courfe they lie upon of the other fide. If bricks be laid in winter, let them be kept as dry as poffible, if in fummer, it will quit coft to employ boys to wet them, for that they will then unite with the mortar better than if dry, and will make the work stronger. In large buildings, or where it is thought too much trouble to dip all the bricks feparately, water may be thrown on each courfe after they are la d, as was done at the building the phyfician's college, by order of Dr Hooke. If brick are laid in fummer, they are to be covered; for if the mortar dries too haftily, it will not bind fo firmly to the bricks as when left to dry more gradually. If the bricks be laid in winter, they thould also be covered well, to protect them from rain, fnow and froft; which laft is a mortal enemy to mortar, efpecially to all fuch as have been wetted juft before the froft affaults it.

BRICKLEHAMPION, a village in Worcesterfhire, near Perthore.

BRICKLESEY, near Merfey ifle, Effex. BRICKLEY-LODGE, in Needwood foreft, Staf

fordshire.

* BRICK-MAKER. n. f. [from brick and make.] One whofe trade it is to make bricks.-They are common in claypits; but the brickmakers pick them out of the clay. Woodward.

BRICK-MAKING is moftly performed at fome small distance from cities and towns; and though fome, through ignorance, look upon it as a very mean employment, becaufe laborious, yet the masters about London, and other capital cities, are generally men of fubftance. See BRICKS, (IV. BRICK-RIVER, a river in Kerry, Ireland. BRICKTON, a town in Hampshire, near Fording-Bridge.

BRICKY, a river of Ireland, in Waterford. BRICOIL, or The rebound of a ball, after a BRICOLE, fide stroke at tennis.

BRICOLS, engines used before the invention of gun-powder to batter the walls of towns and caftles.

(1.) * BRIDAL. adj. [from bride.] Belonging to a wedding; nuptial; connubial.—

r

Our wedding chear to a fad fun'ral feast, Our folemn hymns to fullen dirges change, Our bridal flowers ferved for a buried corse. Shakespeare. Come, I will bring thee to thy bridal chamber. Shakespeare.

The amorous birds of night Sung fpoufal, and bid hafte the ev'ning ftar, On his hill-top to light the bridal lamp. Milt. Your ill-meaning politician lords, Under pretence of bridal friends and guests, Appointed to await me thirty spies. Milton. When to my arms thou brought'ft my virgin love,

Fair angels fung our bridal hymn above. Dryd, With all the pomp of woe, and forrows pride!

Oh, early loft! oh, fitter to be led
In chearful splendour to the bridal bed. Walsh,
For her the spouse prepares the bridal ring,
For her white virgins hymenæals fing.
(2.) * BRIDAL. n.f. The nuptial festival.-
Nay, we must think, men are not gods;

Pope.

Nor of them look for such obfervance always,
As fits the bridal.
Shakespeare's Othello.
Sweet day, fo cool, fo calm, so bright,
The bridal of the earth and fky,
Sweet dews fhall weep thy fall to-night;
For thou must die.

Herbert,

(2.) BRIDES, ANCIENT CUSTOMS RESPECTING. Among the ancient Greeks, it was cuftomary for the bride to be conducted from her father's hou to her husband's in a chariot, the evening being chosen for that purpofe, to conceal her bluthes; fhe was placed in the middle, her husband fitting on one fide, and one of her moft intimate friends on the other; torches were carried before her, and fhe was entertained in the paffage with a long fuitable to the occafion. When they arrived their journey's end, the axle tree of the coach they rode in was burnt, to fignify that the bride was never to return to her father's house.-Among the Romans, the bride was to seem to be ravaged by force from her mother, in memory of the rape of the Sabines under Romulus; fhe was to be car ried home in the night to the bridegroom's houfe, accompanied by 3 boys, one of whom carried a torch, and the other two led the bride; a spindle and distaff being carried with her: fhe brought 3 pieces of money, called affes, in her hand to the bridegroom, whofe doors on this occafion were adorned with flowers and branches of trees; being here interrogated who fhe was, he was to anfwer Caia, in memory of Caia Cecilia, wife of Tarquin the Elder, who was an excellent fpinftrefs; for the like reafon, before her entrance, the lined the door pofts with wool, and fmeared them with greafe. Fire and water being fet on the threshold, The touched both; but ftarting back from the door, refused to enter, till at length fhe paffed the threshold, being careful to ftep over without touching it: here the keys were given her, a nuptial fupper was prepared for her, and minstrels to di vert her; the was feated on the figure of a priapus, and here the attendant boys refigned her to the probnue, who brought her into the nuptial chamber and put her to bed. This office was to be performed by matrons who had only been once married, to denote that the marriage was to be for perpetuity. • BRIDE

• BRIDEBED. n. /. [from bride and bed.] Mar

riage bed.

Now until break of day,

Through this houfe each fairy ftray;
To the teft bride bed will we,
Which by us fhall blessed be.

Shake/peare Could David's fon, religious, just and brave To the first bridebed of the world receive A foreigner, a heathen, and a flave? Prior. * BRIDECAKE. n. f. [from bride and cake. A cake diftributed to the guefts at the wedding.With the phant'fies of hey troil, Troll about the bridal bridecake Round about the bride's ftake. Ben Jonon. -The writer, refolved to try his fortune, fafted all day, and, that he might be fure of dreaming apon fomething at night, procured an handsome lice of bridecake,, which he placed very convenintly under his pillow. Spe&ator.

(1.) BRIDEGROOM. n. f. [from bride and room.] A new married man.—

As are thofe dulcet founds in break of day, That creep into the dreaming bridegroom's car. And fummon him to marriage. Shakespeare. Why, happy bridegroom! Why doft thou fteal fo foon away to bed?

Dryden. (2.) BRIDEGROOMS, ANCIENT CUSTOMS REPECTING. The Spartan bridegrooms commitda kind of rape upon their brides. For matbeing agreed on between them, the woman at contrived and managed the match, having aved the bride's hair close to her skin, dreffed er up in man's clothes, and left her upon a matefs: this done, in came the bridegroom, in his fual drefs, having fupped as ordinary, and stealgas privately as he could to the room where e bride lay, and untying her virgin girdle, took r to his embraces; and having stayed a fhort me with her returned to his companions, with hom he continued to spend his life, remaining ith them by night as well as by day, unless he ale a fhort vifit to his bride, which could not be ane without a great deal of circumfpection, and ar of being discovered. Among the Romans, e bridegroom was decked to receive his bride; shair was combed and cut in a particular form; : had a coronet or chaplet on his head and was effed in a white garment. By the ancient ca, the bridegroom was to forbear the enjoy. ent of his bride the first night, in honour of the ptial benediction given by the prieft on that ty. In Scotland, and fome parts of England, a ore shameful custom anciently prevailed, called archet, whereby the lord of the manor was enled to the bridegroom's privilege with his tent's bride the first night. See MARCHET. What tolerable oppreffion must the lower claffes have en laboured under, when fuch iniquity was eftashed by law!

BRIDÉKIRK, a village in Cumberland, 3 m. - of Cockermouth.

* BRIDEMAIDS. Įn. /. The attendants on the BRIDEMEN..(bride and bridegroom.

BRIDEMIF, in the Perfian Tables, the name the conftellation, LUPUS, or the Wolf. BRIDENBURY, a village in Herefordshire, ar Bromyard.

BRIDE-RIVER, a river of Ireland, in Cork.f BRIDE, Sr, two villages in Monmouthshire. 1. near Ifton: 2. S. of Tredgar.

BRIDE'S BAY, ST, a bay on the coast of Pembrokeshire, where ships anchor at 7 fathoms water.

BRIDE'S, ST, a town near Caernarvon,

BRIDESTAKE. n. f. [from bride and stake.], It seems to be a poft fet in the ground, to dance round, like a maypole.Ben Jonjon.

Round about the brideflake. (1.)* BRIDEWELL. n. . [The palace built by St Bride's, or Bridget's swell, was turned into a workhoufe.] A house of correction.—He would contribute more to reformation than all the workhoufes and Bridewells in Europe. Spectator.

(2.) BRIDEWELL, is alfo a workehoufe for vagrants, ftrumpets, and other diforderly perfons: who are made to work; being maintained with clothing and diet; and when it seems good to their governors, they are fent by paffes into their native countries. While they remain in Bridewell they are not only made to work, but, according to their crimes, receive, once a fortnight, such a number of ftripes as the governor commands.

(3.) BRIDEWELL, near Fleet-ftreet, is a foundation of a mixt and fingular nature, partaking of the hospital, the prison, and workhouse; it was founded in 1553, by Edward VI. who gave the place where K. John formerly kept his court, and which had been repaired by Henry VIII. to the city of London, with 700 merks of land, bedding, and other furniture. Several youths are fent to the hofpital as apprentices to manufacturers, who refide there they are clothed in blue doublets and breeches, with white hats. Having faithfully ferved for 7 years, they have their freedom, and a donation of L. 10 each, for carrying on their respective trades.

(4.) BRIDE WELL, EDINBURGH, is feated on the Calton hill. The foundation ftone was laid Nov. 30, 1791: and the firft prifoners admitted in 1794. The expence was L. 12,000.

(I. 1.)* BRIDGE. n. f. [bric, Sax.] 1. A building raifed over the water for convenience of passage. What need the bridge much broader than the flood.

Shakespeare.

And proud Araxes, whom no bridge could

bind.

Dryden.

2. The upper part of the nofe.-The raifing gently the bridge of the nofe, doth prevent the deformity of a faddle nose. Bacon. 3. The fupporter of the strings in ftringed instruments of mufick.

(2.) BRIDGE, in architecture, is a work either of ftone or timber, confifting of one or more arches built over a river, canal, or the like. See ARCHITECTURE, Index, CANAL, and MECHA

NICS.

(3.) BRIDGE, CONDITIONS REQUIRED IN A. It is requifite that a bridge be well defigned, commodious, durable, and fuitably decorated. The piers of stone bridges should be equal in number, that there may be one arch in the middle, where commonly the current is ftrongeft; their thicknefs is not to be less than a fixth part of the fpan of the arch, nor more than a fourth; they are commonly guarded in the front with angular fterlings, to break the force of the current: the

frongest

(4.) BRIDGE, ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A. These are, the piers; the arches; the pavement, or way over for cattle and carriages; the foot way on each fide, for foot-paffengers; the rail or parapet, which inclofes the whole; and the butments or ends of the bridge on the bank.

(5) BRIDGE, IRON. See § 9. N° vi. (.) BRIDGES, ANCIENT. The first inventor of bridges, as well as of ships and crowns, is by fome learned men fuppofed to be Janus: their reafon is, that on several ancient Greek, Sicilian, and Italian coins, there are reprefented on one fide a Janus, with two faces; and on the other a bridge, crown or a ship. Bridges are a fort of edifices very difficult to execute on account of the inconvenience of laying foundations and walling under water. The earlieft rules and inftructions relating to the building of bridges are given by Leon Babtifta Alberti. Archit, I. viii. Others were afterwards laid down by Palladio, I. iii. Serlio, l. iii. c 4. and Scammozzi, 1. v. all of which are collected by M. Blondel, Cours d' Archit. p. 629, feq. The best of them are given by Goldman, Baukburft, l. iv. c. 4. p. 134. and Hawkefmoor's Hiftory of London bridge, p. 26, feq. M. Gautier has a piece exprefs on bridges, ancient and modern; Trait des Ponts, Paris 1716, 12mo. Among the Romans, the building and repairing of bridges was first committed to the pontifices or priests; whence the epithet, pontifex. i. e. a bridge-maker; then to the cenfors, or curators of the roads; laftly, the emperors took the care of bridges into their own hands. Thus Antoninus Pius built the Pons Janiculenfis of marble; Gordian restored the Pons Ceftius; and Adrian built a new one denominated from him. In the middle age, bridge building was reckoned among the acts of religion; and a regular order of Hospitallers was founded by St Benezet, towards the end of the 12th century, under the denomination of pontifices, or bridge-builders, whofe office it was to be alliftant to travellers, by making bridges, fettling ferries and receiving strangers in hospitals, or houfes built on the banks of rivers. We read of one hofpital of this kind at Avignon, where the hofpitallers dwelt under the direction of their first fuperior St Benezet. The Jefuit Raynaldus has a treatise express on St John the bridge-builder. Among the bridges of antiquity, that built by Trajan over the Danube is allowed to be the moft magnificent.

(7.) BRIDGES, FLOATING, are ordinarily made of two small bridges, laid one over the other, fo that the uppermoft ftretches and runs out, by the help of cords running through pullies placed along the fides of the under bridge, which pull it for

(8.) BRIDGES, FLYING, Pontes duo ii, an appellation given to bridges made of pontoons, leather boats, hollow beams, cafks, or the like, laid on a river, and covered with planks, for the paífage of an army. A flying bridge, pont volant, more particularly denotes a bridge compofed of one or two boats joined together by a fort of flooring, and furrounded with a rail or baluftrade; having alfo one or more mafts, to which is fastened a cable, fupported at proper diftances, by boats, and extended to an anchor, to which the other end is faftened, in the middle of the water: by which contrivance the bridge becomes moveable, like a pendulum from one fide of the river to the other, without any other help than the rudder.—Such bridges sometimes also confift of two ftories, for the quicker paffage of a great number of men, or that both infantry and cavalry may pafs at the fame time. In Plate XLIV, is repre fented a flying bridge of this kind. Fig. 1. gives a perfpective view of the course of a river and its two banks. a, b, c, d, Two long boats or batteaux, which fupport the flying bridge. GH, KL, two maits joined at their tops by two tranfverfe pieces or beains, and a central arch, and fupported in a vertical pofition by two pair of shrouds and twa chains LN, HR. M, a horfe, or crofs piece, over which the rope or cable M, F, e, f, that rides or holds the bridge against the current, paffes. E, roll or windlass round which the rope M, F, 4, fi is wound. a, b, The rudders. AB, and CD, two portions of bridges of boats faftened to the bank on each fide, and between which the flying bridge moves in paffing from one fide of the river to the other. e, f, Chains fupported by two punts, or fmall flat-bottomed boats; there are 5 or 6 of thefe punts at a about 40 fathoms from one ane ther. The firft, or fartheft from the bridge, moored with anchors in the middle of the bed of the river. Fig. 2. Is a plan of the same bridga a, b, c, d, The two boats that fupport it. Kand G, the two mafts. KF G, the tranfverfe pieces at beam over which the cable paties. E, the roll, of windlats, round which the rope or cable is wound a, b, The rudders, O, a boat. e, One of the punts, or fmall flat-bottomed boats that fuppet the chain. N, N, pumps for extracting the wa ter out of the boats. P, P, capftans. Fig. 3lateral elevation of the bridge. a, c, One of the boats. b, The rudder. E, the roll, or windlas M, The horfe, or crois-piece. G H, One of the mafts. E, M, H, F, The cable. In this view the balustrade running along the fide of the bridge plainly exhibited. Fig. 4. Elevation of the hindr or ftern part of the bridge. a, b, The two boats. GH, KL, The two mafts. H L, The upp tranfverfe beam. p, g, The lower tranfverfe or that over which the cable paffes, and on which