from the river Leden, which intersects the parish from north to south.

In RID MARLEY, or Ryd Marley D'Abitot, there are Nottin Dole, Dark-ham, and Folly Field. It was formerly called Rid Merleya*, and in " Domesday Book," Redmerleie or Ridmerleye. In Heming's" Cartulary," it is stated, that, in the Anglo-Saxon times, there were places on the boundaries of Rydmerley, called Preonsdale, Salter's Ford, The Glenk, Glenking, Mæresbrook, Ceolan Head, Brute Gate, and Werlass Down. Nash calls Rid Marley the field with the mere ;" but, as the ancient British and Phoenician word "Rid" means a ford t, the presumption is, that the name implies a ford; and there can be but little doubt that, in the ancient British times, a ford was there over the river Leden, which very much surrounds Rid Marley. It is probable, that in the Anglo-Saxon era it acquired the name of "Salter's Ford."

In ELDERSFIELD there are,-Tut's Hill Common Field, Little Tut's Hill, Dobbs Hill Meadow and Close, Cob Hill, Gadbury Hill, Gadbury Coppice, Eggs Hay, and Hardwick, or Ordewicke. -See p. 68, 69, as to Gadbury Banks. The name of this parish is probably derived from elder, an elder tree, and field, an open, uninclosed expanse of land. It is called Yldresfeld in the "Codex Dip.," No. 570.

In STAUNTON, or Stauntown, there are Walker's Ford, and Cob Croft.

In CHASELEY, or Chadesley, adjoining Eldersfield, there are Norgast Field; Great, Middle, and South Norgast Field; Round Hill, The Yellings, The Gorne Field, and The Leys, next Rock Street §.

* Reódemæreleáh and Rydemæreleáh in "Codex Dip.," No. 510; 510 App., Vol. iii., and 619.

See" Britannia Antiqua," by Aylett Sammes, p. 66; also the account of Cruckbarrow Hill.

See Droitwich, p. 100, and Oughton Wells, in the account of "FolkLore," concerning this word.

§ See Chap. IV. as to Horridge (Hoar Ridge) in the neighbouring hamlet of Corse, Co. Gloucester.

Iter XI.

ANCIENT ROAD

FROM

WALL HILLS CAMP, NEAR LEDBURY, TO

TEWKESBURY, &c.

FROM Wall Hills Camp a road appears to have stretched westward by Dog's Hill and Ledbury, to Kilbury Camp, and the Herefordshire Beacon Camp on Malvern Hill; thence, southeastward, down Awkeridge and the Ridgeway, and by Eastnor; thence along Wain Street* to Rowicke, Fowlet Farm, and Pendock Grove, all in Herefordshire. From thence through the Malvern Hill chain into Worcestershire, at White-leaved Oak between Ragged Stone Hill and Keysend Hill; and, southward, along Keysend or Case-end Street, to Camer's or Camomile Green; thence along the Pendock Portway, in the Berrow, to Cromar's Green; thence to Gadbury Banks, in Eldersfield; thence, north-eastward, through Pendock, and between Bushley, in Worcestershire, and Forthampton, in Gloucestershire, by Sarn Hill, and along Wood Street, in Bushley, to the Severn (which was probably crossed either at the Mythe Tute, or at the Upper or Lower Lode); and, thence on to the Rycknield Street, at or near Tewkesbury.

With respect to the name of "Wain Street," considerable light appears to be thrown upon it in Hatcher's " Richard of Ciren

• There was in the Anglo-Saxon times a place called Wænric (Wainridge), in Oxfordshire.-See " Codex Dip.," No. 775, &c.

+ See p. 70.

See pp. 68, 69.

66

cester," from which the following quotation is taken * :—“ The Britons not only fought on foot and on horseback, but in chariots drawn by two horses, and armed in the Gallic manner. Those chariots, to the axletrees of which scythes were fixed, were called covini, or wains." And, in p. 12, it is stated, that Cæsar, in his fourth book, describes their mode of fighting in the species of chariots called essedæ," and to which the following note is added::-" Their chariots seem to be of two kinds, the covini or wains, heavy and armed with scythes, to break the thickest order of the enemy; and the essedæ, a lighter kind, adapted probably to situations and circumstances in which the covini could not act, and occasionally performing the duties of cavalry. The essedæ, with the cavalry, were pressed forward to oppose the first landing of Cæsar; and Cassivellaunus afterwards left 4000 essedæ, as a corps of observation, to watch his movements.— Cæsar" Comment.," Lib. v., s. 15.

In THE BERROW, formerly Berewe or Berga, there are Berrow Hill, Puck Dole, In Portridge Field, Little Portridge, Portnells, In Picknell, In Jack, Upper and Lower Jack, Jack Meadow, Jack, In Gola Field, Old Hills, Crookberrow, Lower Crookberrow, Black Dole, Elsborough, Penalth Piece, Raven's Dole, Dobbin's Hill, Little Dobbin's Hill, Gowler, and Oldin Hill †.

In PENDOC, or Pendock, Pendoke, Penedoc, or Peonedoc, there are Waxborough, Wilkin's Pasture, Wilkin's Field, Little Wilkin, In Berrow Wood, Badenshall, Allotment in Berrow Meadow, Catshill, Little Catshill, Raven's Hay, Upper Nap Ground, Nap Field, Lower Nap Field, Little Gola, In Gola Field, Inclosed Gola, and Crookberrow.

In Dr. Thomas's " Survey of Worcester Cathedral, &c.," App.,p. 30, reference is made to a bequest of Peonedoc by Ceolwulf, King of the Mercians, to the Monastery at Worcester. This is mentioned in a charter of King Edgar, A.D. 964. On the Anglo-Saxon boundaries of Pendoc, there are places called Ælfstan's Bridge,

P. 11.

+ See p. 70; likewise the account of Cruckbarrow Hill, relative to the Pendock Portway.

Also see Heming's "Cartulary," p. 331.

Osric's Pool, Ducas Pit, Edred's Field*, Stanborough, and Salt Field +. This place is spelled Peonedoc and Penedoc in Domesday Book." With respect to the derivation of the name, the reader is referred to p. 218.

66

BUSHLEY was formerly called Bysseley, and in "Domesday" Biseleye §.

It is called Eádredesfeld (qy. Addersfield) in the "Codex Dip." No. 308, 308 App. Vol. iii., and 538.

+ See Heming's "Cartulary," p. 360, and Nash, Vol. ii., App., p. 57. Also see Chap. iv., relative to " Hour Withy," in Pendock.

There is a place called Pendock Meadow, in the hamlet of Orleton, in the parish of Eastham.

See p. 128, concerning Sarn Hill and Wood Street, in this parish.

Iter XII.

ANCIENT ROAD

FROM

WALL HILLS CAMP TO TOWBURY HILL CAMP, &c.

FROM Wall Hills Camp a road appears to have gone southwestward by Ledbury, Eastnor, across the Ridgeway, and along Wain Street, in Herefordshire; through the Malvern chain, into Worcestershire, by the Holly Bush, between Ragged Stone Hill and the south side of Midsummer Hill Camp, thence to the Rye, thence eastward along the Rye Street, and through Birt's Morton, Longdon and Queen Hill, to Pull Court, on the west side of the Severn, opposite to which, on the eastern side of the river, is the site of the Roman pottery works*, and an ancient vicinal paved road † at Bow Farm, Ripple, and a camp at Towbury Hill, in Twining Parish, Gloucestershire. The river was probably crossed opposite Towbury Hill, the road in question falling into another road which runs from Tewkesbury to Wor

cester.

Another branch of this road extended from Wain Street, by Gullett Wood, and through the pass named the Gullett, which lies between the north end of Midsummer Hill and the south end of Warren Hill; thence by Fair Oaks Hill, across Holly-bed Common, and along Birt's Street to Birt's Morton.

* See p. 62, 63, 64.

See p. 65, 66.

As to this remarkable hill, see p. 64. There are places called Great Tow bury and Little Towbury, in Leigh.