App. 4. Whatever relative is used, in one of a series of clauses relating to the same antecedent, the same relative ought generally to be used in them all. In the following sentence, this rule is violated: "It is remarkable that Holland, against which the war was undertaken, and that, in the very beginning, was reduced to the brink of destruction, lost nothing." It should have been, "and which in the very beginning.'

App. 5. The neuter pronoun, by an idiom peculiar to the English language, is frequently joined in explanatory sentences, with a noun or pronoun of the masculine or feminine gender; as, "It was I ;" "It was the man or woman that did it."

App. 6. The neuter pronoun it is sometimes omitted and understood thus we say, "As appears, as follows," for "As it appears, as it follows ;" and "May be," for "It may be."

App. 7. The neuter pronoun it is sometimes employed to express:

1st, The subject of any discourse or inquiry; as, "It happened on a summer's day ;" "Who is it that calls on me?"

2d, The state or condition of any person or thing; as, “How is it with you?"

3d, The thing, whatever it be, that is the cause of any effect or event, or any person considered merely as a cause; as, "We heard her say, it was not he :" "The truth is, it was I that helped

her.'

Remark. What is sometimes applied, in a manner which appears to be exceptionable; as, "All fevers except what are called nervous," &c. It wonld at least be better to say, except those which are called nervous."

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Note 1. Personal pronouns being used to supply the place of the noun, are not employed in the same part of a sentence as the noun which they represent; for it would be improper to say, The king he is just;" "I saw her the queen ;" "The men they were there."

Note 2. The pronoun that is frequently applied to persons as well as things; but after an adjective in the superlative degree, and after the pronominal adjective same, it is generally used in preference to who or which; as, "Charles XII. King of Sweden, was one of the greatest madmen that the world ever saw;"" He is the same man that we saw before."

Rem. There are. cases wherein we cannot conveniently dis pense with the relative that, as applied to persons; as, First, after who the interrogative; "Who that has any sense of religion, would have argued thus ?" Secondly, when persons make but a part of the antecedent; "The woman, and the estate, that became his portion, were rewards far beyond his desert,”

Note 3. The pronouns whichsoever, whosoever, and the like, are elegantly divided by the interposition of the corresponding substantives; "On which side soever the king cast his eyes.'

Note 4. Many persons are apt, in conversation, to put the ob

jective case of the personal pronouns in the place of these and those; as, "Give me them books," instead of those books." It is better to say, "They that, or they who sow in tears sometimes reap in joy," than to say, "Those who," &c.

Rem. It is not, however, always easy to say, whether a per sonal pronoun or a demonstrative is preferable, in certain con structions. "We are not unacquainted with the calumny of them [or those] who openly make use of the warmest professions.'

Note 5. The word what is sometimes improperly used for that, as, "They will never believe but what I have been entirely to blame." The word somewhat, in the following sentence, is improperly used." These punishments seem to have been exercised in somewhat an arbitrary manner; that is, in a manner which is in some respects arbitrary.'

Note 6. The pronoun relative who should be confined to the proper names of persons, or the general terms, man, woman, &c. except when a term directly and necessarily implies persons. It is incorrect to say, "The faction who;" "France who," "The Court who;" "The family who," &c.

In the following, and similar sentences, who is admitted; "The inhabitants with whom some cities abound;" "None of the company whom he most affected," &c.

Note 7. The personal pronoun is improperly applied to children and to animals; thus we say, "It is a lovely child." "That fowl which nature has taught to dip the wing in water."

Note 8. When the name of a person is used merely as a name, and it does not refer to the person, the pronoun which and not who should be used; as, "It is no wonder if such a man did not shine at the court of queen Elisabeth, which was but another name for prudence and economy."

Which is also used to distinguish one person of two, or a particular person among a number of others; as, "Which of the two," or, "Which of them, is he or she?"

Note 9. There should be no ambiguity in the use of the pronoun relative; as, when we say, "The disciples of Christ, whom we imitate." Is Christ or disciples the antecedent?

Note 10. It is and it was, are often used in a plural construction; as, "It is a few great men who decide;" "It is they that are the real authors;" "It was the hereticks that first began to rail."

Rem. This license in the construction of it is, (if it be proper to admit it at all,) has, however, been certainly abused in the following sentence, which is thereby made a very awkward one. "It is wonderful the very few accidents, which, in several years, happen from this practice."

Note 11. The interjections O! Oh! and Ah! require the objective case of a pronoun in the first person after them; as, "O me! Oh me! Ah me!" But the nominative case in the second person; as, "O thou persecutor !" "Oh ye hypocrites!" "O thou, who dwellest," &c.

RULE VI.

Part. 1. The relative is the nominative case to the verb, when no nominative case comes between it and the verb; as, "The master who taught us;" "The trees which are planted."

Part. 2. When a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by some word in its own member of the sentence; as, "He who preserves me, to whom I owe my being, whose I am, and whom I serve, is eternal."

App. 1. When both the antecedent and the relative become nominatives, each to different verbs, the relative is the nominative to the former, and the antecedent to the latter verb; as, “True philosophy, which is the ornament of our nature, consists more in the love of our duty, and the practice of virtue, than in great talents and extensive knowledge."

Note 1. The noun or pronoun containing the answer, must be in the same case as that which contains the question; as, "Whose books are these? They are John's." "Who gave them to him? We.' "Of whom did you buy them? Of a bookseller; him who lives at the Bible and Crown.'

App. 2. As the relative pronoun, when used interrogatively, refers to the subsequent word or phrase containing the answer to the question, that word or phrase may properly be termed the subsequent to the interrogative.

App. 3. Pronouns are sometimes made to precede the things which they represent; as, "If a man declares in autumn, when he is eating them, or in spring when there are none, that he loves grapes," &c. But this is a construction which is very seldom allowable.

RULE VII.

When the relative is preceded by two nominatives of different persons, the relative and verb may agree in person with either, according to the sense; as, I am the man who command you;" or, I am the man who commands you."

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App. When the relative and the verb have been determined to agree with either of the preceding nominatives, that agreement must be preserved throughout the sentence; as in the following instance; "I am the Lord that maketh all things: and stretcheth forth the heavens alone." Isa. xliv. 24.

RULE VIII.

Part. 1. Every adjective, and every adjective

“

pronoun, belongs to a substantive expressed or understood; as, "He is a good, as well as a wise man;" Few are happy;" that is, persons ;" "This is a pleasant walk;" that is, "this walk is," &c.

Part. 2. Adjective pronouns must agree, in number, with their substantives; as, "This book, these books; that sort, those sorts; another road, other roads."

App. An adjective pronoun in the plural number, will sometimes properly associate with a singular noun; as, "Our desire, your intention, their resignation.'

"Full many a gem, of purest ray serene,
The dark, unfathom'd caves of ocean bear;
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air."*

1. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

Note 1. The phrases this means and that means should be used only when they refer to what is singular; these means and those means, when they respect plurals; as, "He lived temperately, and by this means preserved his health;" "The scholars were attentive, industrious, and obedient to their tutors; and by these means acquired knowledge."

Note 2. That is used in reference to the former of two persons or things, and this in reference to the latter; as, “Self-love, which is the spring of action in the soul, is ruled by reason: but for that, man would be inactive; and but for this, he would be active to no end."

Note 3. The distributive adjective pronouns, each, every, either, agree with the nouns, pronouns, and verbs, of the singular number only, except the plural noun convey a collective idea; as, "The king of Israel, and Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah, sat each on his throne;" Every tree is known by its fruit ;""Either of the two Every six months."+

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is eligible;"

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Obs. Each signifies both of them taken distinctly or separately;

"Many a gem" and "many a flower" are idiomatical phrases denoting many individuals of the same species, which are taken separately and singly, without regard to the idea of a collective number or multitude. The pronoun many seems to respect the substantives in these phrases, as being in a multiplied sense limited to unity by the article a. Without the articie, the phrases, many gem and many flower, would make what may be termed grammatical discord. Editor.

+ This note forms another exception to Rule II.

either properly signifies only the one or the other of them, taken disjunctively.

Rem. Either is often used improperly instead of each; as, "Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his

Note 4. Part 1. Adjectives are sometimes improperly applied as adverbs; as, "Indifferent honest; excellent well; miserable poor;" instead of "Indifferently honest; excellently well; miserably poor."

Part 2. Adverbs are likewise improperly used as adjectives; as, "The tutor addressed him in terms rather warm, but suitably to his offence;" it should be "suitable to his offence."

Part 3. The adjective pronoun such, is often misapplied; as, "He was such an extravagant young man, that he spent his whole patrimony in a few years;" it should be, "so extravagant a young

man.'

Note 5. Double comparatives and superlatives should be avoided; such as, "A worser conduct;" "A more serener temper;"

Note 6. Adjectives that have in themselves a superlative signification, do not properly admit of the comparative or superlative form; such as, Chief, extreme, perfect, right, universal, supreme," &c.

Note 7. The degrees of comparison are often inaccurately applied and constructed; thus, This noble nation hath, of all others, admitted fewer corruptions;" it should be, "This noble nation hath admitted fewer corruptions than any other." "The weakest of the two;" it should be, The weaker of the two," because only two things are compared. "Covetousness, of all vices, enters the deepest into the soul;" it should have been, "most deeply."

Note 8. In some cases, adjectives should not be separated from their substantives, even by words which modify their meaning, and make but one sense with them; as, "A large enough number surely;" it should be, "A number large enough."

The adjective, in English, is usually placed before its substantive; as, A generous man;" but comes after the substantive: 1st, When something depends upon the adjective, or when it gives a better sound; as, "A man generous to his enemies."

2d, When the adjective is emphatical; as, "Alexander the Great." 3d, When several adjectives belong to one substantive; as, "A man just, wise, and charitable."

4th, When the adjective is preceded by an adverb; as, “A boy regu larly studious."

5th, When the verb to be, in any of its variations, comes between a substantive and an adjective, the adjective may frequently either precede or follow it; as, "The man is happy;" or "happy is the man who makes virtue his choice."

6th, When the adjective expresses some circumstance of a substantive placed after an active verb; as, " Vanity often renders its possessor despicable."