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fupported by the figures of dogs. The canic was under the care of a particular officer et ta CANICUM, in botany, a name given by A cenna and others, to the mall celandine. RANUNCULUS.

not only expeditious, but worked equally well with both hands; and, by that unusual power, executed more defigns, and finished more grand works with his own pencil, in a much fhorter time, than most other artifts could do with feveral affiftants. He died in 1585.

CANHAM, a village in Suffolk, near Edmundfbury.

CANIA, in botany, a named ufed by Pliny and others for the Nettle. See URTICA.

CANIADERAGO, a lake of the United States, in New York, W. of lake Ofwego, about 9 miles long, but narrow.

CANIBAL. See CANNIBAL.

(1.) CANICULA, in aftronomy, a ftar in the conftellation canis major, called also the DOG STAR; by the Greeks Zug, SIRIUS. It is the 10th in order in the Britannic catalogue; in Tycho's and Ptolemy's it is the 2d. It is fituated in the mouth of the conftellation; and is of the first magnitude, being the largest and brightest ftar in the heavens. From the rifing of this ftar not cofmically, or with the fun, but heliacally, that is, its emerfion from the fun's rays, which now happens about the 15th of Auguft, the ancients reckoned their dies caniculares, CANICULAR DAYS, or DOG-DAYS. The Egyptians and Ethiopians began their year at the rifing of the canicula, reckoning to its rife again the next year, which is called the annus canarius, or CANICULA YEAR. The reafon of their choice of the canicula before the other stars to compute their time by, was not only the fuperior brightnefs of that ftar, but because its heliacal rifing was in Egypt a time of fingular note, as falling on the greatest augmentation of the Nile. Epheftion adds, that from the afpect and colour of canicula, the Egyptians drew prognoftics concerning the rife of the Nile; and, according to Florus, predicted the future ftate of the year; fo that the firft rifing of this ftar was annually observed with great at

tention.

(2.) CANICULA, in zoology, the name by which Ariftotle, Rondeletius, Aldrovandus, and others, have called the CATULUS.

(3.) CANICULA was alfo ufed by Pliny, and other Roman writers, for the fish which the Italians exprefs by the name, LAMIOLA, and in Cornwall is called the tape. It is a fpecies of SQUALUS. (1.) * CANICULAR, adj. {canicularis, Lat.] Belonging to the dog-star; as canicular, or dog-days. --In regard to different latitudes, unto fome the canicular days are in the winter; as unto fuch as are under the equinoctial line; for, unto them, the dog-ftar arifeth, when the fun is about the tropick of Cancer, which feafon unto them is winter. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

(2.) CANICULAR DAYS, (See CANICULA, N. 1. (3.) CANICULAR YEAR, The canicular year among the ancient Egyptians, confifted of 365 days, and had an intercalary day every 4th year. CANICULUM, or in the Byzantine antiquiCANICULUS, Sties, a golden ftandish or ink-veffel, decorated with precious ftones, wherein was kept the facred encauftum, or red ink, wherewith the emperors figned their decrees, letters, &c. The name alludes to the figure of a dog which is reprefented, or rather because it was

CANIGAU, the highest peak of the Pyra mountains. It is faid to be 1440 fathoms, or feet high.

(1.) CANINA, a diftri& in the N. of Turke part of Albania, the ancient Epirus. Ilod the entrance of the gulph of Venus.

(2.) CANINA, the capital of the diftrict, N. feated on the fea coaft, at the foot of the tains of Chimera. Lon. 19.25. E. Lat. 400 66%

(3.) CANINA LAPPA, in botany, a name by fome of the old Roman authors to the fist t aparine or goofe grafs. See GALIUM,

CANINANA, in zoology, a fpecies of fire found in America, and efteemed one of their six fonous kinds. It grows to about two fect. and is green on the back, and yellow on the It feeds on eggs and fmall birds; the nat ves off the head and tail, and eat the body as cate difh.

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(1.) CANINE. adj. [caninus, Lat] 1. Me ving the properties of a dog.—A kind of w are made up of canine particles: there are a who imitate the animals out of which they w taken, always buty and barking, and 1454 every one that comes in their way, h Canine hunger, in medicine, is an appetite cannot be fatisfied.-It may occafion an 3 tant appetite of ufual things, which they w in fuch quantities, till they vomit them un dogs, from whence it is called canine. Are (2.) CANINE APPETITE. See § 1. def. BULIMY.

(3.) CANINE MADNESS. Scc MEDICINE, INTE (4.) CANINE SULPHUR, a fort of native ? difcovered near Reggio, intermixed with err`r ftony matters; fo called because dogs are f of it, as to dig it out of the earth.

(5.) CANINE TEETH are two tharp edged ter in each jaw; one on each fide, placed betwee incifores and molares.

two brother"

CANINI, John Angelo, and (tives of

CANINI, Mark Anthony, celebrated for their love of antiquities. Je celled in defigns for engraving on flores, pariae larly heads; Mark engraved them. They wer couraged by Colbert to publish a fucceffion of the heroes and great men of antiquity, & ed from medals, antique ftones, and other remains; but John died at Rome foon a. work was begun: Mark Anthony, however, cured affiftance, finished and published it in an, in 1669. The cuts of this edition wi graved by Canini, Picard, and Valet; and a ous explanation is given, which dilcovers th. of the Canini's in hiftory and mythology. French edition of Amfterdam, 1731, is pr

CANINUS MUSCULUS, the fame as labii juperioris. See ANATOMY, § 197.

CANINUS SERPENS, in zoology, a kamie to the MAUBALLA of Ceylon, a inake thi at every thing that comes in its way, hke a (1.) CANIS, the Doc, in zoology, a pe....

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uadrupeds, belonging to the order of fore. The haracters of the dog are thefe: He has fix foregeth in the upper jaw, thofe in the fides being anger than the intermediate ones, which are lobaed; in the under jaw there are likewife fix foreeeth, thofe on the fides being lobated. He has grinders in the upper, and in the lower jaw. The teeth called dog-teeth are 4, one on eacit fide, oth in the lower and upper jaw; they are tharpointed, bent a little inward, and stand at a difance from any of the reft. Zoologifts commony reckon 14 fpecies of this genus. Mr Robert Kerr, in his Animai Kingdom, Vol. 1. enumerates 7. But zoological arrangement feems not yet to ave arrived at its utmost degree of perfection, vir Penuant with confiderable propriety, (as Mr (err remarks,) excludes all the Ilyenæ from this nus. Indeed to ordinary readers it must appear omewhat strange to clafs animals of fuch very oppofite natures at the fox, the wolf and the hyna, under the fame genus with the dog. But uch is the prefent state of this branch of feience. Adopting Mr Kerr's arrangement in general, as ar as our lexicographical order will permit, we Late the different fpecies and varieties as follows: i. CANIS ADIVE, the BARBARY FOX, the CHACAL of Buffon, or the jackal adive, has a long and flender nofe, fharp upright ears, long buthy Tail: colour, a very pale brown; space above and below the eyes, black; from behind each ear, there is a black line, which foon divides into two, which extend to the lower part of the neck; and the tail is furrounded with 3 broad rings. This species is of the size of the common fox, but the limbs are thorter, and the nofe is more flender. M. de Buffon informs us, that Mr Bruce told him this animal was common in Barbary, where it was called thaleb. But Mr Pennant obferves, that Mr Bruce fhould have given it a more distinguishing name; for thaleb, or taaleh, is no more than the Arabic name for the common fox, which is aifo frequent in that country.

ii. CANIS ANTARCTICUS, the NEW HOLLAND DOG, or Dog of New South Wales, mentioned by Gov. Phillips in his Voyages, is thus defcribed by Mr Kerr, p. 136. "The tail is brathy, and hangs downwards: the ears are fhort and erect; and the muzzle is pointed. It inhabits New Hoi. land; is rather lefs than 2 feet high; and about in length. His head resembles that of a fox, aving a pointed muzzle, garnished with whifkers, and fort erect ears; the body and tail light brown; paler towards the belly, on the fides of the face and throat. The hind parts of the fore legs, the fore parts of the hind legs and all the feet are white. On the whole it is a very elegant animal, but fierce and cruel; from which, with its figure, fce Plate LIV.) the total want of the common voice of the dog, and from general fefembiance in other rfpects, it feems more properly to belong to the wolf than the dog kind."

mi. CANIS AUREUS, the SCHACKAL, or JACKAL as defcribed by Mr Pennant, has yellowish brown irides; ears erect, formed like thofe of a fox, but shorter and less pointed: hairy with white within; brown without, tinged and dufky: head hotter than that of a fox, and nofe biunter: lips black, and somewhat loofe: neck and body very VOL. IV. PART II.

much refembling thofe of that animal, but the body more compreffed: the legs have the fame refemblance, but are longer: tail thickeft in the middle, tapering to the point: 5 toes on the fore feet; the inner toe very fhoit, and placed high: 4 toes on the hind feet; all covered with hair even to the claws. The hairs are much stiffer than thofe of a fox, but fcarcely fo fliff as thote of a wolf; fhort about the nofe; on the back, 3 inches long; on the beily fhoiter: Those at the end of the tail 4 inches long: Colour of the upper part of the body a duty tawny; on the bac mixed with black: lower part of the body of a yellowith white: tail tipt with black; the rest of the fame colour with the back: the legs of an urmixed tawny brown; the fore legs marked (but not always) with a black spot on the knees: but on no part are thote vivid colours which could merit the title of golden, bestowed on it by Kæmp fer. The length of this animal from the note to the root of the tail is little more than 29 inches English: the tail, to the ends of the hairs res; the tip reaching to the top of the hind legs: the height, from the space between the thoulders to the ground, rather more than 18 inches; the hind parts a little higher. This fpecies inhabits all the hot and temperate parts of Alia, India, Perfia, Arabia, Great Tartary, and about Mount Caucafus, Syria, and the Holy Land. It is found in moft parts of Africa, from Earbary to the Cape of Good licpe Profeffor Gueldenftaedt, the able defcriber of this long loft animal, remarks, that the cæcum entirely agrees in form with that of a dog, and differs from that of the wolf and fox. And Mr Pennant obferves, that there is the fame agreement in the teeth with thofe of a dog; and the fame variation in them from those of the two other animals. These circumstances strengthen the opinion entertained by some writers, that the dogs of the old world derived their origin from one or other of them. The jackals have indeed fo much the nature of dogs, as to give reasonable caufe to imagine that they are at least the chief ftock from which is fprung the various races of thofe domeftic animals. When taken young, they grow inftantly tame; attach themselves to mankind; wag their tails; love to be froked; diftinguish their mafters from others; will come on being called by the name given to them; will leap on the table, being encouraged to it: they drink, lapping; and make water tideways, with their leg held up. Their dung is hard: odorat anum alterius, cob.cret copula jun us. When they fee dogs, inftead of flying, they feek them, and play with them. They will eat bread eagerly; notwithstanding they are in a wild ftate carnivorous. They have a great resemblance to fome of the Calmuc dogs, which perhaps were but a few defcents removed from the wild kinds. Our do■ are probably derived from thofe reclaimed in the first ages of the world; altered by numberlefs accidents into the many varieties which now appear among us. The wild schackals go in packs of 40, 50, and even two hundred, and hunt like hounds in full cry from evening to morning. They deftroy Blocks and poultry, but in a lefs degree than the wolf or fox: ravage the ftreets of villages and gardens near towns, and will even destroy child. PPPP

ren,

like a dog, but much fhriller, and that chiefir t the night: never is obferved to be sportive. We are indebted to Mr Eric Skioldebrand, the 2 Swedish conful at Algiers, for our knowledge a this fingular animal. He never could procure be one alive, which efcaped before he examined t teeth: the genus is very uncertain: the form of its head and legs, and fome of its manners, de termined Mr Pennant to rank it in this genus. Tr which was in poffeffion of Mr Skioldebrand fel freely from the hand, and would eat bread er boiled meat. Buffon has given a figure of the nimal; but from the authority of Mr Bruce afcribes to it a different place, and different manners. He fays that it is found to the S. of the Palus Trit mides, in Libya; that it has fomething of the nature of the hare, and fomething of the squirrel; and that it lives on the palm-trees, and feeds on the fruits.

v. CANIS CINEREO-ARGENTEUS, the SILVERY Fox of Louisiana, refcinbles the common for in form, but has a most beautiful coat. The fat hairs are of a deep brown; and over them fpring long filvery hairs, which give the animal a very elegant appearance. They live in forefts aband ing in game, and never attempt the poultry which run at large. The woody eminences in Louisa are every where pierced with their holes.

ren, if left unprotected. They will enter ftables and outhoules, and devour fkins, or any thing made of that material. They will familiarly enter a tent, and fteal whatfoever they can find from the fleeping traveller. In defect of living prey, they will feed on roots and fruits; and even on the most infected carrion: they will greedily difinter the dead, and devour the putrid carcases; for which reafon, in many countries the graves are made of a great depth. They attend caravans, and follow armies, in hopes that death will provide them a banquet. Their voice naturally is a howl. Barking, Mr Pennant oblerves, is latently inherent; and in their state of nature feldom exerted but its different modifications are ⚫ adventitious, and expreffive of the new paffions and affections gained by a domeftic ftate. Their howlings and clamours in the night are dreadful, and fo loud that people can fearcely hear one another fpeak. Dellon fays, their voice is like the cries of a great many children of different ages mixed together: when one begins to howl, the whole pack join in the cry. Kampfer fays, that every now and then a fort of bark is intermixed; which confirms what is above afferted by Mr Pennant. Dellon agrees in the account of their being tamed, and entertained as domeftic animals. During day they are filent. They dig burrows vi. CANIS FAMILIARTS, the DOMESTIC, or in the earth, in which they lie all day, and come FAITHFUL DOG, is diftinguished from the ctha out at night to range for prey: they hunt by the fpecies by having its tail bent to the left inde; nofe, and are very quick of fcent. The females which mark is fo fingular, that perhaps the tail breed only once a year; and go with young only of no other quadruped is bent in this manner. 4 weeks; they bring from 6 to 8 at a time. Both Of this fpecies there are a great number of varie Mr Gueldenftaedt and Mr Bell contradict the o- ties. Linnæus enumerates 11; Buffon gives i pinion of their being very fierce animals. This gures of 27; and Mr Kerr, enumerates no fewe animal is vulgarly called the Lion's Provider, from than 40. See Plates L, LII, LIII, and LIV. an opinion that it rouzes the prey for that bad-no- The mastiff is about the fize of a wolf, with the fed quadruped. The fact is, every creature in fides of the lips hanging down, and a full robuf the foreft is fet in motion by the fearful cries of body. The large Danish dog differs only from the jackals; the lion, and other beafts of rapine, the former in being fuller in body, and generaly by a fort of inftinet, attend to the chace, and feize of a larger fize. The grey-hound is likewife the fuch timid animals as betake themfelves to flight fame with the mastiff; but its make is more fen at the noise of this nightly pack. The jackal is der and delicate. Indeed the difference between defcribed by Oppian, under the name of Athefe 3 dogs, although perfectly diftinguiftakk z Eads, or yellow wolf; who mentions its horrible howl. It may, as M. de Button conjectures, be the Os of Ariftotle, who mentions it with the wolf, and fays that it has the fame internal structure as the wolf, which is common with congenerous animals. The Thoes of Pliny may also be a variety of the fame animal; for his account of it agrees with the modern history of the fehackal, except in the laft article. See Lib. viii. c. 34.

iv. CANIS CERDO, the ZERDA, has a very pointed vifage; large bright black eyes; very large ears, of a bright rofe-colour, internally lined with long hairs; the orifice fo fmall as not to be vifible, probably covered with a valve or membrace: the legs and feet are like tloft of a dog; the tail is taper: colour between a straw and pale brown. Length from nofe to tail ten inches; ears 34 in ches long; tail, fix: height not 5. It inhabits the vaft defert of Saara, which extends beyond mount Atlas. It burrows in the fandy ground, which fhows the neceflity of the valves to the ears; and is fo exceffively fwift, that it is very rarely taken alive. It feeds on infects, especially locufts; fits on its rump: is very vigilant: barks

first fight, is not greater than that betwixt a Dutchman, a Frenchman, and an Italian. The fhcpherd's dog, the wolf-dog, the Siberian dog, the Lapland dog, the Canada dog, and, in general, all thofe which have ftraight ears and a pointed fnout, are all one kind, differing only in th nefs, the roughness or smoothmefs of their kin, the length of their legs and tails. The hound o beagle, the terrier, the braque or harrier, and the fpaniel, may be confidered as the fame kind: they have the fame form and the fame inftincts; and differ only in the length of their legs and fizes o their ears, which in each of thein are long, furt, and pendulous. The bull-dog, the fmall Darah dog, the Turkish dog, and the Iceland dog, may likewife be confidered as the fame kind, all the varieties in their appearance taking their rise more ly from climate. For inftance, the Turkith dog, which has no hair, is nothing else but the fril Danish dog transported to a warm climate, which makes the hair fall off. A dog of any kind loses its hair in very warm climates. But this is not the only change which arifes from difference of climate.. In fome countries, the voice is charged;

Spaniel.

Turnspits.

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