(from its foft conftence,) as often as the digging ceafed. Thefe difficulties, however, are now got over, and the canal has proved fuch a drain to the bog, that much of it is recovered and cultivated. By a branch now carried, at an iramenfe expence, round the S. fide of the city, the grand canal now communicates with the harbour of Dublin. There are other canals in the N. and W. of Ireland, befides the royal canal on the N. fide of Dublin.

(8.) CANAL, THE GRAND TRUNK. See y 5. (9.) CANAL, THE GREAT, OF SCOTLAND. A navigable canal betwixt the Forth and Clyde dividing the kingdom in two parts, was first thought of by Charles II. for tranfports and fmall thips of war; the expence of which was to have been 500,000l. a fum far beyond the abilities of his reign. It was agajn projected in 1722, and a furwey made; but nothing more done till 1761, when the then Lord Napier, at his own expence, caufed make a furvey, plan, and eftimate on a fmall fca.e. In 1764, the trustees for fisheries, &c. in Scotland caufed make another furvev, plan, and estimate of a canal 5 feet deep, which was to cost 79,000l. In 1766, a subscription was obtained by a number of the most refpectable merchants in Glasgow, for making a canal 4 feet deep and 24 feet in breadth; but when the bill was nearly obtained in parlia ment, it was given up on account of the fmallaefs of the fcale, and a new fubfcription fet on foot for a canal feet deep, 'eftimated at 150,000. This obtained the fanction of parliament; and the work was begun in 1768, by Mr Smeaton the engineer. The extreme length of the canal from The Forth to the Clyde is 35 miles, beginning at the mouth of the Carron, and ending at Dalmure Burnfoot on the Clyde, fix miles below Glasgow, rifing and falling 100 feet by means of 39 locks, 20 on the east fide of the fummit, and 19 on the W. as the tide does not ebb fo low in Clyde as in the Forth by 9 feet. Veffels drawing 8 feet water, and not exceeding 19 feet bean and 73 feet in Jength, pafs with care; the canal having been afterwards deepened to more than 8 feet. The carrying the canal through mofs, quickfand, gravel, and rocks, up precipices, and over valleys, was attended with inconceivable difficulties. There are 18 draw-bridges and 15 aqueduct bridges of note, befides fmall ones and tunnels. In the firft 3 miles there are only fix locks; but in the 4th mile there are no less than ten locks, and a very fine aqueduct bridge over the great road W. of Falkirk In the next 6 miles there are only four locks, which carry on to the fummit. The canal then rans 18 miles ou a level, and terminates about å1 mile from Glafgaw. In this courfe, for a confiderable way the ground is banked about 25 feet high, and the water is 16 feet deep, and two miles er it is made through a deep mols. At Kirhintulloch, the canal is carried over the water of Logie on an aqueduct arch of 90 feet broad. This archi was thrown over in 3 ftretches, having, only a centre of 30 feet, which was thifted on fmall rollers from one stretch to another; a thing new, and never attempted before with an arch of this fize; yet the joinings are as fairly equal as any other part, and admired as a very fine piece of mafonry. On each fide there is a very confiderable banking over the valley. The work was

:

carried on till within 6 miles of its junction the Clyde; when the fubfcription and a s quent loan being exhaufted, it was flopt in fThe city of Glasgow, however, by means o collateral branch, opened a communication we the Eorth, which has produced a revenue of the 6000l. annually; and, in order to faith the maining fix miles, government, in 1784, pre goloon 1. out of the forfeited eftates, the divider arifing from this fum to be applied to making m repairing roads in the Highlands. Accord the work was refumed in July 1786, and copletely finished within 4 years after; the navig tion being opened between the British Sea and lantic Ocean, on the 28th July, 1790. See Bon LING BAY. The aqueduct bridge over the Ko (supposed to be the greateft of the kind in world) confifts of 4 arches, and carries the con over a valley 65 feet high and 420 in length, r hibiting a very nugular effort of human ingen and labour. To fupply the canal with water way of itself a very great work. There is one refervet of 50 acres 24 feet deep; and another of jo an 22 feet deep, into which many rivers and pray terminate, which it is thought will afford (cient fupply of water at all times. This who undertaking has cost about 200,col. It is t greatest of the kind in Britain, and must prove o immenfe national utility; as it fhortens the nat cal dittance from 800 to 1000 miles, and affonds, fafe and speedy navigation át all seasons to Irels ad and the western parts of Britain, without dange of Thipwreck. See farther, under FORTH AN CLYDE NAVIGATION.

CANAL-COAL. . f. A fine kind of coal, dap up in England.-Even our eanal-coal nearly equal the foreign jet. Woodward.

CANALEGIE, a town, S. of Padftow, Cor

wall.

* CANALICULATED. adj. [from can:fals tus, Lat.] Channelled; made like a pipe or gu ter. Di&.

(1.) CANANDAQUI, a lake of New York, the county of Ontario.

(2.) CANANDAQUi, a poft town, the capita Ontario county, teated near the lake, N m. from Jerufalem, and 434 N. N. W. of Pe delphia. Courts of feffions and common pas are held in it, ift Tuef. of June and Nov.

CANANITE, or CANAITE, a native of C in Galilee. Simon, the apostle, is ftiled tranflation, the Canaanite; (Mat. 3. 4. Merk 18) but this is evidently wrong. The word the original is, Kasaura;, or Kev

(1.) CANANORE, a kingdom of Afia, on the coast of Malabãi, whofe king can raife & conbluable army. The natives are generally Mitor é tans; and the country produces pepper, cardmons, ginger, mirobolans, and tamarinds, in w they drive a confiderable trade. ~

(2.) CANANORE, a large maritime town in the above kingdom, (N. 1.) with a very large and late harbour. It formerly belonged to the Portegas and had a ftrong fort to guard it; but in 18 the Dutch together with the natives, drove the away; and after they became mafters of the or enlarged the fortifications. They have but a ve finall trade; but there is a town at the bott

the bay independant of the Dutch, whofe prince can bring 20,000 men into the field. The fort is large, and the governor's lodgings are at a good diftance from the gate; fo that, when there was a fkirmith between the factory and the natives, he knew nothing of it till it was over. It is now held by the English Eaft India Company. Lon. 74. 10. E. Lat. 12. 0. N.

CANARA, a kingdom of Ąfia, on the coast of Malabar. The inhabitants are Pagans; and there is a pagod, called Ramtrut, which is vifited every year by a great number of pilgrims. Here the cuftom of burning the wives with their husbands had its beginning, and is ftill practifed. The country is generally governed by a queen, who keeps her court at a town called Baydor, two days journey from the fea. She may marry whom the pleases; and is not obliged to burn with her hufband, like her female fubjects. They are fo good obfervers of their laws, that a robbery or murder is scarce ever heard of among them. The Canarans have forts built of earth along the coaft, which are garrifoned with 200 or 300 foldiers, to guard against the robberies of their neighbours. The lower grounds yield every year 2 crops of corn or rice; and the higher produce pepper, betel Luts, fanders wood, iron and fteel. The Portyguefe clergy here live very loosely, and make no fcruple of procuring women for ftrangers.

(1.) CANARIA, in ancient geography, one of the FORTUNATE ISLANDS, a proof that thefe are what we now call the Canaries. Canaria had its name from abounding with dogs of an enormous fize. See N. 2.

(2.) CANARIA, or the GRAND CANARY, an ifland in the Atlantic Ocean, about 180 miles from the coast of Africa. It is 42 m. long, 27 broad; about 100 in circumference, and 33 in diameter. It is fruitful, and famous for its wine. It allo abounds with apples, melons, oranges, citrons, pomegranates, figs, olives, peaches, and plantains. The fir and palm trees are the moft common. The towns are, Canary the capital, Gualdera, and Geria.'

CANARINA, in botany, a genus of the order monogynia, belonging to the hexandria clafs of plants.

(1.) CANARIUM, in antiquity, [from canis, a dog,] a Roman facrifice, wherein dogs of a red colour were facrificed, for a security of the fruits of the earth against the raging heats of Sirius in the dog-days.

(2.) CANARIUM, in botany, a genus of the dicecia order, in the pentandria clafs of plants. Its characters are, that it hath male and female flowers; that, in both, the calyx has two leaves, and the corolla confifts of 3 petals: the fruit is a drupa with a three-cornered nut. There is but one fpecies.

(1.)* CANARY.n. f. [from the Canary islands.] 1. Wine brought from the Canaries; now called fack.-I will to my honeft knight Falstaff, and drink canary with him-I think I fhall drink in pipe wine firft with him; I'll make him dance. Shakespeare. 2. An old dance.

(2.) CANARY, or CIVIDAD DE PALMAS, the capital of the island CANARIA, N. 1. It has an mulierent cafle, a court of inquifition, and the

fupreme council of the reft of the Canary islands. It is a bishop's fee, and has 4 convents, two for men and two for women. It is about 3 miles in compafs, and contains 12,000 inhabitants. The houtes are only one story high, and flat at the top; but they are well built. The cathedral is a handfome structure. Lon. 15. 20. W. Lat. 28. 4. N. (3-) *CANARY BIRD. An excellent finging bird, formerly bred in the Canaries, and no where elfe, but now bred in feveral parts of Eu. rope, particularly Germany.-Of finging birds, they have linnets, goldfinches, ruddocks, canary birds, blackbirds, thruihes, and divers other. Carew.

(4.) CANARY BIRDS. See FRINGILLA. Thefe birds are much admired for their finging, and take their name from the islands, (N. 9.) from whence they originally came, but of late there is a fpecies brought froin Germany, and therefore called German birds, which are much better, though both are fuppofed to have originally come from the fame place. The cocks never grow fat, and by fome cannot be diftinguished from common green birds; though the Canary birds are much luftier, have a longer tail, and differ much in heaving the paffages of the throat when they fing. Canary birds are diftinguifhed by different names at different times and ages: thofe that are new flown, and cannot feed themselves, are called pushers; thofe brought up by hand, nestlings: thofe of the 1ft year, under the care of the old ones, branchers; thofe above two years old, eriffs; and thofe of 3 years, runts. Canary birds are various in their notes; tome having a fweet fong, others a low note, others a long fong, which is beft, as having the greatest variety of notes: but they fing chiefly either the titlark or nightingale notes. See SONG OF BIRDS.

(5.) CANARY BIRDS, DIRECTIONS FOR CHOOSING. These birds being much esteemed for their fong, are fometimes fold at high prices, according to the excellency of their notes. To know whether a Canary bird is in good health, take him out of their flore cage, and put him in a clean cage by himself; if he ftand up boldly, without fhrinking in his feathers, look with a brisk eye, and does not clap his head under his wing, it is a fign he is in good health; if he bolts his tail like a nightingale after he has dunged, it is a fign he is not in good health, or at least that he will foon be fick; but if his dung be very thin like water, or of a flimy white without any blackness, it is a fign of approaching death. When in perfect health, his dung lies round and hard, white on the outfide, dark within, and dries quickly; though a feed bird feldom dungs fo hard, unless he is very young.

(6.) CANARY BIRDS, MANAGEMENT OF. Canary birds are subject to many diseases, particularly impofthumes, which affect the head, caufe them to fall fuddenly from the perch, and die in a fhort time, if not speedily cured. The most approved medicine is an ointment made of freih butter and capon's greafe melted together. With this the top of the bird's head is to be anointed for 2 or 3 days, and it will diffolve the impofthume; but if the medicine has been too long delayed, then, after 3 or 4 times anointing, fee whether

the

mour it with turning up your eyelids. ShakeSpeare.

(1.) CANCALLE, a town of France in the department of Morbihan, and ci-devant province of Upper Brittany. Here the British landed in 1758, in their way to St Maloes, where they burnt a great number of fhips in the harbour, and then retired without lofs. This town was in their power; but they acted like gen rous enemies, and did no hurt to it, nor any other on the coaft. Lon. 1. 57. W. Lat. 47. 41. N.

(2.) CANCALLE BAY, a bay of France on the coaft of Morbihan.

CANCAMUM, among ancient Greek phyficians, a gum or retin, fuppofed to be GUM LAC. *To CANCEL. v. a. (canc ler, Fr. from cancellis notare, to mark with crots lies) 1. To croft a writing. 2. To effice; to obiit rate in general Now welcome night, thou night fo long expected,

That long day's labour doth at laft defray, And all my cares which crue love collected, Has fumm'd in one, and cancelled for aye. Shenf Know then, I here forget all former griets, Cancel all grudge; repeal thee hoine again. Shakespeare. Thou whom avenging pow'rs obey, Cancel my debt, too great to pay, Before the fad accounting day. I pafs the bills, my lords, For cancelling your debts. Southerne. CANCELIER, in falconry, is when a light brown hawk, in her stooping, curns two or three ties upon the wing, to recover herfelf before the feizes.

Rofcommon.

CANCELLARIUS. See CHANCELLOR.

* CANCELLATED. bartıp adj. [from cancel.] Crols barred; marked with lines crolling each other. The tail of the cator is almoft bal, though the beaft is very hairy; ad cancellated, with fome refemblance to the fcales of fithes. Gres.

CANCELLATION n. f. [from cancel.] According to Bartolus, is an expunging or wiping on of the contents of an inane, by two lines drawn in the manner of a cofs. Ay life.

(1.) CANCELLI, in building, lattice windows, or thofe made of cross bars áitpoled latticewife. It is also used for rails or ballafters incloting the com. munion table, a court of justice, or the like; and for the network in the infide of hollow bones. (2.) CANCELLI, in military affairs, the fame with barriers.

CANCELLING, in the civil law, an a& whereby a perfon contents that fome former deed be rendered null and void; otherwife called refcifion. CANCELLUS, a fynonime of the hermit crab. See CANCER, IV. N. 4.

(L.) CANCER. n. f. cancer, Lat.] 1. A crabfith. 2. The fign of the fummer folftice.--When now no more th' alternate Twins are fir'd,

And Cancer reddens with the folar blaze, Shor isthe doubtful empire of the night. Thonfor. 3. A virulent fwelling, or fore, not to be cared. Any of these three may degenerate into a fchir. rus, and that fchirrus into a cancer. Wifeman

As when a cancer on the body feeds, And gradual death from limb to limb proceeds; So does the chilnefs to each vital part, Spread by degrees, and creeps into the heart. Addijon.

(II. 1.) CANCER, in aftronomy, one of the 12 figns,reprefented on the globe in the form of a crab, and thus marked (95) in books. It is the 4th conftellation in the ftarry zodiac. See ASTRONOMY, $548. The reafon generally affigned for its name as well as figure, is a fuppofed resemblance which the fun's motion in this fign bears to the crab. As the latter walks backwards, fo the former, in this part of his courfe, begins to go backwards, or recede from us. By others, the difpofition of frars in this fign is fuppofed to have given the first hint to the reprefentation of a crab. It gives name to a quadrant of the ecliptic, viz.

(2.) CANCER, TROPIC OF, in aftronomy, a leffer circle of the fphere parallel to the equator, and pafing through the beginning of the fign Cancer. See ASTRONOMY, Index.

(II) CANCER, in medicine, a roundish, unequal, hard, and livid tumour, generally feated in the glai dulous part of the bocy, fuppofed to be fo called, becaute it appears at length with tur gid veins fhooting out from it, so as to resemble, as it is thought, the figure of a crab fish; or, others fay, becaufe, like that fish, where it has once got, it is fearce poffible to drive it away. Sce MEDICINE, Index.

(IV) CANCER, in zoology, a genus of infects belonging to the order of infecta aptera. The generic characters are thefe: they have 8 legs, (fel dom ten or fix,) befides the two large claws which answer the purpose of hands. They have two eyes at a confiderable diftance from each other, and for the most part fupported by a kind of pedunculi or footftalks; the eyes are likewife elongated and moveable; they have two clawed palpi, and the tail is jointed. There are no less than 87 fpe. cies of cancer, distinguished principally by the length of their tails and the margins of their breasts. The following are the mott remarkable.

I. CANCER ASTACUS, or the craw-fifb, with a projecting fnout flightly ferrated on the fides; a fmooth thorax; back fimooth, with two small fpines on each fide; claws large, befet with small tubercles; two first pair of legs clawed, the two next fibulated; tail confifting of 5 joints; the caudal fins rounded. It inhabits many of the ri vers in England, lodging in holes which they form in the clayey banks. Cardan fays, that this fecies indicates the goodness of water; for in the best water they are boiled into the reddeft colour.

2. CANCER ATомos, atom lobster, with a flender body; litom antennæ; three pair of legs near the head; behind which are two pair of oval veficu æ; beyond are three pair of legs, and a flender tail between the last pair. It is very minute, and the help of the microscope is often neceffry for its infpection.

3. CANCER CRANGON, the SHRIMP, with long flender feelers, and between them two projecting lamina; claws with a fingle, hooked, moveable fang; three pair of legs; 7 joints in the tail; the

middle caudal fin fubulated, the other 4 rounded and fringed, a spine on the exterior fide of each of the outmoft. In inhabits the fhores of Britain in vast quantities, and is the moft delicious of the genus.

4. CANCER DIOGENES, foldier crab, or hermit crab, with rough claws; the left claw is the longeft (this being the only difference between the diogenes and bernardus); the legs are fubulated, and ferrated along the upper ridge; the tail naked and tender, and furnished with a hook by which it fecures itfelf in its lodging. See Plate XLIX. This fpecies is parafitic; and inhabits the empty cavities of turbinated fhells, changing its habitation according to its increase of growth from the small nerite to the large ahelk. Nature denies it the ftrong covering behind, which it hath given to others of this clafs; and therefore directs it to take refuge in the deserted cases of other animals. They crawl very faft with the fhell on their back; and at the approach of danger draw them felves within the thell, and, thrufting out the larger claw, will pinch very hard whatever molefts them. Ariftotle describes it very exactly under the nome of x. By the moderns it is called the foldier, from the idea of its dwelling in a tent; or the bermit, from retiring into a cell. When this animal wants to change its shell, it travels along that line of pebbles and thells which is formed by the extremeft wave; ftill, however, dragging its old incommodious habitation at its tail, unwilling to part with one shell, even though a troublesome appendage, till it can find another more convenient. It is feen stopping at one hell, turning it, and paffing it by; going on to another, contemplating that for a while, and then flipping its tail from its old habitation to try on the new: if this alfo is found to be inconvenient, it quickly returns to its old fhell again. In this manner it frequently changes, till at laft it finds one light, roomy, and commodious; to this it adheres, though the hell be fometimes fo large as to hide the body of the animal, claws and all. Yet it is not till after many trials, and many combats alfo, that the foldier is thus completely equipped; for there is often a conteft between two of them for fome well-looking favourite shell for which they are rivals. They both endeavour to take poflef fion; they ftrike with their claws, they bite each other, till the weakest is obliged to yield by giving up the object of difpute. It is then that the victor immediately takes poffeffion, and parades in his new conqueft 3 or 4 times back and forward upon the ftrand before his envious antagonist. When this animal is taken, it fends forth a feeble cry, endeavouring to feize the enemy with its nippers; which if it faftens upon it, will fooner die than quit the grafp. The hermit crabs frequent moftly thofe parts of the fea fhores which are covered with fhrubs and trees, producing various wild fruits on which they fubfift; though they will alfo feed on the fragments of fith and other animal fubftances caft on shore. When rafted in the fhell, they are efteemed delicate. hermit crab, hung in the air, diffolves into a oil, which speedily cures the rheumatifin, i upon the part.

VCER ERYTHROPUS, or red-clawed crab,

is of a small fize, and brown colour; it F claws of unequal bignefs, red at the ends; and legs, which feem of lefs ufe to them than tho other crabs; for when on the ground, they crawl with flow pace, dragging their bodies along; b they are mostly seen grasping with their claws, and hanging to fome fea-plant, or other marine is ftance.

6. CANCER CAMMARUS, the common to STER, with a smooth thorax, fhout ferrated from very long antennæ ; and between them too fiert. er ones, bifid; claws and fangs large, the greater tuberculated; the leffer ferrated on the re edge; four pair of legs; fix joints in the tal tail-fins rounded. It inhabits all the rocky for of our island, but chiefly where there is a depth of water.

In Llyn in Caernarvonshire a certain mall lobster, nothing different except in fire, bur rows in the fand. They are brought in vaft quantities from the Orkney ifles, and many part of the caftern coaft of Scotland, to the London ma’kets. From the neighbourhood of Mostrofe » lone, 60, or 70,000 are annually brought. The lobfter was well known to the ancients, and well defcribed by Ariftotle under the name of arax. It is found as far as the Hellefpent; and is called at Conftantinople liczada and liga d Lobfters fear thunder, and are apt to caft thr claws on a great clap: It is faid that they wildo the fame on the firing of a great gun; and that, whea men of war meet a lobster boat, a jocular that is ufed, that if the mafter does not tell them go d lobfters, they will falute him. This fpecies it has bit the cleareft water, at the foot of rocks the impend over the fea; which has given opportu nity of examining more clofely into the natur hiftory of the animal, than of many others who live in an element, that in a great measure, limits the inquiries of the moft inquifitive. Some l fters are taken by hand; but the greater quantit in pots, a fort of trap formed of twigs, and bet ed with garbage. They are formed like a wat moufe trap, fo that when the lobster gets cannot return. Thefe are fattened to a cord fet in the fea, and their place marked by a hy Lobfters begin to breed in fpring, and continue breeding most part of the summer. They pro gate more humano, and are extremely prolific. Bafter fays he counted 12,444 eggs under the t besides those that remained in the body up truded. They depofite thofe eggs in the t where they are foon hatched. Lobiters chr their fhells annually. Previous to their putting of their old ones, they appear fick, languid, reftlefs. They acquire an entire new coat a few days; but during the time that they remod defenceless, they feek fome very lonely place, f fear of being devoured by fuch of their breth as are not in the fame fituation. It is remarkable, that lobsters and crabs renew their claws, when accidentally torn off; and they grow again in a few weeks, though they never attain to the fize of the firft. They are very and feed on fea-weeds, garbage, and all forts of dead bodies. The pincers of one of the lobrers large claws are furnished with knobs, and thule of the other are always ferrated. With the former it keeps firm hold of the ftalks of fubmari

voracious anima

plata

in.