abandon good part of the cannon, ammunition, and provisions.

On the 16th of November, the Russian army, commanded by Field Marshal Prince Kutusoff, came up with the French near Krasnoi, and a partial action took place, in which the corps under Davoust was completely defeated, with the loss of nearly 10,000 men. On the following day the Rus sian general, willing to follow up his successes, intercepted the corps under Marshal Ney, which shared the Same fate; 12,000 prisoners, 27 pieces of cannon, all the baggage and military chests, &c. were the fruits of this victory.

The French continued their retreat through this inhospi table country, their situation growing each day inore dreadful; at length Buonaparte, aware of the danger which threatened, not only the airy visions of his ambition, but also his life, and preferring a winter residence in Paris to the chilling prospect around him, set out for that capital. For some time previous to this, it appears that his situation was critical indeed; in the language of the bulletin, "the cavalry was dismounted to such a degree, that it was necessary to collect the officers who had still a horse remaining, in order to form four companies of 150 men each. The generals then performed the functions of captains, and the colo nels those of subalterns. This sacred squadron did not lose sight of the emperor in all the movements of the army." But it appears, from various accounts, which may be depended upon, that this sacred squadron did not attend him the remainder of his journey to Paris, for in a short time this Emperor, who had commanded an army of 640,000 men, preferred a shameful flight, alone and unattended, to an honourable retreat with those who had suffered so much to promote the objects of his ambition. On the 5th of August he set out for Paris; it is said, that his equipage consisted of a single sledge, that he was in constant danger from the Cossacks who hovered around him, and who, on one occa. sion, were so near him that they entered a house in pursuit of him immediately after he had quitted it. But, notwithstanding these dangers, he arrived safely in his own capital on the 19th, while the shattered remains of his army re treated by various routs to Wilna, where they took up their winter quarters. Thus terminated one of the most calamitous campaigns recorded in history; and while we cannot help rejoicing that the projects excited by an unbounded ambition were thus frustrated, yet humanity will teach us to look with equal compassion on the victors and

the vanquished, and will mingle many painful feelings with our joy.

The commencement of the year 1813 was a time of awful suspense and anxiety to every nation in Europe, and at the same time of unparalleled exertion. In France, Napoleon employed the winter in reviews and preparations for the new campaign, while every possible energy was exerted to auginent the armies in Poland and in Spain. The King of Prussia, who, in all probability, most unwillingly joined the coufederation against the Emperor of Russia, took the earliest opportunity of throwing off the French yoke. In Spain, the Marquis of Wellington vigorously prepared for a new campaign, and being amply assisted by the British. ministry, was ready, early in the year, to take the field with more than 100,000 men, well paid, armed, and equipped.

The public attention at home was now considerably excited by an investigation into the conduct of the Princess of Wales, which took place in consequence of a letter addressed by her to the regent, complaining of the restrictions which had been laid on her intercourse with the Princess Charlotte, her daughter. This investigation terminated in the establishment of her innocence, and the Common Hall of the city of London voted an address to her Royal Highness on the occasion.

On the 18th of March the House of Commons, after three days' debate, resolved to go into a committee on the question of catholic emancipation; but after much debate in both houses, the bill was negatived by a considerable majority.

The seat of war in the North was this year transferred from Russia to Germany. Wilna was soon found to be an unsafe place for the French corps who had escaped in the retreat from Moscow, as the combined Russian and Prussian armies advanced without any opposition through Poland, and at the beginning of the month of April the head quarters of the Emperor of Russia were at Dresden.

About the same time, Buonaparte left Paris to join his army, to recruit which he had bestowed incredible exertions during the winter. On the 2nd of May was fought the important battle of Lutzen, in which it appears the French were victorious, as the Russians, in consequence, retreated before them, though there is reason to believe the loss on both sides was nearly equal. The battle of Lutzen was followed by a succession of engagements, which were contested with the utmost obstinacy on both sides. The a 16

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last was fought on the 21st of May, at a place called Wurte chen, between Bautzen and Goerlitz, in Lusatia, and maintained with extraordinary fury for two days. The allies were obliged to continue their retreat, which they effected, however, as on the former occasions, without the loss of canuon or colours, or of any material number of prisoners. On the 23rd an armistice was concluded between the allies and the French, to continue till the 26th of July.

The campaign in Spain opened with brighter prospects than at any former period. Lord Wellington entered Salamanca on the 26th of May, and advanced with little opposition to Burgos, after a succession of brilliant affairs, which took place between the advanced guard of the allied army and the rear guard of the French, who, on the 13th of June, abandoned Burgos, after blowing up the castle.

On the 20th of June the army under the Marquis of Wellington came within sight of that of the French, commanded by Joseph Buonaparte, with Marshal Jourdan as his major-general, and which had taken up a very strong position in front of Vittoria. Lord Wellington attacked the enemy on the succeeding day, and after a severe conflict, gained a complete victory over them, driving them successively from all their positions, and taking from them 151 pieces of cannon, 415 waggons of ammunition, all their baggage, provisions, cattle, treasure, &c. and a considerable number of prisoners. The loss of the enemy was estimated at upwards of 20,000 men. The loss of the allied army amounted to 730 killed, and 4110 wounded, of which nearly two-thirds were British. The difficult nature of the country alone prevented the entire demolition of the enemy's army, which was however necessarily reduced to a state of great weakness and inefficiency. Both the Spanish and Portuguese behaved with great gallantry. The movements directed by Lord Wellington were so judicious, that the French found their retreat by the high road from Vittoria to Bayonne intercepted. They accordingly turned off towards Pamplona, closely followed and harassed by the allied army; and in the pursuit the only gun which they had preserved was taken from them. They entered Pamplona with only one howitzer in their train. They did not, however, long remain there, but continued their retreat by Roncesvalles into France. On the 26th of June Pamplona was invested. Thus was every part of Spain rescued from the presence and power of the French, excepting Pamplona, one or two fortresses on the Bay of Biscay, and the pro