most part, set before nouns and pronouns; as, he went from London to York; she is above disguise; they are supported by industry.

Of

to

for

The following is a list of the principal prepositions:

by with

in

A CONJUNCTION is a part of speech that is chiefly used to connect sentences; so as out of two or more sentences to make but one. It sometimes connects only words.

Conjunctions are principally divided into two sorts, the copulative and disjunctive.

The conjunction copulative serves to connect or to continue a sentence, by expressing an addition, a supposition, a cause, &c.; as, he and his brother reside in London; I will go, if he will accompany me; you are happy, because you are good.

The conjunction disjunctive serves, not only to connect and continue the sentence, but also to express opposition of meaning in different degrees; as, though he was frequently reproved, yet, he did not reform; they came with her, but went away without her.

The following is a list of the principal conjunctions: The Copulative. And, that, both, for, therefore, if, then, since, because, wherefore.

The Disjunctive. But, than, though, either, or, as, unless, neither, nor, lest, yet, notwithstanding.

INTERJECTIONS.

"

INTERJECTIONS are words thrown in between the parts of a sentence, to express the passions or emotions of the speaker; as, Oh! I have alienated my friend; alas! I fear, for life; O virtue! how amiable thou art!

The following are some of the Interjections: O! pish! heigh! lo! behold! ah! tush! fie! hush! hail!

DERIVATION.

Words are derived from one another in various ways, namely:

1. Substantives are derived from verbs; as, from to love, comes lover.

2. Verbs are derived from substantives, adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs; as, from salt comes to salt; from wurm comes to warm; from forward comes to forward.

3. Adjectives are derived from substantives; as, from health comes healthy.

4. Substantives are derived from adjectives; as, from white comes whiteness.

5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives; as, from base comes basely.

SYNTAX.

THE third part of Grammar is Syntax, which treats of the agreement and construction of words in a sentence.

A sentence is an assemblage of words, forming a complete sense.

Sentences are of two kinds, simple and compound.

A simple sentence has in it but one subject, and one finite verb; as, "Life is short."

A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, joined together by one or more connective words; as," Life is short, and art is long."

A phrase is two or more words rightly put together, making sometimes part of a sentence, and sometimes a whole sentence.

The principal parts of a simple sentence are, the subject," the attribute, and the object.

The subject is the thing chiefly spoken of; the attribute is the thing or action affirmed, or denied of it; and the object is the thing affected by such action.

The nominative denotes the subject, and usually goes before the verb or attribute; and the word or phrase, denoting the object, follows the verb; as, " A wise man governs his passions." Here a wise man is the subject; governs the attribute, or thing affirmed; and his passions, the object.

Syntax principally consists of two parts, Concord and Government.

Concord is the agreement which one word has with another, in gender, number, case, or person.

Government is that power which one part of speech has over another, in directing its mood, tense, or case.

Rule 1.

"The

A verb must agree with its nominative case, in number and person; as, "I learn;" "Thou art improved;" birds sing."

1

Rule 2.

Two or more nouns, &c. in the singular number, joined together by a copulative conjunction, expressed or understood, have verbs, nouns, and pronouns agreeing with them in the plural number; as, "Socrates and Plato were wise: they were the most eminent philosophers of Greece;" "The sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, the rest we enjoy, daily admonish us of a superior and superintending Power."

Rule 3.

The conjunction disjunctive has an effect contrary to that of the conjunction copulative; for as the verb, noun, or pronoun, is referred to the preceding terms taken separately, it must be in the singular number; as, "Ignorance or negligence has caused this mistake;" "John, or James, or Joseph, intends to accompany me;""There is, in many minds, neither knowledge nor understanding.'

Rule 4.

A noun of multitude, or signifying many, may have a verb or pronoun agreeing with it, either of the singular or plural number; yet not without regard to the import of the word, as conveying unity or plurality of idea; as, "The meeting was large;""The nation is powerful;" "My people do not consider; they have not known me;" "The multitude eagerly pursue pleasure, as their chief good;" "The council were divided in their sentiments."

Rule 5.

Pronouns must always agree with their antecedents, and the nouns for which they stand, in gender and number; as, "This is the friend whom I love;" "That is the vice

which I hate;" "The king and the queen had put on their. robes;" "The moon appears, and she shines, but the light is not her own."

The relative is of the same person as the antecedent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly: as, "Thou who lovest wisdom;"" I, who speak from experience."

Rule 6.

"The

The relative is the nominative case to the verb, when no nominative comes between it and the verb; as, master who taught us;" "The trees which are planted."

When a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by some word in its own member of the sentence; as, "He who preserves me, to whom I owe my being, whose I am, and whom I serve, is eternal."

Rule 7.

When the relative is preceded by two nominatives of different persons, the relative and verb may agree in person with either, according to the sense; as, "I am the man who command you;" or, "I am the man who commands you."

Rule 8.

Every adjective, and every adjective pronoun, belongs to a substantive, expressed or understood; as," "He is a good, as well as a wise man ;"" Few are happy," that is, “persons;” “This is a pleasant walk;" that is, " This walk is,” &c.

Adjective pronouns must agree, in number, with their substantives; as, "This book, these books; that sort, those sorts; another road, other roads."

Rule 9.

The article a or an agrees with nouns in the singular number only, individually or collectively; as, "A christian, an infidel, a score, a thousand."

The definite article the may agree with nouns in the singular or plural number; as, " the garden, the houses, the stars." The articles are often properly omitted: when used they should be justly applied, according to their distinct nature; as," Gold is corrupting; the sea is green; a lion is bold,"

Rule 10. *

One substantive governs another, signifying a different

thing, in the possessive or genitive case; as, "My father's house;" "Man's happiness;" "Virtue's reward."

Rule 11.

Active verbs govern the objective case; as, "Truth ennobles her," "She comforts me;" "They support us;" "Virtue rewards her followers."

Rule 12.

One verb governs another that follows it, or depends upon it, in the infinite mood; as, " Cease to do evil; learn to do well:" "We should be prepared to render an account of our actions.”

The preposition to, though generally used before the latter. verb, is sometimes properly omitted; as, "I heard him say it;" instead of, " to say it."

Rule 13.

In the use of words and phrases which, in point of time, relate to each other, a due regard to that relation should be observed. Instead of saying, "The Lord hath given, and the Lord hath taken away;' we should say, "The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away." Instead of," I remember the family more than twenty years;" it should be, "I have remembered the family more than twenty years."

Rule 14.

Participles have the same government as the verbs from which they are derived; as, "I am weary with hearing him;"" She is instructing us ;"" The tutor is admonishing Charles."

Rule 15.

Adverbs, though they have no government of case, tense, &c. require an appropriate situation in the sentence, namely, for the most part before adjectives, after verbs active or neuter, and frequently between the auxiliary and the verb; as," He made a very sensible discourse; he spoke unaffectedly and forcibly; and was attentively heard by the whole assembly."

Rule 16.

Two negatives, in English, destroy one another, or are equivalent to an affirmative; as, " Nor did they not perceive him;" that is, "they did perceive him;" "His lan