Decay of Piety. We must understand and confess a king to be a father, a subject to be a son; and therefore honour to be by nature most due from the natural subject to the Holyday. natural king. The angel Led them direct, and down the cliff as fast To the subjected plain. Milton. He subjected to man's service angel wings. Id. Both in subjection now to sensual appetite. Id. After the conquest of the kingdom, and subjection of the rebels, enquiry was made who there were that, fighting against the king, had saved themselves by flight. Hale. I will not venture on so nice a subject with my seMore. vere style. Christ, since his incarnation, has been subject to the Father; and will be so also, in his human capacity, after he has delivered up his mediatorial kingdom. Waterland. Think not, young warriors, your diminished name I see thee, in that fatal hour, Dryden. Id. SUBINFEUDATION, in English law, was where the inferior lords, in imitation of their superiors, began to carve out and grant to others minuter estates than their own, to be held of themselves; and were so proceeding downwards in infinitum, till the superior lords observed that by this method of subinfeudation they lost all their feudal profits, of wardships, marriages, and escheats, which fell into the hands of these mesne or middle lords, who were the immediate superiors of the terre-tenant, or him who occupied the land. This occasioned the statute of Westm. 3, or quia emptores, 18 Ewd. I., to be made; which directs that, upon all sales or feoffments of lands, the feoffee shall hold the same, not of his immediate feoffer, but of the chief lord of the fee of whom such feoffer himself held it. And hence it is held that all manors existing at this day must have existed by immemorial prescription; or at least ever since the 18 Edw. I. when the statute of quia emptores was made. SUBINGRES'SION, n. s. Lat. sub and ingressus. Secret entrance. The pressure of the ambient air is strengthened upon the accession of the air sucked out; which forceth the neighbouring air to a violent subingression of its parts. Boyle. SUBJOIN', v. a. Fr. sub and joindre; Lat. subjungo. To add at the end; to add afterwards. He makes an excuse from ignorance, the only thing that could take away the fault; namely, that he knew not that he was the high-priest, and subjoins a reason. South. SUBITO, in the Italian music, is used to signify that a thing is to be performed quickly and hastily: thus we meet with volti subito, turn over the leaf quickly. SUBJUGATE, v. a. Fr. subjuguer; Lat. subjugo. To conquer; subdue; bring under dominion by force." This was the condition of the learned part of the world, after their subjugation by the Turks. Hale. sonal sin of their own, when he withdrew some others as guilty as they. Hammond. SUBLAPSARIANS, or INFRALAPSARIANS. See SUPRALAPSARIANS. SUBLEYRAS (Peter), an eminent French painter born in Languedoc, in 1699. lle excelled in history and portraits: and was much patronised by the king and nobility, as well as by foreigners. He painted a grand piece for St. Peter's church at Rome; and died in 1749, aged fifty. SUBLIMABLENESS, n. s. ) Lat. sublimis. SUBLIMATE, v. a., n. s., & adj. [ Quality of SUBLIMATION, n. s. admitting to SUBLIME, adj., n. s., v. a., & be sublimatSUBLIMELY, adv. [v. n. ed, or raised SUBLIMITY, n. s. by the force of fire: sublimate is also used for to raise; exalt; generally but the noun substantive and adjective are only used chemically sublimation is defined below: sublime is, high in place; excellent style or sentiment; mien or manner: as a noun substantive, a grand or lofty style: to sublime, synonymous with to sublimate: sublimely is, loftily; grandly: the noun substantive that follows corresponding. As religion looketh upon him who in majesty and power is infinite, as we ought we account not of it, unless we esteem it even according to that very height of excellency which our hearts conceive, when divine sublimity itself is rightly considered. Hooker. In respect of God's incomprehensible sublimity and purity, this is also true, that God is neither a mind nor a spirit like other spirits, nor a light such as can be discerned. Raleigh. Enquire the manner of subliming, and what metals endure subliming, and what body the sublimate makes. Bacon. Separation is wrought by weight, in the settlement of liquors, by heat, by precipitation, or sublimation; that is, a calling of the several parts up or down, which is a kind of attraction. Id. Natural History. She turns Bodies to spirits, by sublimation strange. Davies. And as his actions rose, so raise they still their vein In words, whose weight best suits a sublimated strain. Drayton. Study our manuscripts, those myriads Of letters, which have passed 'twixt thee and me: Thence write our annals, and in them lessons be To all, whom love's subliming fire invades. Donne. He was sublime, and almost tumorous, in his looks and gestures. Hotton. Not only the gross and illiterate souls, but the most aerial and sublimated, are rather the more proper fuel for an immaterial fire. Decay of Piety. The precepts of Christianity are so excellent and refined, and so apt to cleanse and sublimate the more gross and corrupt, as shews flesh and blood never revealed it. Id. Although thy trunk be neither large nor strong, Nor can thy head, not helped itself sublime, Yet, like a serpent, a tall tree can climb. Denham. They sum'd their pens, and soaring the' air sub lime His fair large front and eye sublime declared Absolute rule. Flowers, and then fruit, Man's nourishment, by gradual scale sublimed, To vital spirits aspire. R. Id. The fancies of most are moved by the inward springs of the corporeal machine, which, even in the most sublimed intellectuals, is dangerously influential. Glanville, He obtained another concrete as to taste and smell, and easy sublimableness, as common sal ammoniack. Boyle. Sublime on these a tower of steel is reared, And dire Tisiphone there keeps the ward. Dryden. Can it be, that souls sublime Return to visit our terrestrial clime? And that the generous mind, released by death, Can covet lazy limbs ? là. things, may pass into nature by slow degrees, and Art, being strengthened by the knowledge of so be sublimed into a pure genius, which is capable of distinguishing betwixt the beauties of nature and Id. Dufresno. that which is low in her. Shall he pretend to religious attainments who is defective and short in moral, which are but the redi ments and first draught of religion, as religion is the perfection, refinement, and sublimation of morality! In English lays, and all sublimely great, Thy Homer charms with all his ancient heat. South Parnell. The sublime rises from the nobleness of thoughts. the magnificence of the words, or the harmonious and lively turn of the phrase; the perfect sum arises from all three together. Addisen. limity of his thoughts, in the greatness of which he Milton's distinguishing excellence lies in the subtriumphs over all the poets, modern and ancient Homer only excepted. Easy in stile thy work, in sense sublime. Prir. Sublimation differs very little from distillation, excepting that in distillation only the fluid parts bodies are raised, but in this the solid and dry; and fluid, but sublimation is only concerned about solid that the matter to be distilled may be either solid cr substances. There is also another difference, namely, that rarefaction, which is of very great use in distil substances which are to be sublimed, being solid, are lation, has hardly any room in sublimation; for the incapable of rarefaction; and so it is only impulse Quincy that can raise them. The particles of mercury, uniting with the acid particles of spirit of salt, compose mercury sublimate, and, with the particles of sulphur, cinnabar. Newton's Opticks. Since oil of sulphur per campanam is of the same nature with oil of vitriol, may it not be inferred that parts. sulphur is a mixture of volatile and fixed strongly cohering by attraction as to ascend together by sublimation? Id. 50 The particles of sal ammoniack in sublimation carry up the particles of antimony, which will not sublime alone. This salt is fixed in a gentle fire, and sublimes in a great one. Arbuthnot on Aliments. Longinus strengthens all his laws, And is himself the great sublime he draws. Pope. Meanly they seek the blessing to confine, And force that sun but on a part to shine; Which not alone the southern wit sublimes, But ripens spirits in cold northern climes. Fustian's so sublimely bad, It is not poetry, but prose run mad. Id. Id. SUBLIMATE, a chemical preparation, consisting of quicksilver united with the muriatic acid. See CHEMISTRY and PHARMACY. SUBLIMATE, CORROSIVE. Bichloride of mer cury. SUBLIMATION is a process by which volatile substances are raised by heat, and again condensed in the solid form. This operation is founded on the same principles as distillation, and its rules are the same, as it is nothing but a dry distillation. Therefore all that has been said on the article DISTILLATION is applicable here, especially in those cases where sublimation is employed to separate volatile substances from others which are fixed or less volatile. Sublimation is also used in other cases; for instance, to combine volatile matters together, as in the operation of the sublimates of mercury; or to collect some volatile substances, as sulphur, the acid of borax, and all the preparations called flowers. The apparatus for sublimation is simple. A matrass or small alembic is generally sufficient for the sublimation of small quantities of matter. But the vessels, and the method of managing the fire, vary according to the nature of the matters which are to be sublimed, and according to the form which is to be given to the sublimate. The beauty of some sublimates consists in their being composed of very fine, light parts, such as almost all those called flowers; as flowers of sulphur, of benzoin, and others of this kind. When the matters to be sublimed are at the same time volatile, a high cucurbit, to which is adapted a capital, and even several capitals placed one upon another, are employed. The sublimation is performed in a sand-bath, with only the precise degree of heat requisite to raise the substance which is to be sublimed, and the capitals are to be guarded as much as possible from heat. The height of the cucurbit and of the capital seems well contrived to accomplish this intention. When, along with the dry matter which is to be collected in these sublimations, a certain quantity of some liquor is raised, as happens in the sublimation of acid of borax, and in the rectification of volatile concrete alkali, which is a kind of sublimation, a passage and a receiver for these liquors must be provided. This is conveniently done by using the ordinary capital of the alem bic, furnished with a beak and a receiver. Some sublimates are required to be in masses as solid and compact as their natures allow. Of this number are camphor, muriate of ammonia, and all the sublimates of mercury. The properest vessels for these sublimations are bottles or matrasses, which are to be sunk more or less deeply in sand, according to the volatility and gravity of the matters that are to be sublimed. In this manner of subliming, the substances, having quitted the bottom of the vessel, adhere to its upper part, and, as this part is low and near the fire, they there suffer a degree of heat sufficient to give them a kind of fusion. The art, therefore, of conducting these sublimations consists in applying such a degree of heat, or in so disposing the sand (that is, making it cover more or less the matrass), that the heat in the upper part of the matrass shall be sufficient to make VOL. XXI. the sublimate adhere to the glass, and to give it such a degree of fusion as is necessary to rer der it compact; but at the same time this heat must not be so great as to force the sublimate through the neck of the matrass, and dissipate it. These conditions are not easily to be attained, especially in great works. Many substances may be reduced into flowers, and sublimed, which require for this purpose a very great heat, with the access of free air and even the contact of coals, and therefore cannot be sublimed in close vessels. Such are most soots or flowers of metals, and even some saline substances. When these sublimates are required, the matters from which they are to be separated must be placed among burning coals in open air; and the flowers are collected in the chimney of the furnace in which the operation is performed. The tutty, calamine, or pompholix, collected in the upper part of furnaces in which ore are smelted, are sublimates of this kind. SUBLIMATORY (from sublimation). Of or belonging to sublimation, or to the art of subliming. SUBLIMATORY VESSELS. See CHEMISTRY, Index. SUBLIMITY, in style. See LANGUAGE, ORATORY, and SIMPLICITY. SUBLINGUAL, adj. Fr. sublingual; Lat. sub and lingua. Placed under the tongue. Those subliming humours should be intercepted, before they mount to the head by sublingual pills. Harvey. SUBLINGUAL ARTERY OF SUBLINGUAL GLANDS. See ANATOMY. SUBLU'NAR, adj. Į Dull sublunary lovers! love, SUBMERGE', v. a. Į Fr. submerger; Lat. SUBMER'SION, n. s. submergo. To drown; to put under water: act or state of drowning. So half my Egypt was submerged, and made A cistern for scaled snakes. Shakspeare. Antony and Cleopatra. The great Atlantick island is mentioned in Plato's Timæus, almost contiguous to the western parts of Spain and Africa, yet wholly swallowed up by that ocean; which, if true, might afford a passage from Africa to America by land before that submersion. Hale's Origin of Mankind. SUBMIN'ISTER, v. a. Į Lat. subministro. To supply; to afford. A word not much in use. Some things have been discovered, not only by the industry of mankind, but even the inferior animals have subministered unto man the invention of many. things, natural, artificial, and medicinal. Hale's Origin of Mankind. Passions, as fire and water, are good servants, but bad masters, and subminister to the best and worst purposes. SUBMISS', adj. SUBMISSION, n. s. SUBMISSIVE, adj. SUBMISSIVELY, adv. SUBMISSIVENESS, n. s. SUBMISS'LY, adv. vatives correspond. L'Estrange. Lat. submissus. Humble; submissive; obsequious: submissive is the more common | adjective of the same meaning: all the deri Submission, dauphin! 'tis a mere French word; We English warriors wot not what it means. Shakspeare. Be not as extreme in submission as in offence. Id. On what submissive message art thou sent? Id. King James, mollified by the bishop's submiss and eloquent letters, wrote back, that though he were in part moved by his letters, yet he should not be fully satisfied except he spake with him. Bacon's Henry VII. If thou dost sin in wine and wantonness, Boast not thereof, nor make thy shame thy glory; Frailty gets pardon by submissiveness, But he that boasts shuts that out of his story; He makes flat war with God, and doth defy, With his poor clod of earth, the spacious sky. Herbert. Humility consists not in wearing mean cloaths, and going softly and submissly, but in mean opinion of thyself. Taylor. Rejoicing, but with awe, In adoration at his feet I fell Her at his feet submissive in distress Milton. SUBMONTORIUM, an ancient town Germany, in Vindelicia: now called Augsburg. SUBMULTIPLE, in geometry &c., coincide with an aliquot part. SUBMULTIPLE RATIO is that between the quan tity contained and the quantity containing. The the ratio of 3 to 21 is submultiple. In both cases submultiple is the reverse of multiple: 1, e. gr. being a multiple of 3, and the ratio of :: to 3 a multiple ratio. SUBNORMAL (Latin, sub and norma, i rule). Belonging to that point in the axis da curvilinear space which is intersected by a pe pendicular to a tangent drawn from any gr point in the curve. SUBNORMAL, the perpendicular to the tangent of a curve intercepting the axis. SUBOCTAVE, adj. and octuple. Conta Lat. sub and octers, SUBOC'TUPLE. ing one part of eight. As one of these under pulleys abates half of heaviness of the weight, and causes the power? in a subduple proportion: so two of them aba of that which remains, and cause a subquale proportion, three a sextuple, four a suboctuple Wilkins's Mathematical M Had they erected the cube of a foot for their pr cipal concave, and geometrically taken its subacta, have divided the congius into eight parts, eac the congius, from the cube of half a foot, they wo which would have been regularly the cube of a qua ter foot, their well-known palm: this is the cos taken for our gallon, which has the pint for its s Arbuthnot on Coins. octave. SUBOR'DINACY, n. s. SUBORDINANCY. SUBORDINATE, adj. & v. a. SUBORDINATELY, adv. SUBORDINATION, n. s. Lat. sub and ord natus. The state of being subject; series of subordi nation: inferior in order, nature, dignity, or power: to make so: the adverb and noun substantive corresponding. The two armies were assigned to the leading of two generals, rather courtiers than martial men, ye assisted with subordinate commanders of great e perience. Васт. If I have subordinated picture and sculpture to a chitecture, as their mistress, so there are other ferior arts subordinate to them. Wetton. It being the highest step of ill, to which all others subordinately tend, one would think it could be capa ble of no improvement. Decay of Pity. The natural creatures having a local subordination, the rational having a political, and sometimes a sacred. Holyday. His next subordinate Awakening, thus to him in secret spake. The subordinancy of the government changing hands so often, makes an unsteadiness in the pursuit of the public interests. Temple. Milton. Dryden. Nor can a council national decide, But with subordination to her guide. It was subordinate, not enslaved, to the understanding; not as a servant to a master, but as a queen to her king, who acknowledges a subjection, yet retains a majesty. South. Whether dark presages of the night proceed from any latent power of the soul during her abstraction, or from any operation of subordinate spirits, has been a dispute. Addison. Pursuing the imagination through all its extravagancies is no improper method of correcting, and bringing it to act in subordinacy to reason. Spectator. These carry such plain characters of disagreement or affinity, that the several kinds and subordinate species of each are easily distinguished. Woodward. Swift. If we would suppose a ministry, where every single person was of distinguished piety, and all great offcers of state and law diligent in chusing persons who in their several subordinations would be obliged to follow the examples of their superiors, the empire of irreligion would be soon destroyed. SUBORDINARIES. See HERALDRY. SUBORN', v. a. Fr. suborner; Lat. } SUBORNA TION, n. s. suborno. To procure privately; procure by secret collusion, or indirectly the noun substantive corresponding. Thomas earl of Desmond was through false subor nation of the queen of Edward IV. brought to his death at Tredah most unjustly. Spenser on Ireland. His judges were the self-same men by whom his accusers were suborned. Hooker. Fond wretch! thou knowest not what thou speakest, Or else thou art suborned against his honour In hateful practice. Shakspeare. You set the crown Upon the head of this forgetful man, And for his sake wear the detested blot Of murderous subornation. Reason may meet Id. Henry IV. Milton. Some specious object, by the foe suborned, His artful bosom heaves dissembled sighs; And tears suborned fall dropping from his eyes. Prior. Behold Those who by lingering sickness lose their breath, And those who by despair suborn their death. Dryden. The fear of punishment in this life will preserve men from few vices, since some of the blackest often prove the surest steps to favour; such as ingratitude, hypocrisy, treachery, and subornation. Swift. SUBORNATION, in English law, a secret, underhand, preparing, instructing, or bringing in a false witness; and hence subornation of perjury is the preparing or corrupt alluring to perjury. The punishment for the crime was formerly death, then banishment or cutting out the tongue, afterwards forfeiture of goods; and it is now a fine and imprisonment, and never more to be received as evidence. The stat. 2 Geo. II. c. 25. superadded a power for the court to order the offender to be sent to the house of correction for a term not exceeding seven years, or be transported for the same period. SUBPOENA, in law, is a writ whereby common persons are called into chancery, in such cases where the common law hath provided no ordinary remedy: and the name of it proceeds from the words therein, which charge the party called to appear at the day and place assigned, The subpœna sub pœna centum librarum, &c. is the leading process in the court of equity; and by statute, when a bill is filed against any person, process of subpoena shall be taken out to oblige the defendant to appear and answer the bill, &c. SUBPOENA AD TESTIFICANDUM, a writ or process to bring in witnesses to give their testimony. If a witness on being served with this process does not appear, the court will issue an attachment against him; or a party, plaintiff or defendant, injured by his non-attendance, may maintain an action against the witness. See Blackstone's Commentaries, vol. III. p. 369. SUBPOENA IN EQUITY, a process in equity, calling on a defendant to appear and answer to the complainant's bill. See stat. 5 Geo. II. c. 25, which enacts that where the party cannot be found to be served with a subpoena, and absconds (as is believed) to avoid being served, a day shall be appointed him to appear to the bill of the plaintiff; which is to be inserted in the London Gazette, read in the parish church where the defendant last lived, and fixed up at the Royal Exchange: and, if the defendant doth not appear upon that day, the bill shall be taken pro confesso. SUBQUADRUPLE, adj. Sub and quadruple. Containing one part of four. As one of these under pulleys abates half of that heaviness the weight hath in itself, and causes the power to be in a subduple proportion unto it, so two of them abate half of that which remains, and cause a subquadruple proportion. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick. SUBQUINTUPLE, adj. Sub and quintuple Containing one part of five. If unto the lower pulley there were added another, then the power would be unto the weight in a subquintuple proportion Wilkins's Mathematical Magick. SUBROGATION, or SURROGATION, in the civil law, the act of substituting a person, in the place, and entitling him to the rights of another. In its general sense, subrogation implies a succession of any kind, whether of a person to a person, or of a person to a thing. There are two kinds of subrogation: the one conventional, the other legal. Conventional subrogation is a contract whereby a creditor transfers his debt, with all appurtenances thereof, to the profit of a third person. Legal subrogation is that which the law makes in favor of a person who discharges an antecedent creditor; in which case there is a legal translation of all rights of the ancient creditor to the person of the new one. SUBSALT, a term first used by Dr. Pearson for a salt having an excess of base beyond what is requisite for saturating the acid, as supersalt is one with an excess of the acid. The sulphate of potash is the neutral compound of sulphuric |