inconvenience arifes from the falls in the river St Laurence below Montreal, which prevents fhips from penetrating to that emporium of inland commerce. Our cointaunication therefore with Canada, and the immenfe regions beyond it, will dways be interrupted during winter, until roads ire formed that can be travelled without danger rom the Indians. For thefe lavage people often commit hoftilities against us, without any previ us notice; and frequently, without any provoation, at leaft that can be diftovered; although t must be owned, that our people are too often o blane in beginning quarrels with them.

(3.) CANADA, HISTORY OF. Canada was difovered by Sebastian CABOT, the famous English adventurer, who failed under a commiflion from Henry VII. See AMERICA, 15. But though he English monarch did not make any ufe of this lifcovery, the French quickly attempted it. We ave an account of their fishing for cod on the banks of Newfoundland, and along the coaft of anada, in the beginning of the 16th century. About 1506, one Denys, a Frenchman, drew a map of the gulph of St Laurence; and two years Rer, one Aubert a fhip-matter of Dieppe, carried ner to France fome of the natives of Canada. As he new country, however, did not promife the me amazing quantities of gold and fiver prouced by Mexico and Peru, the French for fome cars neglected it. At laft, in 1524, Francis I. ent 4 fhips under Verazani, a Florentine, to proecute discoveries in that country.. The particuars of his first expedition are not known. He reared to France and next year he undertook a ccond. As he approached the coaft, he met with violent ftorm; however, he came fo near as to erceive the natives on the fhore making friendly gns to him to land. This being found impraecable by reafon of the farf upon the coaft, one f the failors threw himself into the fea; but, encavouring to fwim back to the fhip, a furge rew him on fhore without figns of life. He was, wever, treated by the natives with fuch care nd humanity, that he recovered bis ftrength, and 49 allowed to swim back to the thip, which immediately returned to France. This is all we now of Verazani's fecond expedition. He undertook a third, but was no more heard of, and is thought that he and all his company perithed. n 1534, James Cartier of St Maloes fet fail under commilhon from the French king. See AME ICA, § 10. On his return, he was again fent ut with a commiflion, and a pretty large force; e returned in 1535, and pafled the winter at St roix; but the feafon proved fo fevere, that he d his companions must have died of the fcurvy, ad they not, by the advice of the natives, made le of the decoction of the tops and bark of the hite pines. As Cartier, however, could proice neither gold nor filver, all that he could fay abut the utility of the fettlement was difregarded; ad in 1:40, he was obliged to become pilot to e M. Roberval, who was by the French king pointed viceroy of Canada, and who failed from ance with 5 veffels. Arriving at the gulph of Laurence, they built a fort; and Cartier was ft to command the garrifon in it, while RoberI returned to France for additional recruits to VOL. IV. PART II.

his new fettlement. At last, having embarked in 1549, with a great number of adventurers, neither he nor any of his followers were heard of more. This fo greatly ditcouraged the court of France, that for 50 years, no measures were taken for fupplying with neceffaries the fettlers that were left. At lalt, Henry IV. appointed the Marquis de la Rouche, lieutenant general of Canada, and the neighbouring countries. In 1598, he landed on the ile of Sable, which he abfurdly thought to be a proper place for a fettlement, though it was without any port, and without product except briars. Here he left about 40 malefactors, the refufe of the French jails. After cruizing for fome time on the coaft of Nova Scotia, without being able to relieve these poor wretches, he returned to France, where he died of a broken heart. His colony muft have perifhed, had not a French ship been wrecked on the island, and a few theep driven upon it at the fame time. With the boards of the fhip they erected huts; and while the sheep lafted they lived on them, feeding afterwards on fith. Their clothes wearing out, they made coats of feal-fkins; and in this miferable condition they spent 7 years, when Henry ordered them to be brought to France. The king had the curiofity to fee them in their feal-lkin drefies, and was fo moved with their appearance, that he forgave them all their offences, and gave each of them 55 crowns to begin the world anew. In 1600, one Chauvin, a commander in the French navy, attended by a mer◄ chant of St Malo, called Pontgrave, made a voyage to Canada, from whence he returned with a very profitable quantity of furs. Next year he repeated the voyage with the fame good fortune, but died while he was preparing for a third. The many fpecimens of profit to be made by the Canadian trade, at last induced the public to think favourably of it. An armament was equipped, and the command of it given to Pontgrave, with powers to extend his difcoveries up the river St Laurence. He failed in 1603, and took with him Samuel Champlain, who had been a captain in the navy, and was a man of parts and spirit. It was not however, till 1608, that the colony was fully established, by founding the city of Quebec, which from that time commenced the capital of all Canada. The colony for many years continued in a low way, and was often in danger of being totally exterminated by the Indians. The French, however, at laft not only concluded a permanent peace with them, but fo much ingratiated with them, that they could with eafe prevail upon them at any time to murder and scalp the English in their fettlements. Thefe practices had a confiderable fhare in bringing about the last war with France, wherein the whole country was conquered by the British in 1761. The molt remarkable tranfaction in that conqueft was the fiege of QUEBEC; for an account of which, fee that article. And for the events that occurred in Canada, during the American war, fee AMERICA, 12-14. 27-33.

* CANAILLE. n.f. [Fr.] The lowest people; the dregs; the lees; the offscouring of the people: a French term of reproach.

CANAJOHARIE, a flourishing poft of New Mmm m York,

York, in Montgomery county, fituated on the banks of the Mohawk: 18 m from Fort Hunter, and 318 N. by E. of Philadelphia.

(1.) CANAL n. f. (canalis, Lat.] 1. A bafon of water in a garden.

The walks and long canals reply.

Pope. 2. Any tra& or courfe of water made by art; as the canals in Hand 3. In anatomy. A conduit or paffage through which any of the juices of the body Row.

(2. CANAL OF COMMUNICATION, an artificial cut in the ground, supplied with water from rivers, fpries, &c. to make a navigable communication betwixt one place and another. See § 3-9.

(3.) CANALS, ACCOUNT OF THE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING. The particular operations ne ceflary for making artificial navigations depend upon a number of circumstances. The fituation of the ground, the vicinity or connection with rivers, the eafe or difficulty with which a proper quantity of water can be obtained; these and other circumftances neceffarily produce great variety in the ftructure of artificial navigations, and augment or diminish the labour and expence of executing them. When the ground is naturally level, and unconnected with rivers, the execution is eafy, • and the navigation is not liable to be d fturbed by floods: but, when the ground rifes and fall, and cannot be reduced to a level, artificial methods of raifing and lowering veffels must be employed; which likewife vary according to circumstances. Temporary fluices are fometimes employed for railing boats over falls or shoals in rivers by a very fimple operation. Two posts or pillars of mason work, with grooves, are fixed, one on each bank of the river, at fome diftance below the fhoal. The boat having paffed these pofts, planks are let down across the river by pullies into the grooves, by which the water is dammed up to a proper height for allowing the boat to rafs up the river over the fheal. The Dutch and Flemings, fometimes, when of fired by cafcades, form a rolling bridge upon dry land, alongft which their veffels are drawn from the river below the cafcade into the river above it. This, it is faid, was the only method employed by the ancients, and is ftill ufed by the Chinese, who are ignorant of the nature and utility of locks. Thefe rolling bridges confift of a number of cylindrical rollers which turn eafily on pivots, and a reill is commonly built near by, fo that the fame machinery may ferve the double purpofe of working the mill and drawing up vef. fels. But the construction of canals by locks is far fuperior to every invention of this kind A Lock is a bafon placed lengthwife in a river or canal, lined with walls of mafonty on each fide, and terminated by two gates, placed where there is a cascade or natural fall of the country; and fo contructed, that he bafon being filled with water by an upper flice to the level of the waters a bove, a veffel nay afcend through the upper gate; or the water n the lock being reduced to the level of the water at the bottom of the cafcade, the vessel may descend through the lower "gate; for when the waters are brought to a level on either fide, the gate on that fide may be easily opened. But as the lower gate is ftrained in pro portion to the depth of water it fupports, when

the perpendicular height of the water exceed or 13 feet, more locks than one become recef~ Thus, if the fall be 17 feet, two locks are m red, each having 84 feet fall; and if the full bes feet, three locks are necessary, each having Ba 8 inches fail. The fide walls of a lock or be very strong. Where the natural foundati na bad, they should be founded on piles and po forms of wood: they should likewife flope us ward, in order to refift the preffure of the ezt from behind. Plate LVI. Fig. 1. gives a spective view of part of a canal: the veffei L within the lock A C.-Fig 2. Section of a cru lock: the veffel L about to enter.-Fg. 1. tion of a lock full of water; the veffel Lrall co a level with the water in the fuperior candFig. 4. Ground section of a lock. L, a vele the inferior canal. C, the under gate. A.h upper gate. GH, a fubterraneous paffage trad ting water from the fuperior canal rua intot lock. KF, a fubterraneous paffage for way from the lock to the inferior canal. Xari Fig. 1. are the two flood gates, each of whi confifts of two leaves, reding upon ore a fo as to form an obtufe angle, in order the her to refift the preffure of the water. The fi A. A prevents the water of the fuperior canal fr ma ing into the lock; and the fecond, Y, dams a and fuflains the water in the lock. Thefe foo gates ought to be very strong, and to tum fre upon their hinges. In order to make them c and flut with cafe, each leaf is furni? ed pe long lever A h, A b; Ch, Ch. They for made very tight and clofe, that as little wate poffible may be loft. By the fubterraneous faze GH, fig. 2. 3. & 4, which defcends cllly, by opening the fluice G, the water is kt from the fuperior canal D into the lock, wes is stopt and retained by the gate C when fire the water on the lock comes to be en akiela the water in the fuperior canal D; as repriket fig. 3. When, on the other hand, the wre tained by the lock is to be let out, the Gii must be fhut by letting down the fro the gate A must be also thut, and the pafe opened by raising the fluce K: a free pritge ing thus given to the water, it defends the* KF, into the inferior canal, until the waterin lock is on a level with the water in the canal B; as reprefented, fig. 2. Now, kt required to raise the veffel L, fig. 1.. from th ferior canal, B, to the fuperior one, D; lock happens to be full of water, the finice G be fhut, and alfo the gate A, and the fire! opened, fo that the water in the lock mar out, till it is on a level with the water in the en rior canal B. When the water in the lock com to be on a level with the water at B, the let the gate C are opened by the levers Cb, wh cafily performed, the water on each fide *** gate being in equilibrio; the veffel then fail the lock. After this the gate C and the flui are shut, and the fluice G opened, in order 57 the lock, till the water in the lock, and t quently the veffel, be upon a level with the ma in the fuperior canal D; as is reprefented The gate A is then opened, and the veld " into the canal D. Again, let it be ng

است