partment, something may be said; because the great depth of soil in garden-ground admits of the roots of fruit-trees descending far deeper, than can be expected in the park; not to mention the advantage, derived by the owner, of cultivating leguminous crops on the surface. But I am satisfied, were the fruit-borders in gardens, and especially in Orchards, to be left undisturbed, unless by the hoe, and were the extension or improvement of pabulum for the roots to be made upon the surface, as just now directed, that the effects would be not less surprising than those, which I myself have experienced.*

There is another remedy, which I have sometimes tried, for backwardness in the growth of Trees, and which, although I cannot recommend it with the same confidence as the above Panacean Compound (if I may so call it), is yet deserving of the reader's notice. It consists of the juice or moisture proceeding from the Dunghill, which, being collected in a well or pit, is pumped up into the water-cart; and it is frequently used for decomposing peat, or manuring grass-grounds in the spring. When intended for Trees, damp weather, or immediately after rain, is the time for applying it, on account of the quantity of ammonia in different forms, and the various salts which it con

* NOTE II.

tains. It is poured on, in the same slow and gradual way, as directed for the water, but in not more than half the quantity at a time.

As this liquid may be considered as the extract of the most useful vegetable and animal manures, with a strong infusion of urine in a putrid state, so it has probably, in its composition, too much animal matter, to form a proper nourishment, by absorption, for the roots of woody plants. All urine contains the essential elements of vegetables, in a state of solution. During putrefaction, a great part of the soluble animal matter is destroyed; therefore, it is proper always to use it in as fresh a state as possible; or otherwise, to dilute it copiously with water, which a moist state of the ground, or the water which falls into the pit, as above, will contribute to effect. When managed, however, in the most judicious manner, this liquid rather disappointed me in its effects on Trees, and I should far rather prefer the excellent compound already described.*

There is only one other point, in the department of After-work, which it may be worth while to touch upon, in as far as Open Dispositions of wood are concerned, and that is, the Setting Straight after a certain period. There is nothing that contributes more to the beauty of park-wood, and particularly of removed Trees, than their main

NOTE III.

taining the upright position, and their appearing unaffected by the western, and southwestern blasts. Those, who possess grounds on the western coast, will more especially feel the importance of this remark. Whatever be the pains and care, which we bestow on making our Trees steadfast in the planting, it will sometimes happen, on a large scale of work, and in bleak situations, that a few may have discernibly yielded to the blast, after being a twelvemonth in the ground. It is proper, therefore, in the spring of the second year, to go over the whole, and, by means of a long Rope, fixed as near as possible to the top, to bring such as require it to the windward side. The longer the lever, the greater, of course, will be the effect produced.

The speediest way is, to turn out a number of hands, sufficient to command the Tree at once, eight or nine persons at the least; taking care to secure the bark of the stem, by various folds of mat, interposed between it and the turns of the rope. When the Tree has been sufficiently bent down towards the proper quarter, let the Director of the work minutely examine where the ground rents, on the lee side, and order an opening to be made at the place, with as little injury as possible to the roots, of a foot or eighteen inches long, and of half the width. While the Tree is held in the heeling position, heavy masses of green

sward are then procured, as large as can be lifted with the spade, and rammed into the opening, firmly treading them in with the foot, or securing them, if needful, with the beater. If this be done in April, before the sap flows abundantly, no damage will be suffered by the bark, and little by the roots. As the position of the Tree is reversed in the planting, and the longest branches, and consequently the longest roots, are turned to the stormy quarter, you will probably have no further trouble with it; although a second revision of its position is always advisable, in the spring of the following year.

Upon the whole, this is a work, which, according to the Preservative system, is so seldom necessary, that the mention of it in this place might seem superfluous. But, in a body of instructions, intended for general use, it is advisable to guard against every contingency. In respect to the Propping or Supporting of Trees with wood, or ropes, or other materials, which, with many planters, forms a principal and important branch of their After-work, it is wholly unknown at this place. Indeed, whoever considers the method of securing the roots, above delineated, will perceive, that such adventitious and unsightly contrivances are altogether superseded by that method. During the course of thirty years, as already mentioned, we have never had a Tree blown down,

and very rarely one displaced from its original position; and it is probably to the undisturbed state of the roots, owing to that circumstance, during the two first years after removal, that our success may, in a great measure be attributed.

I will now proceed, in the Second place, to speak of Close Woods and Plantations. The After-work applicable to these will not require a long discussion. Much of the After-work, that is proper for Single Trees, equally applies to enclosed masses of wood: Besides, the same minuteness of attention, and diversity of labour, are not demanded by the latter, as by the former style of plantation.

In the foregoing three Sections, the method has been pointed out of preparing and planting Close Woods, which, in their handsomest form, consist of Standard or Grove Trees, with Underwood intermixed. Such plantations, having been previously trenched, and manured to a potatoe-crop, are in a state of preparation, far exceeding any that can be obtained for open groups, and still more for detached or single Trees. One advantage above all others they possess, and that is, that the plants, which compose them, form a complete shelter to one another, and thereby create a climate, for the plantation, many times milder than that of the surrounding grounds. Here also a far greater stagnation of air prevails, and, consequently, a re