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being about 6 cwt. avoirdupois; and it is calculated for Trees of from eighteen, to more than fiveand-thirty feet high.

For Underwood, large Shrubs, or the like, of which the roots and branches are not extensive, I have sometimes made use of a Machine still lighter, and more manageable than any of the three above delineated. It consists of the pole of the Smallsized Machine, as already described, mounted on a pair of old Coach Wheels, from 4 to 41 F. high, with one stage only upon the cross-bar. To these have been added Fellies 4 In. broad, with an iron Rim In. thick. Such a Machine may be drawn by a small poney, and is admirably adapted to light work. Whether with or without a horse, it can be conveniently introduced into woods and plantations, where a larger implement would not be productive of the same dispatch, and where it could not by any means be brought to operate.*

*

On considering these different Machines, the planter will find that they possess advantages, not at first sight apparent, but which will fully develope themselves in practice. The breadth of the Stages, which are moveable at pleasure; the shortness of the Stays; the curvature of the Axle; the Iron on the pole, &c.; the position of the Third Wheel; the relative proportions and adaptations

*NOTE III.

of the different parts to one another; all these tend, in the most eminent degree, to combine lightness with strength, and accuracy and dispatch with a due preservation of the roots and branches, during the Transportation.

It is particularly to be noticed, that these implements, as well as the Trees recommended to be removed by them, are of very moderate dimensions, and intended solely for the meridian of Scotland. In England, I am aware, that far larger operations are carried on, and far greater success may possibly be attained, than any that we can here boast of. But the scale in question is perhaps highly enough estimated for a country, whose Power, according to the philosophical notion of it above mentioned, is of such inconsiderable extent. In England, where that power is vast, I had almost said unlimited, a much larger scale may very properly be adopted. Size of subjects, as has been already observed, offers no material impediment to successful Removal, except encreased expenditure. If the true principles of the art be once fully established, and clearly understood, it will be easy to apply them to any scale of operations, from the least to the greatest.

SECTION IX.

PLANTING OF THE TREES, IN THEIR NEW
SITUATION.

IN the foregoing Section, we have seen the method, by which the Tree is taken up, and transported on the Machine. Let us now follow it to its destination in the open park.

It has been above observed, that, for the safety and success of the operation, the rate of moving along the ground cannot be too slow. At that already pointed out of two miles and a half an hour, the difference between travelling a mile, and half a mile, does not very materially encrease the labour of transportation. If the pit have been prepared a twelvemonth beforehand, the opening of it now is an easy business; and, for that purpose, should it not have been done previously to the Taking-up, two or three workmen should be sent forward, to throw out the earth regularly on all sides, to the depth of fourteen or fifteen inches at first, leaving, next the inside edge, a space of

eighteen inches or two feet clear; so that the excavation can be enlarged, if requisite, without the necessity of removing the mound thrown up.

When the Machine has got within forty or fifty yards of the place, it is proper to halt the horses, in order to make two necessary arrangements, the one in which the root, and the other in which the top is concerned. The Director of the work first rapidly measures, with his eye, the depth of the root (that is, the thickness of the mass of roots and earth together, from the upper part of the collar, to the under-bed of the roots), in order to ascertain, if the excavation be of the proper depth? Supposing the depth of the root to be fourteen or fifteen inches (which, in a Beech, is very supposable), and the whole depth of the prepared soil of the pit to be two feet; then he directs the workmen to prepare a bed in the centre, somewhat deeper, say three or four inches, to receive the tap-roots, should they be prominent, which with the Beech seldom happens; sloping the pit upwards in the cup-fashion, but leaving it at the sides as high as before.

It is a matter of first-rate importance to get the Tree set in the pit as shallow as possible, and to allow a sufficient pabulum for the downright roots, on the one hand, and a sufficient cover at top, upon the other. If the subsoil be dry, the Director may give and take a little in making his

estimate; but, if it be tenacious of moisture, better that you should have a cart-load or two of earth to add to the mound afterwards, than that the roots should be deprived of the full influence of the sun and air, by being insufficiently raised up. No stagnation of water can ever occur in the prepared soil of the pit, if the directions, given in the last Section, as to judicious excavation, be properly apprehended and followed out.

The second thing he has to advert to is, to ascertain the position, on the stem, of the mark previously made, while the Tree stood upright, for designating the side where the longest boughs are thrown out, so that, in moving towards the pit, such a course may be steered, as to bring those boughs to the stormy quarter, which generally is the west or southwest. Almost all Trees, as already stated in Section IV., are unequally balanced, and show, in their tops, more or less of what is called " a weather-side." This, in many cases is a striking deformity, especially in situations on the western coasts, and is often seen to mar the effect of Trees otherwise beautiful. It proceeds from the tendency, which they uniformly have, to throw out longer, but thinner branches on the leeside, and shorter, and closer branches and spray on that, from which the blast assails them.

By the law of nature we find, that, wherever the action of the air, and consequently of cold is

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