BERENICE-BERESINA. Racine. BERENICÉ (modern name, Sakayt-el-Kublee, Southern Sakáyt'), a town of Egypt, on a bay in the Red Sea, 20 miles south-west of Ras Bernass. It was founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, and was in ancient times the emporium of the trade with India, but it is now ruined, and interesting only for its antiquities, which include hieroglyphics, sculptures, and a temple dedicated to Serapis. There are emerald mines in its vicinity that have been worked since the time of the ancient Egyptians. the faith of the believer who recognised their symbolic of B. and Titus forms the subject of a tragedy by meaning only transformed them subjectively into the body and blood of Christ. This interpretation was condemned by Pope Leo IX., 1049-1050, and also by King Henry I. of France. In 1054, he retracted his opinion before the Council of Tours, but what B. meant by 'retractation' it is not easy to see, for he immediately returned to his conviction, and recommenced the advocacy of it. For this he was cited to appear at Rome, where he repeatedly abjured his error,' but never seems to have really abandoned it. Hildebrand, who was then pope, treated him with great moderation; and at last, when he discovered how hopeless it was to bind down B. by abjurations or declarations, he conceived it best to let him alone. Harassed and weakened by the attacks of the orthodox party, headed by Lanfranc of Canterbury, he finally retired to the isle of St Cosmas, near Tours, in 1080, where he spent the last years of his life in devotional exercises. He died in 1088. The greater number of his works are lost; such as are extant have been collected and published by the Vischers (Berlin, 1834). BERENICÉ, the name of several celebrated women of ancient times.-1. B., daughter of Lagus and Antigone, and the second wife of the Egyptian king, Ptolemy I. (Soter), (323-284 B. C.). She is described by Plutarch as the first in virtue and wisdom of the wives of Ptolemy. Theocritus celebrates her beauty, virtue, and deification in his Idyls 15 and 17.-2. B., daughter of Ptolemy II. (Philadelphus) and Arsinoe, was married to Antiochus II. of Syria, after he had divorced his wife Laodice, whom, however, he again took back, putting B. away. Laodice having no faith in her husband, poisoned him, and caused B. and her son to be murdered.-3. B., daughter of Magas, king of Cyrene, granddaughter of B. No. 1, was to have been married to Demetrius the Fair, but he having slighted her for her mother, she caused him to be murdered, and then Bath. BERESFORD, WILLIAM CARR, VISCOUNT, a distinguished military commander, natural son of the first Marquis of Waterford, was born 2d October 1768, and entered the army in 1785. After serving in various parts of the world, he bore a conspicuous part in the reconquest of the Cape of Good Hope in 1806, and subsequently, with the rank of brigadier-general, was with the British force that took possession of Buenos Ayres. In August 1808, he joined the British army in Portugal, and proceeded into Spain with Sir John Moore's force; was present at the battle of Corunna; and, after covering the embarkation of the troops, returned with them to England. In February 1809, Majorgeneral B. was ordered a second time to Portugal, to take the command of the Portuguese army, with the local rank of lieutenant-general; and he succeeded in improving its discipline so greatly, as soon to render it highly efficient for active service. Appointed Marshal of Portugal in March, at the head of 12,000 men, he attacked the French in the north of that kingdom, crossed the river Douro, drove Loison's division back to Amarante, and uniting with the force under Sir Arthur Wellesley, pursued it in its retreat till it was utterly disorganised. For his services at the battle of Busaco, 27th August 1810, B. was nominated a Knight of the He commanded at the bloody battle of went to Egypt and married Ptolemy III. (Euergetes), Albuera, May 16, 1811; and for the victory there in accordance with the terms of a treaty between her gained over Soult, he received the thanks of parliafather and Ptolemy II. During the king's wars in ment. He was present at Badajoz; at Salamanca, Asia, the queen B. made a vow to offer her beautiful where he was severely wounded; at the various hair to the gods when her husband returned safely a battles on the Pyrenees; at Nivelle, where he led vow which she fulfilled. The hair was suspended in the right of the centre; at Nive; and at Orthez. the temple of Venus, whence, it is said, it was taken He was in command of the British troops which took away to form a constellation, Coma Berenica. B. possession of Bordeaux, and subsequently distinwas put to death by her son, Ptolemy IV. (Philopa-guished himself at the battle of Toulouse. In May tor), when he succeeded to the throne.-4. B., also 1814, he was created Baron, and in 1823 Viscount called Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy IX. (Lathyrus), Beresford. By the Portuguese government, he was was, on her succession to the throne, married to sent, in 1814, to Rio Janeiro, to suppress a formidAlexander II., by whom she was murdered 19 days able revolt there. In the Wellington administraafter marriage.-5. B., daughter of Ptolemy XI. tion, January 1828 to November 1830, he was (Auletes), eldest sister of the renowned Cleopatra, of Marquis of Campo Mayor and Duke of Elvas in Master-general of the Ordnance. He bore the title was raised to the throne after her father's deposition, Spain, Conde de Francoso in Portugal, and was 58 B. C., but was put to death when her father was restored, 55 B. C. She was first married to Seleucus, knight of several foreign orders. He died, without whom she caused to be put to death, and afterwards issue, 8th January 1854, when the title became to Archelaus, who was put to death with her.— There were, besides, two Jewish Berenices-the one, daughter of Salome, sister of Herod the Great and Costobarus, and mother of Agrippa I.; the other, and more famous, was daughter of this monarch. She was three times married: first, at a very early age, to Marcus, son of Alexander the Alabarch; afterwards to her uncle, Herod, king of Chalcis, who dying, left her for the second time a widow, at the age of 20; and again to Polemon, king of Cilicia, whom she soon deserted to return to her brother, King Agrippa II., the same before whom Paul defended himself at Cæsarea. After the capture of Jerusalem, she went to Rome, and Titus, who was much in love with her, would have married her but for the opposition of the people. The intimacy extinct. BERESI'NA, or BEREZI'NA, a river of Russia, having its rise in the north of the government of Minsk. It flows in a southward direction for about 240 miles to the Dnieper, which it joins above Redchitzka. It is connected with the Duna, or Dwina, by a canal, a communication between the Black and Baltic Seas being thus established. The B. is memorable on account of the disastrous passage of the French army, November 1812, during the retreat from Moscow. Two bridges over the B.-one for troops, the other for baggage and artillery-were hastily constructed. Many of the pontoniers died from the hardships endured in making these bridges. On the 27th, the passage of the French commenced, and was continued BERETTYO-UJFALU-BERGEN. during the whole of the day. Victor's rear-guard north-east of Milan, in lat. 45° 42′ N., and 9° 37′ E. of 7000 men, under Partonneaux, were, however, B. consists of two parts-the upper city, wherein intercepted by the Russians, and had to capitu- the nobility, a very exclusive class, reside; and late. On the 28th, a vigorous attack was made by the Borgo, a suburb where all business is transthe Russians on the French on both sides of the acted. B. is well built, has a castle, occupying river, but too late to prevent the latter securing the the most elevated part of the town, and a massive road to Zembin. The Russians, however, established cathedral. Silk, cotton, linen, and woollen fabrics a battery of twelve pieces to command the bridge; and iron goods, are manufactured. It has also an and the panic and confusion of their enemies now extensive trade in grindstones, quarried in the became dreadful. The artillery bridge broke, and vicinity. Annually, in the month of August, the all rushing to the other, it was soon choked; multi- largest fair in Northern Italy is held here, at which tudes were forced into the stream, while the Russian money to the estimated amount of £1,200,000 is cannon played on the struggling mass. On the 29th, turned over. Under the Roman empire, B. became a considerable number of sick and wounded soldiers, a municipal town of importance. It was destroyed women, children, and sutlers, still remained behind, by Attila, 452 A. D.; and after the fall of the despite the warnings of Marshal Victor and General Roman empire, it became one of the chief towns Eblé, until preparations were made for burning the of the Lombard kings in this part of Italy, and bridges. Then a fearful rush took place; and as the capital of a duchy. After numerous changes, its fire seized the timbers, men, women, and children inhabitants placed themselves under the protection threw themselves in desperation into the flames or of the Venetian Republic in 1427, and formed an the river. 12,000 dead bodies found on the shores integral portion thereof (with one exception of 9 of the river, when the ice thawed, attested the years) until the subversion of the republic by magnitude of the French disaster. The Russians Napoleon in 1797. Bernardo Tasso, the father of took 16,000 prisoners and 25 pieces of cannon. Torquato, and Tiraboschi, author of The History of BERETTYO-UJFALU', a market-town of Hun- Italian Literature, were natives of Bergamo. B. is gary, county Bihar, with a pop. of 5500. the capital of the province of the same name, which 364,000, and good pasturage for sheep and goats; has an area of 928 square miles, a population of iron, marble, lignite, and whetstones, are also found. BERE'ZNA, a town of Russia, in the government of Tchernigov, on the Desna, with a pop. of 5500. BEREZO'V, or:BERESO'FF ('the town of birchtrees), a town of Siberia in the government of Tobolsk, on the left bank of the Sosva, a branch of the Obi, in lat. 63° 30′ N. It is a small place, but important as the sole fur and skin trading station in a vast extent of country. Its annual fair is largely attended. It is the favourite residence of the Ostiaks and Voguls. Prince Menschikoff, the favourite of Peter the Great, who was banished to B., died and was buried here in 1731. His grave was opened 90 years afterwards, when his body, clothed in the uniform of the time, was found as free from decay as on the day it was buried, the frost, which at B. penetrates the soil to the depth of several feet, having preserved it. BERG, BURG, BURGH, roots entering into the composition of many names of places. Berg (Ger), Beorg (Ang.-Sax.), means 'hill, mountain; and burg, or burgh, means 'fort,' 'castle,' 'citadel,' probably from being situated on a hill or eminence. See BOROUGH, BURGH. BERG, formerly a duchy of Germany, now incorporated with the Prussian dominions, and divided into the circles of Düsseldorf, Solingen, Elberfeld, Lennep, and Duisburg. After various vicissitudes, B. had merged in the electorate of Bavaria. In 1806, Bavaria ceded it to France; and Napoleon the same year adding to it large adjoining territories, made its area about 6700 square miles, and erected it into a grand duchy, constituting his brother-in-law, Murat, Sovereign. Two years afterwards, Murat, being transferred to the throne of Naples, Napoleon's nephew, then Crown Prince of Holland, was made grand duke. The peace of 1815 gave B. to Prussia. BERGA'MA (ancient Pergamos), a city of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Anatolia, situated in a beautiful and fertile valley, on the right bank of the Caicus, about 40 miles north-north-east of Smyrna. Lat. 39° 4' N., and long. 27° 12′ E. In early times, the city was the capital of the kingdom of Pergamus (q. v.). Many ruins still exist to attest the former magnificence of Bergama. The present population of B. is about 15,000, four-fifths of whom are Turks. BERGAMO (the ancient Bergomum), a fortified town of Lombardy, situated on some low hills between the Serio and the Brembo, about 29 miles BERGAMOT is the name of various kinds of pear, to which, however, no common distinctive in Britain and upon the continent of Europe. The character can be assigned. The name is used both proper B. pear is probably the B. Crasanne, a has a very juicy pulp, as soft as butter, of an flattish, rough-skinned pear with a long stalk. It extremely pleasant flavour, and is esteemed as one of the best dessert pears. Metzger, in his work on the pomaceous fruits (Kernobstsorten) of the south of Germany (Frankfort, 1847), describes no fewer than 47 kinds of pears, which all bear the name of B., although some of them differ very widely from each other. BE'RGAMOT is also the name of a species or variety of the genus Citrus (q. v.), also called the B. ORANGE, or MELLAROSA; by some botanists regarded as a variety of the orange (C. Aurantium); by others, as a variety of the lime (C. Limetta); and elevated by Risso to the rank of a distinct species, under the name of C. Bergamia. Of its native country or origin, nothing can be told, except that it was probably derived, like its congeners, from the East. It is now cultivated in the south of Europe; and from the rind of its fruit, the well-known OIL or B. is obtained, which is extensively used in making pomades, fragrant essences, eau de Cologne, liqueurs, &c. The fruit is pear-shaped, smooth, of a paleyellow colour, and has a green, subacid, firm, and fragrant pulp. The essential oil is obtained by distillation, or by grating down the rinds, and then subjecting them to pressure, which is the better method. The oil is also obtained from other varieties or species of the same genus. It is of a pale-yellow colour, or almost colourless. One hundred B. oranges are said to yield about 24 ounces of oil. Oil of B. is frequently employed for diluting or adulterating the very expensive blue volatile oil of chamomile (q. v.). BE'RGEN, a seaport town of Norway, in the province of the same name, situated on a promontory at the head of a deep bay, called Vaagen. Lat. 60° 24' N., long. 5° 18' E. With the exception of the north-east side, where lofty mountains enclose it, B. is surrounded by water. It is walled, and additionally protected by several forts, mounting in all upwards of 100 guns. The entrance to 47 BERGEN-OP-ZOOM-BERGHEM. Sir Thomas Graham, attempted to surprise the fortress on the night of the 8th of March, with a force of 4000, but after carrying the greater part of the works, they were, through remissness in sending support, overpowered by the brave garrison, and either slain or forced to surrender. The French gave up the fortress under the Treaty of Paris. B. has manufactures of earthenwares, and a large trade in anchovies. Pop. 7000. BERGERAC, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, about 25 miles south-south-west of Périgueux. It is situated in a fertile plain on the right bank of the river Dordogne, which is here crossed by a fine bridge of five arches. Its principal manufactures are paper, serges, hosiery, hats, earthenware, and iron and copper articles. It is the entrepôt of the trade of the department. The department of Dordogne is celebrated for its wine, which is called B. wine, and also small champagne. It is both white and red in colour, and takes a high place among the Garonne and Bordeaux wines. B. after being driven out by Louis of Anjou, again got was taken and fortified by the English in 1345, who, possession of it, and retained it until 1450. B. suffered greatly in the religious wars. It was dismantled by Louis XIII. in 1621. Pop. about 8000. the harbour is dangerous without a pilot; but it was blockaded by the English in 1814, who, under within, it is safe and commodious. B. is built in a semicircular form round the harbour, and has a picturesque appearance from the sea. A close inspection discovers it to be generally well and substantially built, but many of the streets are crooked and narrow. It has a cathedral, various churches, hospitals, refuges for the poor, public libraries, &c.; is the seat of a secondary judicial tribunal, of one of the three national treasuries, the diocese of a bishop, and the station of a naval squadron. Its chief manufactures are tobacco, porcelain, and cordage. It has numerous distilleries, and some ship-building yards. The principal trade of B., however, is its export of stock-fish (dried fish of the cod family) and cod-liver oil, which it obtains from the northern provinces. Twice a year, the Norlandmen come to B. with their fish, receiving in exchange for them such articles of necessity or luxury as they require. In March and April, as many as 600 or 700 vessels are to be seen in the harbour of B. at once, laden with the produce of the winter-fishing, and with skins and feathers. The summer-fishing is not quite so productive. The annual value of the stock-fish exported from B. is about 2,000,000 specie dollars (£450,000). In addition, it exports about half a million barrels of herrings, and 20,000 barrels of cod-liver oil, the finest of which is used for medicinal purposes and for lamps, the coarsest for dressing leather. The chief imports are brandy, wine, corn, cotton, woollens, hemp, sugar, coffee, &c. The climate of B. is exceedingly humid, but not unhealthy. B. was founded in 1069 or 1070, by Olaf Kyrre, who made it the second city in his kingdom, and it was soon raised to the first rank. In 1135, King Magnus had his eyes put out here by his rival, Harald Gille, who was himself murdered in B. a year after. In 1164, the legate of the pope crowned King Magnus Erlingson here; and here, a century after wards, King Hakon was crowned. The black pestilence, which ravaged Norway, first made its appearance in B. in 1348, and the city has since been several times devastated by it. The first treaty entered into with any foreign nation by England, was made with B. in 1217. But the English and Scottish traders were soon displaced by the merchants of the Hanse towns, who continued to exercise and abuse their monopoly until their supremacy was broken by an act issued by Frederick II. of Denmark, in 1560; and in 1763, their last warehouse fell into the hands of a citizen of Bergen. B. is still the most important trading-town of Norway, but Christiania is rapidly making up to it. Pop. 25,000. BE'RGEN-OP-ZOOM, a strong fortress in the province of North Brabant, Holland, about 20 miles north of Antwerp, stands on the little river Zoom, at its entrance into the east branch of the Scheldt. Lat. 51° 29′ N., long. 4° 17′ E. The importance of its position has rendered it the object of many a contest. The Netherlanders made it one of their strongholds in their struggles with Spain. The Prince of Parma besieged it in vain in 1588; three assaults by the Spaniards in 1605 also failed, as did the siege by the Marquis of Spinola, in 1622, which, after a duration of 78 days and a loss of 10,000 men, was raised on the arrival of Prince Maurice of Orange. The fortifications were afterwards strength ened by the engineer Coehorn, so as to give it the reputation of being impregnable. Yet the French, under Count Löwendal, in 1747, after a siege of two months, and the springing of 41 mines by the assailants, and 38 by the defenders, took the place by storm. In the winter of 1794, it capitulated to Pichegru. Being incorporated with France in 1810, BERGHAUS, HEINRICH, one of the most active promoters of geographical knowledge, was born at Cleves, in Rhenish Prussia, 3d May 1797, and educated at the gymnasium of Münster. As conductor of the road and bridge corps in the department of the Lippe, then (1811) part of the French empire, and afterwards in the Prussian army, he had opportunity to advance his knowledge of geodesy. In 1816, he was made geographical engineer' in the war department in Berlin, and was employed on the trigonometrical survey of Prussia, and became (1824) professor of mathematics in the Architectural Academy of Berlin, and (1836) director of the Geographical School in Potsdam. The productiveness of his pen has been extraordinary. The best known of his chartographical works is his Physical Atlas (90 plates, Gotha, 1838-1848), which forms the basis of Johnston's work with the same title published in Edinburgh. He has been employed on an ethnographical map of Germany since 1848. As a writer, he has edited several geographical periodicals. His Geog. Jahrbuch (Geog. Annual), published since 1849, forms a supplement to the Physical Atlas. Of a more popular nature are his Physicalische Erdbeschreibung (Physical Description of the Earth), Grundlinien der Staatenkunde (Outlines of the Political Character of States), and Ethnographie, all of which appeared at Stuttgard between the years 1846-1850. In 1855, he published a work entitled Was man von der Erde weiss (What is Known of the Earth), in which B. takes a survey of the present condition of geographical science. In 1855-1856, appeared an Atlas der Oesterreichischen Monarchie, and Landbuch der Mark Brandenburg. BERGHEM, NICHOLAS, one of the finest of the Dutch painters, was born at Haarlem, 1624, and studied painting first under his father, afterwards under Van Goyen, Weenix the Elder, and other masters. He soon acquired an extraordinary facility of execution; and his industry, naturally great, was stimulated by the cravings of his avaricious wife, who thought he could never earn too much. Accordingly, he scarcely ever left his studio, and we might wonder where he found all the materials for his landscapes, which now decorate the best collections of Europe; but he had carefully studied nature during his long residence at the castle of Bentheim. BERGLER-BERJA. Warm colouring, natural and original grouping, and a general happy arrangement, are the leading features in B.'s landscapes. Strict criticism may object to some traces of lightness in execution, and may demand greater natural truth in some points, especially the outlines of animals; but these defects are lost in the general excellence of B.'s pictures. His etchings are highly esteemed. B. died in his native place, 1683. Dunkirk. It is situated on the Colme, at the foot of BE'RGYLT (Sebastes Norvegicus or Scorpana Norvegica), a fish of the Mailed Cheek family, or Sclerogenidæ (q. v.)-the family to which gurnards and sticklebacks belong-but so much resembling a perch in appearance, that it was formerly called Perca marina, or Sea-perch. It is sometimes called the Norway Haddock, although it has no resemblance to the haddock. It is an inhabitant of all the northern seas, and is occasionally found on the British coasts at least as far south as Berwick. It is of a red colour, dark on the upper parts, reddishwhite beneath. Its gill-covers are armed with short spines; the anterior rays of the dorsal fin are strong spines, the posterior portion of the fin has soft rays. The B. attains a length of two feet or upwards. It is good for food, and the Greenlanders use it not only in a fresh but in a dried state. They take it by long lines and baited hooks in the deep bays of their coast. BERGLER, JOSEPH, a historical painter of considerable note, was born at Salzburg, 1753. Having studied under Martin Knoller at Milan for several years, B. went to Parma, where, in 1784, his picture of Samson being delivered by Delilah into the hands of the Philistines, obtained the chief prize of the academy there. Returning to Germany, he, in 1786, settled at Passau, where he was appointed painter to Cardinal Auersperg, prince-bishop, and in this capacity painted many fine altar-pieces. B., having been made director of the Academy of Prague in 1800, removed to that city, where he continued to reside until his death in 1829. The impetus which he gave to the fine arts in Bohemia was very marked, | and his school furnished a goodly number of eminent artists. His principal works are a Cyclus, or series of important events drawn from the history of Bohemia, in sixty-six sheets: Libissa, Queen of the Fairies, deciding a Dispute between two Brothers for the heritage of their Father;' The Deliverance of Charles IV.;' and 'Hermann and Thusnelda.' BERGMAN, TORBERN OLOF, a celebrated chemist of the 18th c., was born at Katharinberg, West Gothland, Sweden, March 9, 1735. He was sent at seventeen years of age to the university of Upsala, with a view to prosecute studies qualifying him either for the church or the bar; but disliking both BERHAMPORE, the name of two towns in these professions, he devoted himself to natural British India.-1. B., in the presidency of Madras, is history, physics, and mathematics, and soon made a military station in the district of Ganjam. It is some interesting discoveries in entomology, while he in N. lat. 19° 20′, and E. long. 84° 50', being 525 also distinguished himself as an accurate astronomical miles to the north-east of Madras, and 325 to the observer. In 1767, B. was elected to the chair of south-west of Calcutta. The cantonments, themchemistry at Upsala, and continued to fill it until selves on a rocky ledge, have to the south and east his death, which took place at Medevi, in July 1784. a plain of considerable extent, on the nearer edge B. published a vast number of dissertations, the of which is the native town, with a population of most important of which are collected into six octavo about 20,000.-2. B. or Burhampore, in the subvolumes under the title of Opuscula Torberni Berg-presidency of Bengal, is in the district of Moorshedman Physica et Chemica (Leip. 1779-1781). His abad, being on the left bank of the Bhagirathi or essay on Elective Attractions was translated into Bhagruttee, which, itself the first great offset of English by Dr Beddoes. BERGMEHL, or MOUNTAIN-FLOUR, is a recent deposit of a white or cream-coloured powder of extreme fineness, composed almost entirely of the indestructible silicious frustules or cell-walls of | Diatomacea (q. v.). From its resemblance to flour, it has been mixed with ordinary food, in seasons of scarcity, and thus used by the inhabitants of Norway and Sweden, who suppose it to be nutritious. When subjected to a red heat, it loses from a quarter to a third of its weight, the loss consisting probably of organic matter, and this would make it in itself nutritious; but it seems to derive its chief value from its increasing the bulk of the food, and rendering the really nutritious portion more satisfying. On the other hand, there have been experiments tending to shew that B. does contain a very small proportion-3 or 4 per cent.-of positive nutriment. Similar deposits occur at Dolgelly in North Wales, at South Mourne in Ireland, and in Mull and Raasay in the Hebrides. The contained organisms shew that these beds have been deposited in fresh water. BERGOO'. See WADAY. BERGUES, a town of France, in the department of the Nord, about 5 miles south-south-east from the Ganges, afterwards joins another great offset, Andalusia, at the foot of the Sierra de Gador, about 22 miles west of Almeira. It has manufactures of BERKELEY-BERKSHIRE. the Sierra de Gador. Agriculture is also prosecuted but, in point of fact, his system is a monument at to some extent. and beech-covered hills on the east. This vale con once of marvellous subtlety of mind and of the most pious devotion of the intellectual powers to the cause of religion. The object was, as the full title of the book itself sets forth, to inquire into and remove the causes of scepticism, atheism, and irreligion. It is only an illustration of the truth of the old saying, that extremes meet, if, in following subtler form of scepticism (in Hume's philosophy) out this pious purpose, he prepared the way for a than the world had previously known. The reader will find valuable assistance to the apprehension of B.'s system in Sir William Hamilton's Discussions, and in his dissertations and notes to Reid's Philosophy of the Human Mind. It must suffice to mention here that B. was the first philosopher who proposed a scheme of absolute idealism. BERKELEY, a small town of Gloucestershire, 15 miles south-west of the town of Gloucester, on the small river Avon, a mile and a half east of its junction with the estuary of the Severn. Pop. of borough, 949; of parish, 4344. The town lies in the fine vale of B., which is 25 miles long, and 4 broad, between the Severn on the west, sists of rich meadow pasture-land, on a deep, fat loam, and is celebrated for its dairies and cheese. The latter is the far-famed Double Gloucester,' of which each cow yields 340 lb. a year. Near B. is the entrance to the B. and Gloucester Canal, navigable for vessels of 600 tons. Some trade exists in timber and malt. B. Castle is an embattled building on an eminence south-east of the town, and which, In 1713, B. went to reside in London, where, in about 1150, was granted by Henry II. to Robert Fitz- the same year, he published a defence of his ideal hardinge, with power to enlarge and strengthen it. system, Three Dialogues between Hylas and PhiloHere Edward II. was murdered in 1327 by Mal-nous. Shortly after this he was appointed chaplain travers and Gourney. In the civil wars of Charles I., the castle held out for the king, but was taken after a nine days' siege by the Parliamentarians. In the castle is preserved the cabin-furniture of Drake the navigator. Dr Jenner, the discoverer of vaccination, was a native of B., and is buried in the parish church of St Mary here. BERKELEY SOUND, the most frequented inlet of the East Falkland Island, near its north-east extremity. It is in lat. 51° 30′ S., and long. 57° 56' W. Though it is difficult to enter, yet it contains several excellent harbours. Its shores yield ample supplies of water, cattle, and vegetables. BERKELEY, GEORGE, Bishop of Cloyne, and a distinguished philosopher, was the eldest son of William B., a cadet of the family of the Earl of Berkeley. He was born on the 12th March 1684, at Kilerin, near Thomastown, county of Kilkenny, Ireland. As a boy, he studied at the school of Kilerin, at which Swift also received his early education; and in his fifteenth year he followed his great countryman to Trinity College, Dublin, where, in 1707, he obtained a fellowship. At Trinity, he enjoyed the society of Swift, who patronised him, as he did almost everybody, and who subsequently had a great deal to do in shaping his fortunes. and secretary of legation under Lord Peterborough, whom he accompanied to Italy. In 1721, he returned to London; and in 1724, he became Dean of Derry, with an income of £1100, and resigned his fellowship. B. was not a man to settle in the enjoyment of leisure and opulence. The Dean of Derry set to devising schemes of usefulness, fixing at last on one by which his deanery and income were to be exchanged for exile and £100 a year. This was the Bermudas College scheme for training pastors for the colonies, and missionaries to the American Indians. Swift, failing to induce him to give the project up, made influence with ministers to support it, which they promised to do. Full of hope, B. prepared for his exile; he married in August 1728, Anna Elvert, daughter of Right Hon. John Forster, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, and soon after sailed for Rhode Island. The support promised by government was never given to him, and, after six years, he returned to England heartbroken with failure, and harassed by creditors. He had barely returned, however, when (1734) he received the bishopric of Cloyne, as a mark of favour from the queen. He was now once more in the enjoyment of leisure for literature. Soon appeared the Minute Philosopher, followed by various letters and pamphlets on the state of the country, and in 1749 by A Word B.'s career as an author began in 1707 (the to the Wise. In 1744, he gave the world his notions year in which he obtained his fellowship) by the of the virtues of tar-water in a book entitled Siris. publication of a work written three years before, Tar-water appears to have been in his thoughts as at the age of twenty, entitled Arithmetica absque in his system-which must have been saturated Algebra aut Euclide Demonstrata. This was fol- with it from this time till his death. His last lowed, in 1709, by the celebrated essay, Towards a work was Farther Thoughts on Tar-water, published New Theory of Vision, in which he demonstrated in 1752. The fact is, he was hypochondriacal for the dependence of the perceptions of distance, mag- many years before his death. He died, 14th nitude, and situation on the sense of touch. This January 1753, at Oxford, whither he had gone to essay led to considerable controversy at the time, live with his son, who was studying at Christ though its conclusions may now be considered as Church. A genial companion, an affectionate and not admitting of doubt. In 1733, B. produced a steady friend, he was loved by all of his contempopamphlet in vindication of it-viz., The Theory of raries who enjoyed his society; a graceful writer, Vision or Visual Language, shewing the Universal a subtle philosopher, and an active churchman, his Presence and Providence of the Deity Vindicated whole life was devoted to usefulness, and ennobled and Explained. By this time he had propounded by the purity of his aspirations. The best edition his system of absolute idealism. His Treatise of his works is that published in London, 1784, concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge 2 vols. 4to. appeared so early as 1710. Its object was to undermine the materialism of the age, by denying, on received principles of philosophy, the reality of an external world. If there is no external world, he argued, the phenomena of sense can be explained only by supposing a Deity continually necessitating perception. B. has since been laughed at by many who could not see how the premises laid in the philosophy of the day led to his system; by many he will always be laughed at as an idle dreamer; BERKSHIRE, a midland county of England, bounded N. by Gloucester, Oxford, and Bucks; E. by Middlesex; S. E. by Surrey; S. by Hampshire; and W. by Wiltshire. Greatest length, 50 miles; average breadth, 15. It is the thirty-second of the forty English counties in size; area, 752 square miles, nearly one-half of which is under tillage, onefourth in pasture, and one-sixteenth in wood. B., which is one of the most beautiful of the English counties, lies in the valley of the Thames, and has |