This would take it much out of the care of the soul, to spiritualize and replenish it with good works. Hammond. I ask but half thy mighty spirit for me. Cowley. Oft pitying God did well-formed spirits raise, Fit for the toilsome bus'ness of their days, To free the groaning nation, and to give Peace first, and ther the rules in peace to live. Id. By means of the curious inosculation of the auditory nerves, the orgasins of the spirits should be allayed. Derham. In the same degree tha: virgins live more spiritually than other persons, in the same degree is their virginity a more excellent state. Taylor's Rule of Holy Living. These discourses made so deep impression upon the mind and spirit of the prince, whose nature was inclined to adventures, that he was transported with the thought of it. Clarendon. He sits Upon their tongues a various spirit, to rase In spirit perhaps he also saw Rich Mexico, the seat of Montezume. So talked the spirited sly snake. Milton. Id. Id. Paradise Lost. Of their wonted vigour left them drained, Exhausted, spiritless, afflicted, fallen. Id. More refined, more spiritous and pure, As nearer to him placed, or nearer tending. Milton. In the southern coast of America, the southern point of the needle varieth toward the land, as being disposed and spirited that way by the meridional and proper hemisphere. Browne. What the chymists call spirit, they apply the name to so many different things that they seem to have no settled notion of the thing. In general, they give the name of spirit to any distilled volatile liquor. Boyle. They, notwithstanding the great thinness and spiritousness of the liquor, did lift up the upper surface, and for a moment form a thin film like a small hemisphere. Id. Conceive one of each pronounced spiritally, the other vocally. Holder's Elements of Speech. That peculiar law of Christianity, which forbids revenge, no man can think grievous, who considers the restless torment of a malicious and revengeful spirit. Tillotson. The noblest spirit or genius cannot deserve enough of mankind, to pretend to the esteem of heroick Temple. virtue. He will be faint in any execution of such a counsel, unless spirited by the unanimous decrees of a general diet. Jd. Such spirits as he desired to please, such would I chuse for my judges. Dryden. To sing thy praise, would heaven my breath prolong, Infusing spirits worthy such a song, Not Thracian Orpheus should transcend my lays. VOL. XXI. Id. Whilst young, preserve his tender mind from all impressions of spirits and goblins in the dark. Id. God has changed men's tempers with the times. and made a spirit of building succeed a spirit of pulling down. South. There is in wine a mighty spirit, that will not be congealed. Id. The same disaster has invaded his spirituals; the passions rebel; and there are so many governours that there can be no government. Id. A pleasure made for the soul, suitable to its spirituality, and equal to all its capacities. Id. Many secret indispositions and aversions to duty will steal upon the soul, and it will require both time and close application of mind to recover it to such a frame as shall dispose it for the spiritualities of religion. Id. Art thou so base, so spiritless a slave? Not so he bore the fate to which you doomed him. Smith. Of common right, the dean and chapter are guardians of the spiritualities, during the vacancy of a bishoprick. Ayliffe. He showed the narrow spiritedness, pride, and ignorance of pedants. Nor once disturb their heavenly spirits With Scapin's cheats, or Cæsar's merits. Addison. Prior. If man will act rationally, he cannot admit any competition between a momentary satisfaction, and an everlasting happiness, as great as God can give, and our spiritualized capacities receive. Rogers. All men by experience find the necessity and aid of the spirits in the business of concoction. In distillations, what trickles down the sides of the receiver, if it will not mix with water, is oil; if it will, it is spirit. Arbuthnot on Aliments. The ministry had him spirited away, and carried abroad, as a dangerous person. Arbuthnot and Pope. The most spirituous and most fragrant part of the plant exhales by the action of the sun. Arbuthnot. All creatures, as well spiritual as corporeal, declare their absolute dependence upon the first Author of all beings, the only self-existent God. The clergy's business lies among the laity; nor is there a more effectual way to forward the salvation of men's souls, than for spiritual persons to make themselves as agreeable as they can in the conversations of the world. Id. If we seclude space, there will remain in the world but matter and mind, or body and spirit. Watts's Logick. You are all of you pure spirits. I don't mean that you have not bodies that want meat and drink, and sleep and clothing; but that all that deserves to be called you is nothing else but spirit. Law. Every thing that you call yours, besides this spirit, is but like your cloathing: sometimes that is only to be used for a while, and then to end, and die, and wear away. ld. He is the devout man, who lives no longer on his own will, or the way and spirit of the world, but to the sole will of God. Id. He is always forced to drink a hearty glass, to drive thoughts of business out of his head, and make his spirits drowsy enough for sleep. Id. She loves them as her spiritual children, and they SPIRIT, in metaphysics, an incorporeal being or intelligence; in which sense God is said to be a spirit, as are angels and the human soul. See ANGEL, METAPHYSICS, and THEOLOGY. SPIRIT, in chemistry and pharmacy, a name applied to every volatile liquid which is not insipid like phlegm or water; and hence the distinction into acid, alkaline, and vinous spirits. See PHARMACY, Index. SPIRIT, PYRO-ACETIC. Some dry acetates exposed to heat in a retort yield a quantity of a light volatile spirit, to which the above name is given. When the acetate is easily decomposed by the fire it affords much acid and little spirit; and, on the contrary, it yields much spirit and little acid when a strong heat is required for its &c., are in the first condition; those of barytes, decomposition. The acetates of nickel, copper, potash, soda, strontian, lime, manganese, and zinc, are in the second. The following table of M. Chenevix exhibits the products of the distillation of various acetates : TABLE of Pyro-acetic Spirit. Acetate of Acetate of Acetate of Acetate of Peracetate Acetate of Acetate of State of the base metallic. metallic. metallic. metallic. bl. oxide. wh. oxide. br. oxide. We see that, of all the acetates, that of silver gives the most concentrated and purest acetic acid, since it contains no pyro-acetic spirit. This spirit is limpid and colorless. Its taste is at first acrid and burning, then cooling, and in some measure urinous. Its odor approaches that of peppermint mingled with bitter almonds. Its specific gravity is 0.7864. It burns with a flame interiorly blue, but white on the outside. It boils at 138-2 Fahrenheit, and does not congeal at 5° Fahrenheit. With water it combines in every proportion, as well as with alcohol, and most of the essential oils. It dissolves but a little of sulphur and phosphorus, but camphor in very large quantity. Caustic potash has very little action on the pyro-acetic spirit. Sulphuric and nitrous acids decompose it; but muriatic acid forms with this body a compound, which is not acid, and in which we can demonstrate the presence of the muriatic acid only by igneous decomposition. Hence we perceive that pyro-acetic spirit is a peculiar substance, which resembles the ethers, alcohol, and volatile oils. To obtain it cheaply we may employ the acetate of lead of commerce. After having distilled this salt in an earthen retort, and collected the liquid products in a globe, communicating by a tube with a flask surrounded with ice, we saturate these products with a solution of potash or soda, and then separate the spirit by means of a second distillation, taking care to use a regulated heat. As it usually carries over with it a little water, it is proper to rectify it from dry muriate of lime.-Ann. de Chimie, tom. 69. SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. Moralists, philosophers, and divines, in all ages, and in almost all countries (for all countries abound in some kind of spirituous liquors), have exclaimed against the abuse of spirituous liquors, and with justice; for no human invention has ever tended more to corrupt the morals, and ruin the character, constitution, and circumstances, of numberless individuals, than habitual and excessive indulgence in spirituous liquors. But, while these abuses of them are to be regretted, their proper use and importance should not be overlooked. learned Dr. Rush of Philadelphia has written much upon this subject; and, in his zeal for the health and morals of the people, proposes a total The abolition of the manufacture. In this we differ from that learned physician. Spirituous liquors are not only useful in social life, as a means of conviviality, but in many cases highly beneficial as a medicine. In cases of sudden faintings, apoplectic fits, extreme debility, and, above all, in cases of excessive perspiration, there is no remedy or antidote so speedy and certain in affording effectual relief, except to such as have ruined their constitutions by excessive indulgence in them, as a glass of good spirits. These have another advantage, that, in cases of sudden emergency, they are always at hand; whereas few persons in health keep an assortment of medicines in their possession; and the surgeon, physician, and laboratory, are often at a great distance. Spirituous liquors have in all nations been considered as a proper subject of heavy taxation for the support of the state. This has naturally occasioned a nice examination of their strength. It having been at last found that this was intimately connected with the specific gravity, this has been examined with the most scrupulous attention to every circumstance which could affect it, so that the duties might be exactly proportioned to the quantity of spirit in any strong liquor, independent of every other circumstance of flavor or taste, or other valued quality. The chemist at last found that the basis of all strong liquors is the same, produced by the vinous fermentation of pure saccharine matter dissolved in water. He also found that whether this vegetable salt be taken as it is spontaneously formed in the juices of plants and fruits, or as it may be formed or extricated from farinaceous fruits and roots by a certain part of the process of vegetation, it produces the same ardent spirit, which has always the same density in every mixture with water. The minute portions of aromatic oils, which are in some degree inseparable from it, and give it a different flavor, according to the substance from which it was obtained, are not found to have any sensible effect on its density or specific gravity. This seems very completely established in consequence of the unwearied attempts of the manufacturers to lessen the duties payable on their goods by mixtures of other substances, which would increase their density without making them less palatable. The vigilance of the revenue officers was no less employed to detect every such contrivance. In short, it is now an acknowledged point that the specific gravity is an accurate test of the strength. But it was soon found, by those who were appointed guardians of the revenue, that a mixture which appeared to contain thirty-five gallons of alcohol did really contain thirty-five and a half. This they found by actually making such a mixture: eighteen gallons of alcohol mixed with eighteen of water produced only thirty-five gallons of spirits. The revenue officers, finding that this condensation was most remarkable in mixtures of equal parts of water and the strongest spirits which could then be procured, determined to levy the duties by this mixture; because, whether the spirituous liquor was stronger or weaker than this, it would appear, by its specific gravity, rather stronger than it really was. This sagacious observation, and the simplicity of the composition, which could at all times be made for comparison, seem to be the reasons for our excise officers selecting this mode of estimating the strength and levying the duties. A mixture of nearly equal measures of water and alcohol is called proof spirit, and pays a certain duty per gallon; and the strength of a spirituous liquor is estimated by the gallons, not of alcohol, but of proof spirit which the cask contains. But, because it might be difficult to procure at all times this proof spirit for comparison, such a mixture was made by order of the board of excise; and it was found that, when six gallons of it was mixed with one gallon of water, a wine gallon of the mixture weighed seven pounds thirteen ounces avoirdupois. The board therefore declared that the spirituous liquor of which the gallon weighed seven pounds thirteen ounces should be reckoned one to six, or one in seven, under proof. This is but an awkward and complex formula: it was in order to suit matters to a mode of examination which had by time obtained the sanction of the board. Mr. Clarke, an ingenious artist of that time, had made a hydrometer incomparably more exact than any other, and constructed on mathematical principles, fit for computation. This had a set of weights corresponding to the additions of water or proof spirit, and the mixture one to six or one in seven was the only one which weighed an exact number of ounces per gallon without a fraction SPIRT, v. n., v. a. & n.s. Belg. spruyten, to SPIR'TLE, v. a. shoot up (Skinner); Swed. spritta, to fly out (Lye); Goth. sprita. See SPRIT. To spring out in a sudden stream: stream out by intervals; throw out in a jet: sudden ejection or effort: to spirtle is a corruption of spirt. Bottling of beer, while new and full of spirit, so that it spirteth when the stopple is taken forth, maketh the drink more quick and windy. Bacon's Natural History. The brains and mingled blood were spirtled on the Drayton. wall. When weary Proteus When rains the passage hide, Gay. The terraqueous globe would, by the centrifugal force of that motion, be soon dissipated and spirtled into the circumambient space, was it not kept together by this noble contrivance of the Creator. Derham's Physico- Theology. Thus the small jett, which hasty hands unlock, Spirts in the ga.dener's eyes who turns the cock. SPIRY, adj. From SPIRE. wreathed; curled. Pope. Pyramidal ; Dryden. Hid in the spiry volumes of the snake, Thy eyes diffused a reconciling ray, From his modest and humble charity, virtues which rarely cohabit with the swelling windiness of much knowledge, issued this spiss and dense yet polished, this copious yet concise, treatise of the variety of languages. Brerewood. Drawing wine or beer from the lees, called racking, it will clarify the sooner; for, though the lees keep the drink in heart, and make it lasting, yet they cast up some spissitude. Bacon. Spissitude is subdued by acrid things, and acrimony by inspissating. Arbuthnot on Aliments. SPIT, n. s. & v. a. Į Sax. rpitan; Belg. spit; SPIT'TED, adj. Ital. spedo. A long prong on which meat is driven, to be turned before the fire: the depth of a spade in digging: to put on a spit; thrust through: spitted is shot out into length. A goodly city is this Antium; 'Tis I that made thy widows: then know me not, Lest that thy wives with spits, and boys with stones, puny battle slay me. Shakspeare. Coriolanus. In I see my cousin's ghost Seeking out Romeo, that did spit his body Upon a rapier's point. Shakspeare. Whether the head of a deer, that by age is more spitted, may be brought again to be more branched. Dryden. Swift. With Peggy Dixon thoughtful sit, Contriving for the pot and spit. SPIT, v. a., v. n. & n. s. Į Sax. гporan; Dan. SPITTLE, n. s. spytter; Swed. sputa; Lat. sputo. To eject from the mouth: throw out spittle: the saliva of the mouth. He spat on the ground, made clay of the spittle, and anointed the eyes of the blind man. John ix. 6. And when he had spat on the ground, he anointed his eyes. Gospel. Shakspeare. A large mouth, indeed, That spits forth death and mountains. Very good orators, when they are here, will spit. Id. His heart too great, though fortune little, To lick a rascal statesman's spittle. Swift. Spit on your finger and thumb, and pinch the snuff till the candle goes out. Id. Rules for Servants. SPITCH COCK, v. a. To cut an eel in pieces and roast him; or rather the eel so roasted: of Teut. speits kochen; i. e. that which is cooked on a spit. No man lards salt pork with orange peel, Or garnishes his lamb with spitchcockt eel. King. SPITE, n. s. & v. a.- Fr. despit; Belg. spijt; SPITE FUL, adj. Malice; Ital. spetto. SPITE FULLY, adv. rancor; malignity; maSPITE FULNESS, n. s. levolence: in spite of' is in defiance of: to spite is to vex; treat with malice; offend the adjective and adverb correspond. This breeding rather spite than shame in her, or, if it were a shame, a shame not of the fault but of the repulse, she did thirst for a revenge. Sidney. So with play did he a good while fight against the fight of Zelmane, who, more spited with that courtesy, that one that did nothing should be able to resist her. burned away with choler any motions which might grow out of her own sweet disposition. Jd. The Jews were the deadliest and spitefullest enemies of Christianity that were in the world, and in this respect their orders to be shunned. Hooker. Beguiled, divorced, wronged, spighted, slain, Most detestable death, by thee. All you have done Hath been but for a wayward son, Spiteful and wrathful. I'll guard thee free, And save thee in her spite. Shakspeare. Id. Macbeth. Chapman. Our publick form of divine service and worship is in every part thereof religious and holy, maugre the malice of spiteful wretches who have depraved it. White. Bewray they did their inward boiling spite, Each stirring others to revenge their cause. Daniel. Done all to spite The great Creator; but their spite still serves His glory to augment. Milton's Paradise Lost. Twice false Evadne, spitefully forsworn! That fatal beast like this I would have torn. Waller. Darius, spited at the magi, endeavoured to abolish not only their learning but their language. Temple. In spite of me I love, and see too late My mother's pride must find my mother's fate. Dryden. The spiteful stars have shed their venom down, And now the peaceful planets take their turn. In fireworks give him leave to vent his spite; Those are the only serpents he can write. Id. Id. Blessed be such a preacher, whom God made use of to speak a word in season, and saved me in spite of the world, the devil, and myself. South. Contempt is a thing made up of an undervaluing of a man, upon a belief of his utter uselessness, and a spiteful endeavour to engage the rest of the world in the same slight esteem of him. Id. For thy loved sake, spite of my boding fears, I'll meet the danger which ambition brings. Rowe. That makes the waned widow wed again, She whom the spittle house, and ulcerous sores, Would cast the gorge at. Id. Timon. Cure the spittle world of maladies. Cleaveland. SPITTLE, in physiology. See SALIVA. SPITZBERGEN, or East Greenland, a name that has been given to a group of islands in the Northern Ocean, formerly supposed to make part of the continent. They are situated between 76° 30′ and 80° 30' N. lat., and between 9° and 20° E. long. The land was first discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby in the year 1553, who called it Groenland. In 1595 it was again visited by Barentz and Cornelius, two Dutchmen, who pretended to be the original discoverers, and called the country Spitzbergen, or Sharp Mountains, from the many sharp-pointed and rocky mountains with which it abounds. They alleged that the coast discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby was some other country; which accordingly the Hollanders delineated on their maps and charts by the name of Willoughby Land; whereas in fact no such land ever existed; and, long before the voyage of these Dutchmen, Barrows, an English shipmaster, had coasted along a desolate country from lat. 78° to 80° 11′ N., which was undoubtedly-Spitzbergen. The sea in the neighbourhood abounding in whales, this country has been long the common resort of the fishing ships from different countries. But, till the voyage of captain Phipps in 1773, the situation of the country was erroneously laid down. This group extends further north than any other country yet discovered, and approaches within ten degrees of the pole. Spitzbergen is encompassed by the Arctic Ocean, and, though annually visited by vessels engaged in the whale fishery, it does not ever appear to have been permanently inhabited. The main-land stretches about 300 miles, nearly in the direction of the meridian, as South Cape is in lat. 76° 30′, and the opposite extremity in 80° 7' of latitude; and even one of the islands reaches 80° 40'. The climate of these dreary regions is almost always intensely cold; and even in the three warmest months in the year, when the sun constantly shines, and the air is usually clear, the mean temperature is only about 34° 30′ of Fahrenheit's scale; while, during this period, the thermometer is often below the freezing point. The sun shines without setting for about four months in the year, and which has, therefore, been called their longest day. But, after he has passed the equinox, the approach of winter becomes very rapid. The sun sinks wholly below the horizon, and the temperature diminishes till the cold becomes intense. The birds of passage take their flight to milder regions, and the beasts that remain retire to their winter abodes. At this season the bear alone roams abroad. But man, as if determined to contest the sovereignty of desolation with this arctic monster, has even dared to winter on these bleak shores. Actuated by the prospect of gain to be derived from the opportunities of hunting and fishing during the winter, several adventurers annually proceed from Archangel and other ports on the White Sea, in small vessels fitted out for the purpose, and supplied with provisions and stores of all kinds that may be requisite for their support. Fuel, and huts ready constructed, are also taken out. These vessels either winter in some of the most obscure coves along the coast, or return with the members of the small colony, and the produce of their labors, that had been left the preceding year. As soon as they arrive at the place of their destination, the huts are erected, and the sailors remain on shore during the winter. Being accustomed to so severe a climate in their own country, they are seldom prevented from going abroad, unless when buried beneath the snow, which sometimes happens. In such cases they are obliged to make their way through the chimney to get out. The object of the adventurers is to kill whales, seals, seahorses, bears, rein-deer, and arctic foxes. Instead of receiving wages from their employers, they are supplied with provisions and other stores, and are entitled to a certain portion of the produce of their labors when they return. Some of them are even hardy enough to prolong their stay for two or three years; but in that case they often fall victims to the fatal effects of the scurvy, which is the great bane of those regions. Though the sun remains below the horizon for about four months in the year, it is seldom very dark during that season; for the brightness of the moon, which sometimes shines for nearly fourteen days together, the resplendent brilliancy of the stars, and the reflection of the aurora borealis, which often resembles a blaze of fire, afford sufficient light to read by. The surface of Spitzbergen presents a scene or rugged nakedness and desolation, which is, perhaps, unparalleled. Buried beneath almost perpetual snow, its vegetable productions are |