in the "most learned and pious Dr. Hammond," with whom he now contracted an intimate and permanent friendship, and whose name he ever after mentioned with kindness and respect.

Amongst the books which he wrote at this time was a treatise on the early church in Asia Minor, intended to show that the bishop of Ephesus exercised an extensive authority similar to that of our archbishops; thus adducing a precedent for that ecclesiastical office.

In the early part of the lamentable civil war, the lawfulness of taking arms against the king was a frequent subject of discussion. When the archbishop was consulted, he gave his opinion honestly and plainly, that when he looked at the matter by the light of Scripture,. he could find neither precept nor example to countenance rebellion, and that nothing could justify subjects in having recourse to such means of enforcing their demands: and he thought it the duty of a christian to refuse to bear arms, when called upon by any other authority than that of the king. He added, that in the present case all pretences for rebellion appeared to be taken away, since the king had promised a great reformation of all abuses and grievances in the established religion and government. "There are, (no question,)" he admits, "many which follow them, who really intend the advancement of religion, going after them, as many did after Absalom, in the simplicity of their hearts, expecting a speedier course of justice, and redress of grievances which they suffered by some evil officers under David. (2 Sam. xv. 4. 11.) But, for the other, to whom we owe this war, and who will rule and dispose all if they do prevail; their end intended and driven at is, the abolishing of the public service and liturgy which is established by law, the utter taking away of episcopal government, which has always been; and for

their greater security they will have the power which by law is his majesty's; and because these are not granted, arms are taken up by subjects to the invading of his majesty's rights and power; and for the maintaining of them, the right and liberty of subjects are destroyed."

About this time he preached before the king on a fastday, taking for his text, 2 Chron. vii. 14. If my people which are called by my name shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways, then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal the land. In the course of this sermon he said, that "the casting our eyes upon other men's sins more than upon our own makes us to esteem the things we suffer to be the injuries of men and not the punishments of God. When the outward senses fail, we take it to be a sign of approaching death; and so when we are given over to have eyes which see not, and ears which hear not, it is an argument of decaying souls. For as no prayers or fastings in the world can sanctify a rebellion, nor tempt God to own an unjust party, so neither will a good cause alone justify us, any more than a true religion without practice; we must first do our duties, otherwise neither the one nor the other will do us any good." He then went on to lament and reprove the crying sins of the age, and inveighed against "the looseness and debauch'dness of manners which he had observed in too many who believed that the being of the right side would atone for all other faults."

In conversation also, he expressed his fears that those who were maintaining a right cause would frustrate all their hopes of success by their own bad lives; for how, he asked, could they expect the blessing of God upon their arms while they were daily fighting against Him? Neither did he spare the promoters of that war.

He

showed how contrary to the Gospel were strife and contention; reminded the people that the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace of them that make peace (James iii. 18), and cautioned those who were so hot against popery to be as zealous in restraining sacrilege, plunder, and avarice, luxury, drunkenness, and gluttony, arrogance, pride, and hypocrisy.

Early in the year 1645 there was an expectation that Oxford would be besieged by the parliamentary forces; and the archbishop's friends advised him to retire to some other part of the country. Accordingly, he determined to repair to Cardiff Castle, of which his son-in-law, sir Timothy Tyrrel, was governor, being also general of the ordnance under lord Gerard, the lieutenant-general of his majesty's forces in South Wales.

Having taken leave of the king, he accompanied the Prince of Wales as far as Bristol, and from thence proceeded to Cardiff, "where his son and daughter welcomed him with all that joy and affection which so good a father, after so long an absence, could expect."

Here he passed almost a year, free from the dangers of war, so that he had a good opportunity for pursuing his studies, having brought several chests of books with him; and he made considerable progress in the first part of his Annals.

"Whilst he remained in this retreat the fatal battle of Naseby was fought; and after it the king passed into Wales, where he first rested at Ragland Castle, in Monmouthshire, and, proceeding from thence to Cardiff, stayed there several days. He was glad to meet his chaplain, who preached before him in this hour of adversity, and conversed much with the unfortunate monarch, who stood so greatly in need of the consolations of religion. And when he departed a few days after, the

archbishop, as he talked with Dr. Parr, deplored the danger which encompassed the king, the great effusion of blood by the hands of fellow-countrymen, and the prostrate condition of the church.

The king soon after found occasion to collect the greater part of his forces from the stations in which they were quartered,, and the garrison of Cardiff was abandoned amongst the rest. The archbishop was therefore obliged to remove to some other asylum, and he reflected with no small degree of perplexity whither he should next direct the steps of his family. He once more thought of Oxford; but, in order to arrive there, he must have passed through a tract of country which was occupied by the enemy, and so that journey seemed impracticable. He next contemplated crossing over to France or Holland, for he had received offers of kindness from both countries. But whilst he was at a loss to determine what course to take, the dowager lady Stradling sent to invite him to her castle of St. Donat's, and he gladly accepted her proffered hospitality.

It was scarcely safe, however, to undertake that journey; for the Welsh had risen in arms, to the number, as it was estimated, of ten thousand, and it was known that, whatever other object they might have in view, they were animated by very unfriendly feelings towards the English. Some, however, of the inhabitants of Cardiff offered to conduct the family to St. Donat's by a way which should avoid this tumultuous assemblage; but, unfortunately, it happened that a straggling party, which was scouting near the mountains, fell in with the little company of travellers, and, carrying them to the main body, proclaimed that their prisoners were English.

This was the signal for plunder. The archbishop, his

daughter, and the other ladies, were dragged from their horses; the chests which accompanied them were immediately broken open, and the books, manuscripts, and other property which they contained, were quickly dispersed among a thousand hands.

Their deliverance from the alarming situation in which they were now placed was owing to the timely arrival of some of the officers, who, being gentlemen of the country, were indignant at such barbarous usage of inoffensive travellers; they ordered the immediate restitution of the horses and other property, and then conducted the party to the neighbouring house of sir John Aubrey, where they were kindly received and lodged for the night. When the archbishop retired to his room, and looked over his books and papers, he was greatly distressed at discovering that many documents which he valued were missing and spoke of it as a loss which troubled him more than any which he had yet been called upon to sustain.

Next morning several of the neighbouring gentry and clergy came to pay their respects to him, and promised their best efforts for the recovery of his lost property; after which they conducted him to St. Donat's castle.

-During the next two or three months nearly all the manuscripts were recovered. Notices were read in the churches that "All who had any of those books or papers should bring them to their ministers or landlords;" and by such means they were restored to their rightful owner.

At St. Donat's the archbishop had access to an excellent library, which had been collected by sir Edward Stradling, a distinguished antiquary, and a friend of Camden's. Here were many curious manuscripts, and, amongst others, some which related to the early history of Wales, from which the archbishop made numerous