Varlin, Combault, and Johannard upon it, to get out a manifesto against the coming plebescitum (a citation of the plebs, or people) as it was called. Upon this the Government again determined on resuming active measures against the International.

Just before election-day a scheme of these amiable Radicals, to blow up the Emperor by the use of bombshells, as had been twelve years before attempted by Orsini, Derudio, Pieri, and Gomez, was discovered by the police. For this manifestation of a withdrawal of confidence there were arrested Megy, Tony Moilin, Raoul Rigault, Flourens, Cournet, and Tridon. These men, though hand-in-glove with the International, still (with the exception of Megy), were not strictly members, having no trade. Upon the exposure of the bomb-plot the newspapers of Paris accused the International of complicity, at which the following exquisitely-impudent proclamation was published in the Marseillaise:

The Paris Federal Council of the International Association of Workingmen presents a formal contradiction to the accusations and insinuations of the official and officious journals.

It is false that the International had anything to do with the new conspiracy, which doubtless had more reality than the preceding inventions of the same order.

The International knows too well that the sufferings of all kinds which the proletariat* endures, belong much more to the actual economic state than to the accidental despotism of a few makers of coups d'etat,† to lose its time in dreaming of the suppression of one of them.

The International Association of Workingmen, a permanent conspiracy against all oppressors and all speculators, will exist in spite of all the powerless prosecutions against the supposed leaders, as long as all the speculators, capitalists, priests, and political adventurers shall not have disappeared. For the Federal Council, the members present:

The third paragraph of this manifesto betrays the very loftiest affectation of insolence. Louis Napoleon had suddenly

*The poor class.

+Strikes of State.

turned from President of the Second Republic into Emperor, and the people had stood it. Such an operation, when successful, is called by the French, and lately by all the world, a "strike of State." Therefore, the International says, it is engaged too deeply in an effort to break up property to care much as to what a few political adventurers, such as his Imperial Highness, the Emperor of France, and his high Dignitaries, may be doing in the way of tinkering with the merely political Government!

This was too much.

Thirty-eight members of the International were immediately arrested. Among them were Louise Eugene Varlin, binder; Benoist Malon, bookseller's clerk; Andre Pierre Murat, machinist; Jules Johannard, foliage-maker; Louis Jean Pindy, joiner; Amedee Benjamin Combault, jeweler; Augustin Avrial, engineer; Marie Antoine Rocher, publicist; Pierre Sabourdy, printer in the office of the Marseillaise; Adolphe Alphonse Assi, engineer; Camille Pierre Langevin, metal-turner; Louis Paul Robin, teacher; Albert Thiesz, chiseler; Louis Chalain; Gustave Emile Durand, jeweler; Emile Victor Duval, iron-founder; Leo Frankel, jeweler.

The developments of this third trial of Internationals would ordinarily have been sufficient to excite all Paris. As it was, with the certainty of a bloody war with Germany, such documents as Cluseret's letter to Varlin, and such discoveries as directions for the use of nitro-glycerine and explosive missiles "to be thrown in at windows," etc., which had been found at the houses of the accused, were crowded into small space in the newspapers, and Paris slept on, while she supposed she was at the very climax of a restless vigil.

The result of this trial was that Varlin, Malon, Murat, Johannard, Pindy, Combault, and Heligon were condemned to one year's imprisonment and $20 fine. Assi and three others were discharged, proof failing against them. All the others went to prison for two months.*

*The author is much indebted to a little work by Villetard, a writer on the Paris Journal des Debats, which volume contains many striking facts, though under a distributive arrangement peculiar to the French, and at variance with the natural order of things. This book has been translated into English by Susan M. Day, and called the "History of the International." It is published at New Haven, Conn., by George H. Richmond & Co.

Another bloody scene in the streets of Paris resulted in the capture and conviction of an assassin named Eudes, who was sentenced to death, but escaped his deserts for a time, and accordingly became a member in high standing with the International.

The people of Spain next called upon the German Prince of Hohenzollern to assume the Spanish throne. The Emperor of France declared that such a step must succeed only by force and arms. The King of Prussia quickly sent in the declination of the Prince of Hohenzollern. The Bonapartists, feeling the need of more "glory" to sustain a waning fortune, still demanded war. Germany marched into France with her needleguns then a new, but now already an obsolete contrivanceand captured the Emperor and his army at Sedan, September 4, 1870. The International had viewed this war with extreme displeasure, evinced in many manifestos, signed by the names which are now familiar to the reader.

Upon the capture of the Emperor of the French the Second Empire fell to pieces. The lower House of Congress proclaimed the Third Republic, and men who hated Louis Napoleon, such as Jules Favre and General Trochu, were given direction of the troubled affairs of stricken France. Favre became Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Trochu Minister of War and President. The Senate was abolished. The Third Republic began its reign with the destruction of all superficial reminders of the Bonaparte family, and claimed recognition by Germany as the Government of France This was denied by the enemy, who marched upon Paris, subjecting the great city to a siege of four months and a half. During most of this time the celebrated Thiers, who had pleaded so earnestly in Congress against the war with Germany, was in person beseeching the different Cabinets of Europe to come to the relief of the French. His efforts, though lamentable failures, endeared him in the popular heart.

The bulk of the members of the great society in Paris. organized into companies of militia, or home guards, called in France the National Guard. This National Guard was not long in appointing a Central Committee. The Central Com

mittee was the International. Now there is little doubt but that, at the beginning of the siege, Thiers, Trochu, and Favre thought themselves fair representatives of the ideas of the masses of the International. The statesmen supposed a Republic was what was wanted, and they had no thought or suspicion of the real character of the National Guard rather did they rely upon the soldiers of the National Guard to uphold their Republic against the returning soldiers of the Empire, who might, after the war was over, object to the change in Government.

One moment of Paris itself:

A river runs through the city nearly from east to west. The more important of two little islands in the river is occupied by some of the most celebrated edifices, such as the Church of Notre Dame, the Court-House, the City Hospital, etc., and, from its being the most ancient in its history, is called "The City." Down the river a mile, on the north side, there was formerly a tile-yard. The word tile is tuile (tweel) in French. Upon the erection of a vast palace by the French Kings in this tilery, or tuilerie (tweel-rec), it was christened the Tuileries (Tweel-ree). A beautiful garden or park half a mile long and a couple of blocks wide stretches west from the palace, and in reality further extends in a straight line for two or three miles in the shape of a triple street with trees separating the avenues, and all called the Champs Elysees, which means Elysian Fields, and is pronounced "Zhong Zayly-zay." Accent or emphasize the syllable in italics, and do not pronounce the g. An English-speaking person gets the exact sound needed by saying Zhaw entirely through his nose. At the end of the Elysian Fields stands an arch called the Arc de Triomphe. This arch is perhaps the largest in the world, and cost some $4,000,000. It is the hub of a wheel of streets spreading in every direction. This is in the west. Retracing our steps to the Tuileries, and passing them, we come to the Palace of the Louvre, which is the museum of France. The Elysian Fields having run directly into the Gardens of the Tuileries, we must jog to the left a block and continue our walk east on the Rue (street) de Rivoli, perhaps the longest straight street in Paris,

at any rate the most important. We are now walking with the river a few blocks to our right, but constantly increasing in distance. As we get to the upper end of the island called "The City," we enter into an open square. These open squares are called Places (Plass). Here, in this square, in 1870, stood the Hotel de Ville-the City Hall, a magnificent structure. Going about a mile further in a straight line, though on a street finally of a different name, we enter another "Plass," forming the hub of another great wheel of streets. This is the Place de la Bastille. Here for generations stood one of the most celebrated prisons in the whole world, one which has given a family name to all jails, and driven the imagination of the story-writers to its most extended excursions. When the howling mobs of Paris found there was no power above them, in 1789, this solemn building was the first object of their vengeance. There now stands in its stead

Upon this street, a When the war with

a monument called the Column of July. It would seem as though the precincts of a prison possessed some potent charm to attract the vicious and miserable. The people who are the most likely to experience the severity of the law are usually those who live just without the walls of incarceration. It is so at this Place de la Bastille. If we continue our walk eastward by way of the most notorious spoke in the wheel, we enter the Faubourg St. Antoine (Fo-boor San Tan-twaun). "Faubourg" means outskirts, or false burg. mile long, live the scum of the earth. Germany broke out, the adventurers of all nations flocked to Paris, and found followers in just such haunts as these. Faubourg runs into another Place-that of the Throne, whereupon the face of things changes, and beautiful boulevards (Bool-var), or wide streets with trees, again relieve the discontented eye. Now we are "way out of town." North, half a mile, lies the great cemetery of Pere La Chaise, another centre of misery and squalor. If we retrace our steps to the Tuileries once more, and turn our backs to the river, we face the centre of Paris. But a noticeable feature of the outlook is a gradual rise in the ground, until at a distance of, say, a mile and a half, the eye is again out in the outskirts, but at a point

This