term both the lakes and the river. On the left side of the stream, it covers from end to end the whole depth back to the height of land which sends its northerly tribute into Hudson's Bay. But on the right side only a portion of the lower basin belongs to Canada. Beginning at the west, the boundaryline between C. and the United States runs along the mid-channel of the lakes and the river to the point where it meets the parallel of 45°; it then follows that parallel for about 150 miles, after which it bends northward nearly along the boundary of the basin, and finally eastward to the Bay

of Chaleur.

The most important tributaries of the St Lawrence are all from the left, and therefore belong to Canada. The Ottawa, the St Maurice, and the Saguenay are rivers of the first magnitude, according to European analogies. The only affluents from the right worth naming are the Richelieu, the St Francis, and the Chaudiere; and even of these subordinate streams, the last two are totally Canadian, while the first, as the outlet of Lakes Champlain and George, belongs to the United States only in part. C. has been estimated to contain 350,000 square miles, being about thrice the size of the British Isles: it stretches in W. long, from about 64° to about 90°, and in N. lat. from about 42° to about 53°. It has been cut into two tolerably equal sections--West and East, or Upper and Lower. The Ottawa, which joins the St Lawrence a little above Montreal, is the dividing-line, excepting that the immediate fork has been transferred from Canada West or Upper to Canada East or Lower.

C., as far up the St Lawrence as Montreal, was visited by the French in 1534. In 1609 they founded Quebec; and after holding the country rather as a military possession than as a colonial dependency for a century and a half, they were supplanted by the English under Wolfe and Amherst in 17591760. In 1763, immediately after the conquest had been ratified by cession, a small portion of the recently acquired territory was organised by royal proclamation under English laws. In 1774, the new province was extended by parliamentary enactment, and that under French laws, down the Ohio to its confluence with the Mississippi, and up the latter stream to its source. Finally, C. receded to its present limits in 1783, giving up to the American republic the sites of six sovereign states-Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. In 1791, it was divided, under separate legislatures, into two sections-the eastern retaining French institutions, and the western receiving those of England; and these sections, again, after political discontent had in each ripened into armed insurrection, were re-united for legislative purposes in 1840.

In 1763, the French population amounted to about 65,000, occupying the immediate banks of the Lower St Lawrence and its tributaries. Excepting within the cities of Montreal and Quebec, the immigrants of a different origin, whether from the old colonies

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