tives find fulphur in fummer. At the foot of this mountain, are hot fprings, whereis they occafionally boil their provifion. There is no rivulet upon this ifland; and the low grounds are fimilar, to thofe of Agh. The inhabitants are reckoned a beut two hundred fouls. Tchetcbina lies eastward about forty verds from Kanaga, and is about eighty ia circumference. It is full of rocky mountains, of which the Biclara Sopka, or the white Peak, is the higheft. In the valley there are alfo fome warm fprings, but no rivulet abounding in fish: the illand contains only four families. Tagalak is forty verfts in circumference, ten east from Tfcetchina; it contains a few rocks, but neither rivulets with fish, nor any vegetable production fit for nourishment. The coafts are rocky, and dangerous to approach in baidars. This ifland is alfo inhabited by no more than four families. Atchu lies in the fame pofition, forty veris diftance from Tagalak; and is about three hundred in circumference, near it is a barbour, where fhips may ride fe and June they kill fea otters in the following manner: when the weather is calm, they row out to fea in feveral baidars; having found the animal, they ftrike him with harpoons, and follow him fo clofely, that he, cannot easily escape: they take fea-dogs in the fame manner. In the fevereft weather they make no addition to their ufual cloathing. In order to warm themselves, in winter, whenever it freezes very hard, they burn a heap of dry grafs, over which they ftand and catch the heat under their cloaths. The cloaths of the women and children are made of fea-otter -fkins, in the fame form as those belonging to the men. Whenever they pafs a night at a distance from home, they dig a hole in the earth, and lay themfelves down in it, covered only with their cloaths and mats of platted grafs. Regardless of every thing but the prefent moments, deftitute of religion, and without the leaft appearance of, decency, they feem but few degrees removed from brutes. Human Mifery, the Companion of Empire. 7HICH way foever we consider great curely at anchor. It contains many rocky W empires, whether in their infanc mountains, and several small rivulets that fal ato the fea, and of which one rungeaft wards abounds in fish. The roots Which have juft before been mentioned, and bulbs of white lilies, are found there in plenty. Amlach is a mountainous island, standing to the eaft more than feven verfts from Atchu, and is alfo three hundred in circumference. It contains the fame number of inhabitants as Atchu, has a commodious haven, and produces roots in ahandance. Of several small rivulets there is one only which flows towards the North, that contains any fish. Belides thefe, a cluster of other iflands were obServed firetching farther to the Eaft, which were not touched upon. The inhabitants of thefe fix islands are tributary to Ruffia; they live in holes, dug in the earth, in which they make no fires, even in winter. Their cloaths are made like fhirts, of the fkins of the guillimot and poffin, which they catch with fpringes. Over thefe, in rainy weather, they wear an upper garment, made of the bladders, and other dried inteftines, of feals and feahans, oiled and ftitched together. They catch cod and turbot with bone hooks, and cat them raw. As they never lay in a tore of provision, they fuffer greatly from bunger in ftormy weather, when they cannot go out to fifh; at which time, they are reduced to live upon fmall fhell fish, and fea-wrack, which they pick up apon the beach, and eat raw. In May in their blooming youth, in their manhood and full ftrength, or in their declining age, we shall find mankind in all these feveral periods of time afflicted with wars, famines, bloodshed, thraldom, and devaftations. Empires are brought forth with pangs, and the firft exertions of their vigour are deftructive to their neighbours. Their ftrugglings for elbow-room are ever violent and bloody, because opinions of equality in forces, makes the first conflics peculiarly fierce and obftinate. But their infancy, while thus fighting under their mother's wing, as it were, is notwithftanding of all the other ftages of their exiftence, by far the most harmless and innocent. America, contending for liberty, and hurling defiance in the face of tyranny, in every fhape, is a glorious and delightful fpectacle. Her prefent exertions are perhaps the more refpectable, and not the lefs vigorous, that they are fo young. And what are all the feveral laudable efforts the now makes in the various arts of war and legiflation, but the maiden effays of a rifing empire after political confequence and profperity, who, by indulging in fome maturer period an offenfive ambition, may yet deluge in blood and mifery our continent as well as her own. Empires, like the foreft oak, require fo much fap and nourishment, that any thing of an inferior growth must perith in their vicinity. The deftruction of othere is inevitable. They are full, to be fure, of courage, heroic ardour, magnanimity, and of all we call virtuous, while in this early chafe of glory. But, what is this renown they hunt after fo greedily? It is that bubble fame, which every individual conjures up to feed his feverish imagination, as his fhare of that refpect which is always paid to the memory of great ac tions. And is not even this fplendid chimera bottomed in battles, fieges, fackings, and thofe other but numberless effects of war, which involve humanity in every fpecies of barbarity, outrage, and wretchednefs? others, wherever they fpread themfelves, And there is never any real foundnefs in a fyftem compofed for action, while kept by the preffure of luxury, wealth, and ufurpation at reft. The cautious Auguf tus, indeed, did fhut up the temple of Janus, and the government of the whole devolving on a fingle perfon, the world was for a while at peace. But how long, or rather how fhort-lived this invaluable bleffing? did not contending titles, and oppofite claims, foon after cover Italy and the provinces with civil arms; and could any species of war be more destructive and terrible than the cruelty, profufion, luft, riot, and rage of that infamous fucceffion of wretches who filled the imperial throne, and were at once the fcourge and opprobrium of humanity. Empires no fooner come to manhood, or full ftrength, than ruin, with giant ftrides, extends all round. No longer warmed with the virtuous defire of fame, the infuriate rage of domination pervades them throughout. Like tygers, or panthers, they range about for prey wantonly, and not out of hunger. They vex not here and there a city, but lay whole regions and kingdoms wafte. They fometimes kill of others, or lofe of themselves, twenty, forty, or an hundred thousand men in one battle. When quite debauch ed, and glutted with power and slaughter, then follow breach of faith, ftratagems, circumventions, inobfervance of treaties, oppreffions, frauds, perjury, rapes, murders, burnings, and all the other monsters with which the earth is pregnant after engendering the God of war. Having in this manner made the whole world one difinal fcene of laughter, animofity, and uproar, their robust maturity ufually terminates in a variance among the principal actors of the tragedy. Who knows not that the quarrels of Sylla and Marius, Pompey and Cæfar, and afterwards of Octavius and Brutus, of Sextus the fon of Brutus, and then of Antony, and a thousand other fanguinary ruffians, who poffefs the honorary diflinction of being the moft fuccefsful murderers of their fellow creatures, embroiled the whole earth, harraffed, wafted, and afflicted Italy, her allies and provinces, wore than any of all her former wars. Empires, like the temple of the Philiftines, always involve their inhabitants in their fall. The diforders they contract for want of action, in their declenfion, affect and interrupt the peace and felicity of mankind as much as the furious excurfions of their youth and manhood: for whether it be in a commonwealth, or a fingle perfon, power never arrived to any very eminent height, without running into all forts of exceffes and corruptions. Empires in decrepit age do not, like natural bodies whom time has weakened and wafted, fall gently, and by infenfible degrees. No, this mighty fabrick, the parts of which are ftrongly cemented at firft, endure many fhocks, ftorms, dif afters, and attempts, before their final catastrophe is brought on. It was above fourfcore years before all that vaft com. bination of barbarous power which af faulted the Roman common-wealth prevailed; and during this bloody period, they fuffered more miferies than they themfelves had felt, or than they had made others feel, in the whole duration of their dominion. The horrors and devaftations which mankind then faw and fhared, are not to be numbered or defcribed. these fierce, favage, and infatiable invaders were heaving at and fubverting that enormous fabrick which had flood fo many ages, and whofe foundations were fo deeply laid, the whole earth was convulfed, and all the kingdoms of the world, more or less involved in the defolation that enfued. Anecdote of the Dey of Algiers. While HEN Lord Hume commande Win Gibraltar, the Algerines bat taken and detained an English fhip he therefore difpatched Mr. Popham as an ambaffador to the Dey, to de mand the reflitution of the veffel and if he did not comply with thi requeft, to affure him, that he woul bombard the place. Pray, fir, (fti the Dey) if that be the cafe, wha might be the expence to England to d this?". Why, fir, (replie Popham) about 50,cool."--" Wel Sir, (fays the Dey) if that be the can make my refpects to lord Hume, an tell him, I will burn it for half ti money!" BRITISH and IRISH BIOGRAPHY. Continued from Page 677 of our Appendix SYDEN for 1782. either the art of phyfic had never been exercised, or the notion of malignity never ftumbled upon; whereas it was clear Life of Dr. Thomas Sydenham. to him, from all the obfervations be YDENHAM (Dr. Thomas) an excould poffibly make, that, if no mischief cellent Phyfician of the feventeenth be done either by the phyfician or nurfe, century, was the fon of William Syden- the fmall pox is the most flight and fafe ham, Efq; of Winford Eagle in Dorfet of all other difeafes. "I have the napfire, where he was born in the year 1624. pinefs (add he) of curing my patients, at 14 he was entered a commoner of leaft of having it faid concerning me, that Migdalen-hall, Oxford, but leaving that few mifcarry under me; but cannot brag place when it was converted into a garri- of my correfpondency with fome others a for the ufe of king Charles the I. he of my faculty, who, notwithstanding niy came to London, where he fell accidentally profoundnefs in palmistry and chemistry, into the company of Dr. Thomas Cox, an impeach me of great infufficency, as I ennent phylician, who finding him pof- fhall likewife do my taylor, when he fffet of more than ordinary talents; permakes my doublet like a hop fack, and fuaded him to apply himself to the fudy not before, let him adhere to what hypoof phyfic. In pursuance of this advice, thefis he will. Though yet, in taking fire after the garrifon of Oxford was delivered at my attempts to reduce practice to a up to the parliament, he returned to Mag- greater eafe and plainnefs, and, in the dalen-hall, and entering on the phylic mean time, letting the mountebank at Tine, was created a bachelor in that fa- Charing-crofs pafs unrailed at, they conculty the 14th of April, 1648. About the tradict themfelves, and would make the fame time, fubfcribing to the covenant, world believe I may prove more confiderand fubmitting to the authority of the able than they would have me. But to viitors appointed by the parliament, he let these men alone to their books, I have was (through the interest of his brother again taken breath, and am pursuing my Wiliam, who was then colonel of a regi- defign of fpecifics, which, if but a deluet of foot, and governor of Wey- fion, fo clofely haunts me, that I could mouth) elected fellow of All-fouls col- not but indulge the fpending of a little kge, Oxford. After he had continued money and time at it once more. I have there fome years in a vigorous applicati- made a great progrefs in the thing, and on to the frience of medicine, he left the have reafon to hope not to be disappointEmrerfity, fixed his refidence in Weftmin- ed." His fecond work was Obfervationes Bler, took the degree of doctor of phyfic Medica circa Morborum acutorum Hiftoriam at Cambridge, received a licence from the Curationum, printed in 1676. In 160 College of phyficians, and foon acquired he published his Epiftola refponforia dua, the tigheft reputation for the fuccefs of prima de Morbis Epidemicis ab Anno 1675 his practice, without any other enemies ad Annum 1680, fecunda de Luis Venerea than thofe which he raised by the fuperi- Hiftoria & Curatione; and, in 1682, his or merit of his conduct, the brighter luf- Differtatio Epiftolaris ad fpectatiffimum & tre of his abilities, or the improvements doc fimum Virum Gulielmum Cole, M. D. he made in his art, and his contempt of de Obfervationibus nuperis circa Curationem pernicious modes, fupported only by au- Variolarum confluentium, necnon de Affectithority, in oppofition to found reason and one byfterica. His Tractatus de Podagra indubitable experience. Hydrope was printed in London the The firft treatife he published was his year following; and his Schedula MonitoMetodus, curandi Febres propriis Obferva- ria de nova Febris ingreffu, in 1686. His tibus fuperftructa, printed at London in Proceffus integri in Morbis ferè omnibus cu1666; of which a fecond edition, cor- randis was not published till after his rected and enlarged with the edition of a death. Thefe works were written by fifth fection de Pefle, five Febre peftilentiali, himself in English, but tranflated into was published in 1668. This piece was Latin, before they were published, by dedicated to the great Mr. Robert Boyle, fome of his friends. This worthy man to whom he wrote a Letter on the 2d of was, for a great part of his life, fubject April, 1658, juftifying bis practice in the to frequent attacks of the gout, which, fmall-pox, and what he had faid with being afterwards accompanied with the relation to that difeafe in his book. He ftone in the kidneys, proved fatal to abferved likewife, that, confidering the him. He died at his houfe in Pall Mall, methods of practice which then prevailed the 29th of December, 1689, and was among both learned and ignorant phyfici- interred in St. James's church, Wettan, it had been happy for mankind, that minfter. Hib. Mag. Jan. 1783. B • Dr. as hath been mentioned; the nephew of another, viz. of George Synge, bishop of Cologne in the latt century; and the father of two bishops, viz. Edward bishop of Elphin, and Nicholas bishop of Killaloe. "Dr. Thomas Sydenham (fays Mr. Grange) who was long at the head of his pofeffion, was a phyfician of great penetration and experience, and went far beyond all his cotemporaries in improving the art of phyfic. He took late to ftudy, but his quick parts and great natural fagacity enabled him to make a prodigious progrefs in a little time. He dared to innovate, where nature and reafon led the way; and was the first that introduced the cool regimen in the fmall pox. Hence he gave an effectual check to a diftemper that has been more pernicious to mankind than the plague itself; and which had been inflamed, and rendered fill more pernicious, by injudicious phy. ficians. He carefully ftudied, and wrote ́obfervations upon every epidemical diftemper that prevailed during the course of his practice. He had many opponents: but his conftant fuccefs was a fufficient nfwer to all the cavils of his antagonists. He freely communicated to the world his iqdicious remarks on a great variety of acute and chronical distempers, and parScularly on thofe that fwept away the greateft number of the human fpecies. What he has written on the nervous and Lyfteric colic, fevers, riding in confumptive cafes, and chalybeates, deferves to be mentioned to his honour. He was the firit that ufed laudanum with fuccefs, and that gave the bark after the paroxyfm in agues." Life of Dr. Edward Synge. Synge (Dr. Edward) the pious and learned archbishop of Tuam in Ireland, was the son of Edward bishop of Cork, and was born in April 1658, at Inifhonane, of which parith his father was then vicar. He was educated at a grammarfchool in Cork, and from thence was fent to Chrift-church college in Oxford, where he took the degree of bachelor of arts. On his father's death he returned to Ireland, and finished his ftudies in the univerfity of Dublin. His first preferment was two fmall parishes in the diocefe of Meath; which he foon after exchanged for the vicarage of Chrift-church in the city of Cork, one of the moft laborious cures in Ireland. He obtained feveral other livings, became chancellor of St. Patrick's Dublin, and was afterwards ap. pointed vicar-general to the arch-bifhop. In 1714 he was promoted to the fee of Raphoe, and, two years after, was tranflated to the archbishopric of Tuam. He prefided over this fee about twenty five years, and died at Tuam in July 1741. It is peculiarly remarkable of this worthy probatepthat he was the son of one bishop, Life of John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury. Talbot (John) earl of Shrewsbury, one of the bravett and moft fuccefsful generala of the fifteenth century, derived his defcent from an ancient and illuftrious family, and was the fon of Richard lord Talbot. He was born at Blackmore in Shropshire, in the reign of king Richard II. and, in the beginning of that of Henry V. was appointed governor of Ireland. In 1417 he attended king Henry at the ficge of Caen; and the following year, in conjunction with the earl of Warwick, he reduced the ftrong caftle of Damfront, and was prefent at the fiege of Rouen; on all which occafions he diftinguished himself by his intrepidity and military skill. Afterwards in the reign of Henry VI. he took the town of Laval and other places from the French; but in 1429, had the misfortune to be taken prifoner at the battle of Patay. However, in 1433, he recovered his liberty, and refuming his command in France, took a number of towns from the enemy. For thefe fervices he was, in March 1442, created earl of Shrewsbury. Some time after, he was honoured with the title, of earl of Waterford, and conftituted-lordlieutenant of Ireland. In 1452 he receiv ed a commiffion to be governor of Guienne, and immediately embarked for that province with a confiderable army. He made himself master of Bourdeaux, Fronfac, Libourne, Cadillac, &c. and reftored the affairs of the English in France; but attempting to oblige the French to raise the fiege of Caftillon, he was killed in battle, together with his fon the lord vis count Lifle, in 1453. It has been obferved of him, that he had been victorious in no lefs than forty battles and kirmishes. "General Talbot (fays Father Daniel) was one of the greatest warriors of his time, and the most able captain the Englifh then had, who called him their Achilles. He had carried on the war in France. with a great deal of glory almost all his life long, and died at the age of eighty years, with his fword in his hand." The earl's body was brought over to England, and interred at Whitchurch in Shropshire. An old English hiftorian has given the following_enumeration of his titles: "John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, Wexford, Waterford, and Valence, lord Talbot of Goodritch and Orchenfield, lord lord Strange of Blackmore, lord Verdon Life of Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, horfe gave him a blow on the breast in rif ing, which brought on him a spitting of blood and fhortness of breath. However, in October following, he was appointed lord chamberlain of the houfhold; buc the difcharge of blood increafing, he was advised by his phyficians to go to a warmer climate; upon which he refigned his poft of lord Chamberlain and prepared to go abroad. This happening at the time when his friends, the earl of Ox ford, the lords Somers and Halifax, were harraffed by the parliament, gave a handle to thofe who would not believe his illnefs, to reprefent him a deferter, who was leaving the kingdom out of cowar dice. His grace spent one year at Geneva, and about three at Rome, on which his enemies gave out, that he was become a Roman catholic again; but this was fo far from being the cafe, that he became more confirmed in the protestant religion; and even converted the earl of Cardigan and his brother from popery, while at Kome. The duke returned to England in the latter end of the year 1705, when, mueting with a cold reception from his old friends the Whigs, he retired into the country, but was at laft prevailed upon by the oppofite party to come to court; and in 1710, was made lord chamberlain of the houshold by queen Anne, and fworn of her privy-council. He was afterwards fent ambaffador extraordinary to the French court, in order to compleat the peace; but infifling on several beneficial articles of commerce, he foon perceived a coldness in that court towards him, upon which he folicited his return. In October 1713, he was lord lieutenant of Ireland. The year following, the queen, in her laft illness, took the treasurer's staff from the earl of Oxford, and delivered it to the duke, fo that, at the queen's death, he was lord lieutenant of Ireland, lord high treasurer of Great-Britain, and lordchamberlain, three great employments never before in the hands of one perfon at the fame time. His grace was one of the lords appointed by king George I. to govern the nation till bis arrival, after which he was made groom of the ftole and privy purfe, fworn of the privy council, and continued in the office of lord-chamberlain. He died on the first of February, 1711, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. Though his conduct did not always escape fuch mifeprefentations as are the ordinary effect of mistake or malice, yet in general, he had the good opinion of all; fo that king William ufed to fay, the duke of Shrewsbury was the only man of B 2 whom |