in a small treatife upon Phlogifton, published a bout 1785, ftiles "the Brunonian fyftem-a fyftem founded on juft principles, and scouted only by the interested and uninformed." And Dr Toulmin, in his Inftruments of Medicine, after ftiling Brown" equal in his useful researches to the greatest character, that any age has yet produced,"-fays of the fyftem, "The world will profit by the light it in vain endeavoured to extinguish."

Dr Rafori fays, "In the University of Pavia, undoubtedly one of the firft in Europe, there is hardly a student endowed with talents, who is not a Brunonian. The doctrine begins equally to spread in Germany. Many of the periodical publications of that country have noticed it, and the Elementa have lately been published there. A friend at Genoa aflures me, that feveral furgeons to French men of war have informed him, that Brown is known and much admired in France. In the Univerity of Pavia, Brown is in high efteem even with fome of the most refpe&table profeffors; and in other parts of Italy, I can affert from my own knowledge, that old phyficians have not refufed their fanction to many of the Brunonian principies."

(10.) BRUNONIAN SYSTEM, VALUE AND ADVANTAGES OF THE. Having taken notice of the imperfections of the New Doctrine, (§ 6.) as well as of the principal objections to it, (7.) we would not do juftice either to it, or the reader, if we were to pais over its peculiar merits and advantages. "The diftinguishing merit of Brown (fays Beddoes,) is obvious: he avoided all falfe analogies, and confined himself within the proper sphere of obfervation for a phyfician. Hence if he has not always difcovered the truth, he is feldom forfaken by the ipirit of philofophy.-Before him investigations relative, to medicine, had been carried on as rationally as if to difcover the qualities of the horie, the naturalift were to direct his attention to the movements of a windmill."— "Informing an eftimate" of the value of his fyftem, the reader "should have before him, 1. The dif Fculty of emancipating the mind from inveterate and accredited error. 2. The much greater difficulty of giving a new form to a complicated and obfcure science." He afterwards adds, "Whatever errors Brown may have committed in the appication of his principles, and however fhort his doctrines may fail of a perfect fyftem of medicine, I will venture to predict, that his credi, on the Continent will remain unfhaken. The introduction of his opinions will have a most beneficial infence upon those by whom they are adopted, as Well as upon thofe by whom they are rejected. Brunonians will not imitate the ftupidity of the Cuples of certain antient philofophers, but exercife their reafon in expunging, adding, and cor. recting, as experience fhall dictate. With regard 9 Anti-Brunonians a recent example will explain my meaning. When Lavoifier first announced his ften, the chemifts who were mot fcandalized by it, found themfelves obliged to revife their whole stock of facts and deductions; the immediate confequence was an entire change in their opiMons. Though they would not go over to Lavonier, they could not adhere to Stahl, but reluctantly abandoned half their errors. The diffemi Iation of the Brunonian doctrine will bring about the fame thorough luftration of opinions in meditite, and the moft pernicious among the prevailIng prejudices will be relinquished without a contelt. The reader may eftimate what it is to have put to many nations into the right path of medical loveftigation.” Nor is Dr Beddoes the only Eng‐ In phyfician who has expreffed his approbation of the New Doctrine. Di Dewell of Malmfoury,

BRUNSBUTTLE, a fea-port town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Holftein, feated at the mouth of the Elbe; it is 13 m. N. W. of Gluckstadt; and subject to Denmark. Lon. 9. 2. E. Lat. 54. 2. N.

BRUNSFELSIA, in botany; a genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the pentandria class of plants. The corolla is funnel-fhaped, and very long; and the fruit an unilocular polyfpermous berry. There is but one fpecies, viz.

BRUNSTELSIA AMERICANA. It rifes 6 or 8 feet high, has a woody branching rough ftem, garnished with oblong entire leaves on footstalks, and large whitith flowers by threes or fours at the ends of the branches, fucceeded by round saffroncoloured foft fruit. It may be raised from feeds fown in pots in the spring, and plunged in a bark bed. It may alfo be propagated by cuttings planted in pots in the fame feafon, plunging them alfo in a bark bed or other hot bed under glaffes. The plants must always remain in the ftove.

BRUNSLOW, a village in Shropshire, between Barlow and Lidbury.

BRUNSTED, in Norfolk, 2 m. S. E. of Afhford. BRUNSTONE CASTLE, an ancient ruinous fort in the county of Mid-Lothian, and parish of Pennycuick.

(1.) BRUNSWICK, a city of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and capital of the duchy, N°II. 3. It is compofed of 5 towns, viz. the Old Town, the New Town, the Hagen or Burg, the Old Wieck, and the Sack, which makes it a large place, but the houses are almost all built of wood. There are feveral churches, one of which is an ancient Gothic building, but the appearance of its antiquity is almost abforbed by the repairs it has undergone. Brunfwick is a fortified place, and would require a numerous army to beliege, and not a few men to defend it. It is of a fquare form, divided in the middle by the river Ocker. It is about two miles in circumference, and is ftrongly fortified. On the ramparts is a mortar piece of brafs, to feet 6 inches long, and 9 feet 2 inches in circumference. It weighs 1800 quintals, and has 93 quintals of iron in its carriages. It will carry a ball of 730 pounds weight to the diftance of 33,000 paces, and throw a bomb of a thoufand weight; but requires 52 pounds of powder for a charge. This city is the refidence of the duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttle. The inhabitants of the city and parts adjacent carry on a confiderable trade with Bohemia. Brunswick mum is well known in England; a small fort of which is the common drink of the inhabitants of the city. The religion is the Lutheran, and the people observe it very frictly. The peafants are fober and laborious, but clownith and heavy; however, as they are robust and strong, they make

good

midst the acclamations of his fellow citizens, when he had relieved from the horrors of a fiege. The hereditary prince having deftroyed the French magazines in Heffe, had been recalled by his uz cle, and ordered to attempt the relief of Brunf wick. While he was advancing with all pofible fpeed, and had got within a few leagues of the town, he received the news of the liege being raifed. On his arrival at his father's palace, he found his brother Frederick at table, entertaining the French officers, who had been taken prisone the preceding night. Brunswick is feated on the Ocker, 55 miles W. of Magdeburg, and 30 S. f Zell. Lon. 1o. 42. E. Lat. 52. 25. N.

(II.) BRUNSWICK, a country of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N. by the duchy of Lunenburg, on the W. by the circ of Westphalia, on the S. by Hoffe, and the ter tory of Piechfield, and on the E. by Thuringia, with the principalities of Anhalt and Halberitaci, and the duchy of Magdeburg. The rivers are the Wefer, the Ocker, and the Lyne, and it is fertile both in corn and paftures. It is divided into 2 counties and 4 duchies; viz.

1. BRUNSWICK CALENBERG, and) belonging 2. BRUNSWICK GRUBENHAGEN, to the e lector of Hanover, and including the duchy Gottingen:

3. BRUNSWICK, PROPER, and fubject, 4. BRUNSWICK WOLFENBUTTLE, } long with the two counties of Rheinftein and Blankenbury, to the D. of Wolfenbuttle.

good foldiers. The elector of Hanover is ftyled duke of Brunswick, though he has no property in, nor dominion over this city, which belongs to the duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttle. The number of inhabitants is about 24,000; and the whole income of the duke is estimated at 130,000l. The academy of Brunswick, Dr Moore informs us, has been new-modelled, and the plan of education improved, by the attention, and under the patronage of the hereditary prince. Students now refort to this academy from many parts of Germany; and there are generally fome young gentlemen from Britain fent to be educated here. Such of them as are intended for a military life, will not find fo many advantages united at any other place on the continent, as at the Academy of Brunfwick. They will here be under the protection of a family partial to the British nation;-every branch of science is taught by mafters of known abilities; the young ftudents fee garrifon duty regularly performed, and may by the intereft of the prince obtain liberty to attend the reviews of the Pruffian troops at Magdeburg and Berlin. They will have few temptations to expence, in a town where they can fee no examples of extravagance; few opportunities of diffipation, and none of grofs debauchery. The fortifications at Brunfwick were of great utility in the war before the 1aft, and on one occafion they faved the town from being pillaged, and afforded prince Frederick an opportunity of performing an action, which it is imagined gave him more joy than 20 victories. This happened in 1761, foon after the battle of Kirch Denkern, when duke Ferdinand protected Hanover, not by conducting his army into that country, and defending it directly, as the enemy feemed to expect, and probably wifhed; but by diverfion, attacking with ftrong detachments, commanded by the hereditary prince, their magazines in Heffe, and thus drawing their attention from Hanover to that quarter. While the duke Jay encamped at Willhemftall, watching the motions of Broglio's army, the marechal being greatly fuperior in numbers, fent a body of 20,000 men, under prince Xavier of Saxony, who took poffeffion of Wolfenbuttle, and foon after invefted Brunswick. Prince Ferdinand, anxious to fave his native city, ventured to detach 5000 of his army, fmall as it was, under his nephew Frederick, affifted by general Luckner, with orders to harals the enemy, and endeavour to raife the fiege. The young prince while on his march, fent a foldier with a letter to the governor, which was wrapped round a bullet, and which the foldier was to fwallow in cafe of his being taken by the enemy. He had the good fortune to get fafe into the town. The letter apprised the commander of the garrifon of the prince's approach, and particularifed the night and hour when he expected to be at a certain place near the town, requiring him to favour his entrance. In the middle of the night appointed, the prince fell fuddenly on the enemy's cavalry, who, unfuspicious of his approach, were encamped carelessly within a mile of the town. They were immediately difperfed, and fpread fuch an alarm among the infantry, that they alfo retreated with confiderable lofs. Early in the morning the young prince entered Bruniwick, a

(III.) BRUNSWICK, a city of the United Statty in New Jerfey, incorporated in 1784. It is i ated on the S. W. bank of Rariton river, 12 s above Perth-Amboy. Its fituation is low and pleafant, being under a high hill, which rica the back of the town. The ice, on the breake up of the river in winter, frequently lodges on fallow fording place, just oppofite the town, 23 forms a temporary dam, which makes the wat rile many feet above its ufual height, and eve flow the ground floors of the houfes that are guarded againft this inconvenience by the foundations. The inhabitants are beginning build on the pleafant hill above the town. 1 have a confiderable inland trade, and many tr veffels belonging to the port: with a flour college, called Queen's College. This city p miles N. E. of Philadelphia, and 35 S. W. of Ne York. Lon. 75. o. W. Lat. 40. 20. N.

(IV.) BRUNSWICK, a county of Virginia, co taining 12,827 inhabitants, of whom 6,76 flaves. It is bounded N. by Dinwiddie, E. a E. by Greenfville, W. by Mecklenberg, and W. by Lunenberg. It is 38 miles in length, 33 in breadth. A district court is held here a 29th of April and September, for the courts Brunfwick, Greenfville, Lunenberg, and M. lenburg; and a county court for Bruniwch t 4th Monday in every month. It is well wate by Nottaway, and Meherrin rivers.

(V.) BRUNSWICK, a maritime county of W mington diftrict, North Carolina, and the foutherly county in that ftate. It is boun by Cape-Fcar river, which feparates it hum Hanover, N. by Bladen, S. W. by the for South Carolina, and S. by the Atlantic occa

contains 1,560 free inhabitants, and 1,511 flaves. In this county is the Wakkamaw, a beautiful lake about 7 miles in length, and 5 in breadth; and a little fouth of the lake, is Greenswamp, a large body of valuable rice land. The chief town is Smithville.

(VI.) BRUNSWICK, a fmall poft-town of the United States, in Maine district; fituated in Cumberland county. It is 155 miles from Bofton, and fur from Philadelphia.

(VII.) BRUNSWICK, a small town of North Carolina; fituated in the above county, on the W. tide of Cape Fear river, about 9 miles N. of Fort Juhnson, and 17 S. W. of Wilmington. It was formerly the refidence of fome of the regal governors. Lon. 3. 13. W. Lat. 34. o. N.

(VIII.) BRUNSWICK, atown of the United States, in Georgia, where the Turtle river enters St Simon's found. It has a fafe harbour, capable of containing a numerous fleet of men of war; and even the bar, at the entrance, has depth enough for the largeft. The town is regularly laid out, but not yet completed. From its advantageous fituation, and the fertility of the back country, it promises to be hereafter one of the first trading towns in Georgia. It is 70 miles S. W. by W. of Savannah. Lon. 82. o. W. Lat. 31. 10. N. (IX) BRUNSWICK FAMILY. The illuftrious boufe of Brunswick owes its origin to Azo II. of the family of Efte, fon of Hugo III. marquis of Ferrara in Italy. Azo, who died in 1955, left by his wife Cunegonde, daughter and heiress to Guelf III. Luke of Bavaria, a son, Guelf IV. who was greatgrandfather to Henry the Lyon. His fon Guelf V. tarnamed the Valiant, was created duke of Bavaria by the Emperor Henry II. His fon, Guelf VI. married Matilda, the richeft heirefs in Europe; but having no iffue, his brother Henry the Black ficceeded to his dominions. He died in 1125, Laving married Wulfhild daughter of Magnus, laft duke of Saxony, of the Bulling family, by whom he had Henry the Proud, who fucceeded to Bavaria in 1137; and he having married a daughter of the emperor Lotharius, his father-inw granted him inveftiture of Saxony, and meant Em for his fucceffor in the empire; but this laft he was difappointed of. Dying in 1139, both Saxony and Bavaria devolved on his fon Henry V. firmamed the Lyon. He married Maude, eldeft daughter of Henry II. of England, and is confidered as the founder of the Brunfwick family. It is remarkable, that our prefent fovereign thould be defcended from one of the bett of the English monarchs, in whom were united the royal AngloSaxon and Norman blood. The dominions pofked by Henry the Lyon were the moft extensive of any prince of his time; but, having refufed to A the emperor Frederick Barbaroffa, in a war azunft Pope Alexander III. all his former fervices were forgotten; and in the diet of Wurtzburg in 119 or 1180, he was profcribed. The duchy of Bivaria was given to Otho count Wittlepatch, from whom is defcended the prefent electoral family of Bavaria; the duchy of Saxony to Bernard Alcanius, founder of the houfe of Anhalt; and all his other territories to different perfons. On this be retired to England; and by his father's interceffion, Brunswick and Lunenburgh were reftored

From

to him. His wife Maude died in 1189, and he in 1195. He left three fons; but the two eldeft not leaving any male iffue, William, the third fon, carried on the line of the family: and his fon Otho was created duke of Brunswick and Lunenburgh in 1235, by the emperor Ferdinand II. him all the fucceeding dukes of this family have defcended. No family can boast of a line of princes who have more diftinguished themfelves, both by their political abilities and martial atchievements; and they are allied to all the principal families in Europe. The houfe of Brunswick is divided into feveral branches. The prefent duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttle is sprung from the eldeft; the duke of Brunswick Zell was from the fecond and from this laft fprung the elector of Hanover.

(X.) BRUNSWICK, NEW, the N. W. divifion of Nova Scotia, which, in 1784, was divided into two provinces. New Brunswick is bounded on the W. of the river St Croix, by the faid river to its fource, and by a line drawn due N. thence to the S. boundary of Canada; to the N. by the fame boundary as far as the W. extremity of the bay of Chaleurs; to the E. by the faid bay to the gulf of St Lawrence to the bay called Bay Verte; to the S. by a line in the centre of the bay of Fundy, from the river St Croix to the mouth of the Mufquat river, by the faid river to its fource, and thence by a due E. line across the ifthmus into the Bay Verte to join the E. lot above defcribed, including all illands within fix leagues of the coaft. Since the conclusion of the American war, the emigration of loyalifts to this province, from the United States has been very great.

* BRUNT. n. f. [brunj?, Dutch.] 1. Shock; violence.-Erona chofe rather to bide the brunt of war, than venture him. Sidney.-

God, who caus'd a fountain, at thy pray'r, From the dry ground to fpring, thy thirft t' allay

After the brunt of battle. Milton. -Faithful minifters are to ftand and endure the brunt: a common foldier may fly, when it is the duty of him that holds the standard to die upon the place. South, 2. Blow; itroke.

A wicked ambuth which lay hidden long In the clofe covert of her guileful eyen,

Thence bre king forth, did thick about me throng,

Too feeble I t' abide the brunt so strong. Spenf.

The friendly rug preferv'd the ground, And headlong knight, from bruife or wound, Like feather bed betwixt a wall And heavy brunt of cannon-ball. Hudibras. BRUNTHORP, a village in Lincolnshire, 2 m. S. E. of Alford.

BRUNTISLAND. See BURNTISLAND. BRUNTON, a village in Northumberland, near Dunstaburg castle.

BRURY, a town of Ireland, in Limerick.

BRUSCHIUS, Gafpar, a Latin historian and poet, born at Egra in Bohemia, in 1518. He was devoted to books from his childhood, and efpecially to poetry, in which he gained fo much reputation, that he attained to the poetical crown, to the dignity of poet laureat, and of count palatine. He wrote with prodigious facility; and his veries are eafy, and natural. He published Latin poems

оп

and gilders, for scrubbing filver, copper, or brafs pieces, previous to the gilding of them.

(1.) To BRUSH. v. a. [from the noun. 1. To fweep or rub with a brush.-If he be not in love with fome woman, there is no believing old feny; he brushes his hat o' morning; what thould that bode? Shakesp. 2, To ftrike with quicknes, & in brushing.-

on various subjects; the hiftory of the bishops and bishoprics of Germany; of German monafteries; and many other works, of which a catalogue is given in Gefner's Bibliotheque. He was very poor, fubfifting almoft entirely by the benefactions of his poetical patrons, and by prefents from the abbots whofe monafteries he defcribed. The liberality of fome abbots at Bafil enabled him to buy a new fuit of clothes; but when he found that appearing well dreffed in the streets procured him refpect from the vulgar, he tore his new finery to pieces, "as flaves that had ufurped their master's honours." Brufchius feems to have been too great a philofopher for the age he lived in. He was murdered in the foreft of Scalingenbach, between Rottemberg and Winfheim, by fome gentlemen (it was fuppofed,) against whom he was about to write fomething.

BRUSCIA, in writers of the middle age, a BRUSCUS, Š small thicket or coppice. BRUSEBRIDGE, near Worfop, Nottingham. (1.) * BRUSH. n. f. [broffe, from brufcus, Lat.] 1. An inftrument to clean any thing, by rubbing off the dirt or foil. It is generally made of briftles fet in wood. 2. It is ufed for the larger and ftronger pencils used by painters.-Whence comes all this rage of wit? this arming all the pencils and brushes of the town against me? Stilling fleet. With a small brush you must smear the glue well upon the joint of each piece. Moxon. 3. A rude affault; a fhock; rough treatment; which, by the fame metaphor, we call a fcouring.—

Let grow thy finews till their knots be ftrong, And tempt not yet the brufbes of the war.

Shakelpeare. -It could not be poffible, that, upon fo little a brush as Waller had fuftained, he could not be able to follow and difturb the king. Clarendon.

Elfe when we put it to the puth, They had not giv'n us fuch a brush. Hudibras. (2) BRUSH, [from brufcia,] alfo denotes a small thicket or coppice.

(3.) BUSH, in electricity, denotes the luminous appearance of the electric matter iffuing in a parcel of diverging rays from a point. Beccaria afcribes this appearance to the force with which the electric fluid, going out of a point, divides the contiguous air, and paffes through it to that which is more remote.

(4.) BRUSHES, METHOD OF MAKING. This is done by folding the hair or bristle in two; and bringing it by means of a packthread, which is engaged in the fold, through the holes with which the wood is pierced all over, being afterwards faftened therein with glue. When the holes are thus filed, the ends of the hair are cut to make the furface even.

(5.) BRUSH OF A FOX, among sportsmen, fignifies his drag or tail.

(6.) BRUSH, PAINTERS. See § 1. def. 2. The Chinese painters brush coufifts of the talk of a plant; whofe fibres being fretted at both ends, and tied again, ferve for a brush.

(7.) BRUSH, SHEAR MENS, is made of wild boar's briftles; and ferves to lay the wool or nap of cloth, after thearing it for the laft time.

(8.) BRUSH, WIRE, is made of brafs or iron wires inftead of hair. Thefe are ufed by filver-fmiths

The wrathful beaft about him turned light, And him fo rudely patling by, did brigh With his long tail, that horse and man to ground did rush. Spenfer's Fairy Patis

Has Somnus brush'd thy eyelids with his rod Dryd

His fon Cupavo brush'd the briny flood, Upon his ftern a brawny centaur stood. Dŋá High o'er the billows flew the massy load, And near the thip came thund'ring on the flood, It almoft brufb'd the helm.

3. To paint with a brufh.-You have commill.com ed me to paint your shop, and I have done my beft to brush you up like your neighbours. Po 4. To carry away, by an act like that of bruth. to fweep.

And from the boughs brush of the evil dew, And heal the harms of thwarting thunder bien, Milise

-The receptacle of waters, into which the mouths of all rivers must empty themfelves, ought to have so spacious a furface, that as much water may be continually brushed off by the winds, and exhalod by the fun, as, besides what falls again, is brought into it by all the rivers. Bentley. 5. To move a the brush.