blished in the army, (about seventy thousand, strong, at that time) one may conjecture that he would have obtained real advantages, and not have contented himself with merely recovering lost ground. Don Joseph Urraja had served in Russia during the war with the Turks. He had distinguished himself at Ismaelow, and been decorated with the order of St. Anne. The king his master rewarded his services in Catalonia, by appointing him captain general of the army, and director general of artillery. This general died in 1803. Don Ventura Caro, general of the army of Navarre and Biscay, displayed the greatest talents in the defence of the frontiers entrusted to his care. Endowed with unparallelled activity, and a courage bordering on temerity, this general was of opinion that to defend one's self it was necessary to attack. Making frequent sallies out of his lines, he used to advance and attack the French redoubts, and after destroying several, he returned into his entrenchments. Thus with twenty-two thousand men, (eight thousand of which only were troops of the line) he contrived to defend a frontier of thirty-two league The storming of Castel-Pignone, near St. Jean piedde-port, will always reflect credit on 'Don Ventura Caro, and Spanish soldiers. Being appointed captain-general over the kingdom of Valentia, at the time of the rebellion in 1801, he there displayed that energy which forms the striking feature of his character, and the revolt was appeased. Retired on his estate with the rank of captain-general in the army, he enjoys that inward satisfaction which is the usual recompense of an irreproachable conduct. The Marquis of La Romana, nephew of General Caro, distinguished himself in Navarre and Catalonia, by his courage and military information. Monsieur de Solano, son of the Marquis Admiral del Socorro, displayed great bravery at various periods. He is at this moment governor of Cadiz. The Count of Fuentes also distinguished himself in the war against France. In the eampaign against Portugal in 1800, he met with considerable success at the head of the outposts. MINES IN SPAIN. To the Editor of the Literary Panorama. Sir;-As a supplement to the Views in Spain," I have taken the liberty of translating from Hoppensack's work, some observations on the above subject which may prove interesting to the geologist.-Yours, &c. C. W. The ancient history of Spain fully demonstrates the great antiquity of the art of mining in that country. The Phoenicians imported great quantities of silver from Tarifa in Andalusia, and Mariana observes, that when Hamil car and Hannibal went to Spain, silver was so common in Andalusia and Estremadura, that vessels for keeping of wines,oils, &c. as well as cribs for horses were made of it. While Hannibal was at the head of the Carthaginian government, he carried on mining with great spirit; and the nines, which were emphatically called Hannibal's mines, are said to have yielded three hundred pounds weight of silver daily. Pliny states, that the mines were open in his time, and particularly describes the Roman method of mining according to the nature of the mountains. The Chalibes were the smiths who made arms for Hannibal, and to them Pliny attributes the art of smelting. Justinus says, that they particularly excelled in iron-work. They lived on the banks of the Sil in Gallicia, where marks of iron-works are still visible. Bilbilis possessed rich iron mines in the times of_the_Carthaginians, and its swords were famed for their high temper. Numantia also was noted for its silver and copper mines, and the peasants to this day frequently meet with pieces of those minerals. The Romans, according to Pliny, imported from Gallicia, Asturia, and Portugal, twenty-thousand pounds weight of gold, annually; of which Asturia furnished the greatest quantity. It does not appear that the Goths and Saracens paid much attention to mining; and in more modern times those veins, only of quartz, potter's ore, &c. which lay near the surface, were investigated. The quicksilver mines were worked by the Order of Calatrava, as no deep mining was necessary; it soon became an important object to New. Spain. Count Fucar, who had a lease of this mine for thirty years, acquired great knowledge of the surrounding mountains, and the veins they contained. To such extent were the works carried, that a fifth of the produce, belonging to the king, amounted some years to four and twenty millions of reals. Hence has arisen the old proverb of " As rich as a Fucar." In 1768 a French company undertook the quicksilver mine, hoping that it was not exhausted by the labours of the Count. After incurring a great expence they sent to Saxony for a director, when M. Hoppensack was fixed on to go to Spain. He remained there three years only, owing to the company quarrelling among themselves, and having expended great sums without success, The mountains of Guadalcarnal and Cazalla are full of perpendicular veins of silver, many of which rise to the surface. Near Constantina the company rented a lead mine containing silver; and the silver and lead nines near Puebla de Tufantes are said to have been worked by the Carthaginians. The copper mine at Rio Tinto is worked on the king's account; it does not yield more than five or six pounds of copper per cwt near the surface: the annual produce is reckoned at three hundred cwt. At Monte de Rey, and in the neighbourhood, nine tin mines are at present worked. Many of the masses are composed of large uniform nodules; one of them, weighing 25lbs. was sent as a present to the Minister. The mountains are chiefly of granite formation. They shew marks of Carthaginian labour. The lead mines are considered as the most lucrative by the Spaniards, particularly those of Linaris. Those of Grenada, in the mountains of Raza, belong either to individuals or to companies. In the course of thirty years they have supplied the government with 54,0023 cwt. Numerous others are dispersed throughout the provinces. laborious means than industry and exertion. Hence Spain is essentially weakened. The number of her acres is not diminished: but that of the persons who might bring them Her into tillage is considerably lessened. lands, that might be productive, lie idle, and exclaim, but in vain, against that inert disposition which suffers them to remain a disadvantage to the community. So far, also, from becoming, herself, that immense depot of gold and silver, which might be expected from her revenues, she buys but a small part of them with her native commodities, or her manufactured goods; and the number of artizans that ply her looms or engage in her manufactures, generally, is not sufficient to supply the wants of the mother country, and of the colonies also. Spain therefore cannot retain the bullion that passes through her hands, since it is due to others: insomuch, that when a pressure of circumstances calls for a sudden or an uncommon supply, she is obliged to borrow from a more wealthy, semi-because a more industrious neighbour, and to support even her struggles for her liberties, by receiving the sinews of war from a country the mines of which furnish the very treasure not suffered to deal directly with the districts, that she is enabled to lend to Spain their sovereign. Iron abounds in many parts; the principal mines are in Biscay... Antimony is often found in auriferous veins in Castile, and on the frontiers of Portugal. Cobalt is found in the Pyrenees in the valley of Gistain, and great quantities used to be exported to Suabia. Although the Spanish mountains furnish, in great abundance, all kinds of metals, metals, precious stones, salts, and inflammable substances, yet a very small part has hitherto contributed to the general wealth of the nation. M. H. estimates the whole annual produce as follows: Quicksilver, from 15 to 1800 cwt. Copper Lead 2 30 170 .2,000- -- 300 180,000 SKETCHES OF VIENNA. [Continued from p. 735, Vol. 1V.] The Suburbs. Between the inhabitants of the city and those of the suburbs, reigns an invidious emulation. The tailer of the city eyes with disdain brother Snip who lives in the suburbs, and the shoemaker would not disgrace his profession by repairing shoes at home, but sends them into the suburbs to inferior work men. A tradesman begins business in the suburbs, and knows no wish beyond that of figuring away, in a few years, in the capital. The artizan does the same, and is delighted when he arrives at the honour of standing be To the information furnished by our correspondent we may be allowed to add a reflection on the spectacle presented to the world, of a supply of the precious metals being solicited by Spain from Britain. Proprietress of the most valuable gold and silver mines in the world, though not in her own bosom, and furnishing all Europe with a principal part of the currency that circulates throughout this quarter of the globe, yet has Spain so inadequately profited by the advan-bind a counter in the city. Ambition, howtages of her possessions that she is little more than the factor who receives the precious metals, and delivers them out to those who have bought them with the fruits of their industry. The present Number of our Views in Spain has noticed the drain of the Spanish population to America, in the hope of acquiring wealth by more rapid medes, and by less ever, is natural to man, and tends to progressive improvement. Power, wealth, nobility, grandeur, and reputation are centred in the city; the suburbs may be considered as only the attendants, and as contributing to the dignity and pomp of the city. There are few of the suburbal inhabitants who have not daily intercourse with Vienna: whether it be to court the protection of the great, to dispose of the produce of their labour, to offer their 317] Sketches of Vienna. services, to visit their friends, or to attend the theatres. [318 cloak, he may walk beside generals, minis Population. We know of no census made by government to determine the exact population of Vienna, and the statements of different authors are not the city was enumerated at 1397, and in the Vienna, in unison. In 1796 the number of houses in suburbs at 5102; but the buildings in the lat ter are annually increasing. The " Guide" gives 320,000 souls as the whole po pulation of the city and suburbs, comprising clergy, military, Greeks, Jews, and stranBut in such a capital, gers. The annual deaths are stated at about riages at 2,500. 11,000, the births at 10,000, and the marwhere thousands of persons are collected, either by business or pleasure, and who are not born nor do they die there, it is very difficult to ascertain the correctness of a When the proclamation was issued in 1801 for all strangers to quit the general statement. city, they were said to amount to 20,000. Besides, the garrison varies according to circumstances, but it generally consists of two battalions of grenadiers, and six of fusileers; a regiment of artillery and one of cavalry; the engineer corps, the bombardeer and wag Cheapness is a great inducement to the middling classes, for living in the suburbs. House-rent is nearly one half lower in the latter; and the necessaries of life are in proportion. Hence, pensioners, government clerks, married officers, &c. and the great body of the lower orders reside there. Those, however, who have constant occupations in the city, must incur the expence of hackneycoaches, or submit to be stifled by the dust." Vienna possesses numerous advantages, in It is the seat a philosophical point of view. of one of the first monarchies in Europe; it is the capital of the Austrian states, an empire that ranks high among the nations, and it is the grand emporium of the Continent. Society is on so easy a footing, and strangers are treated with such marked attention, that there is no person of liberal education and genteel manners who cannot gain access into the first circles. Is the stranger a politician? The imperial ministry, the foreign embassadors, and the state counsellors, &c. will furnish him with ample subjects for political schemes, plans, and speculations.--Is he a soldier? He would be there in his element, and might thoroughly investigate every thing connected with discipline, tactics, and all the glories and horrors of war.-Is he devoted to the sciences? The professors will unfold to him all the wonders of botany, chemistry, mineralogy, anatomy, &c.--Is he an artist? The collections of paintings and engravings in the palaces of Raunitz, Lichtenstein, Paar, and many others, will fully gratify his curiosity. Is he in the commercial line? The ports of Trieste and Fiume, the trade with Russia and the Porte, the manufac-gon corps. tures of Hungary, and the inland trade will store his mind with abundant objects reHating to his researches.—Is he rich? Every thing that imagination can devise, or the pampered appetite crave, is spread out before him. He may breakfast on chocolate from Milan, and order oysters from Istria for his tiffin; he may dine on pheasants from Bohemia, and season his desert with Tokay. He may rattle over the stones in his phaeton and four horses, transported either from the shores of Britain, or from the banks of the Guadalquivir. The sables of Siberia will protect him from the chilling blasts of winter and the silks of Italy, with the fashious of Paris, may contribute to his external decoration when he visits at court.-And lastly, is he poor? No where can he hide his disA small tresses better than in Vienna. room in the suburbs, at a guinea a year, will serve him for shelter: he may dine for a few pence, and the old clothes-man will equip Compare Panorama, Vol. II. p. 1020. Consumption. Many persons lament that a great capital consumes all the corn, cattle, poultry, fish, fruits, &c. within fifty miles of it. But if we compare the villages in the Black Forest and in Gallicia with those in the vicinity of Vienna, we shall find that the peasantry of the latter are the wealthiest, have the finest cattle, vineyards, gardens, &c. and inhabit the best houses, precisely because they live in the neighbourhood of a capital. The farmer who can convert into ready money the produce of every inch of ground is not to be pitied. In fact, Vienna takes off the superabundance of the adjacent provinces, and they, in return, are improved by it. wine, wood, veal, salt, poultry and eggs, milk and butter, fruits and vegetables. Hun gary sends innumerable herds of oxen, lambs, tobacco. Bohemia and Moravia supply game pigs, fish and poultry, corn, hay, wine, and oxen and capons: Milan, silk manufactures of all kinds, fish, corn, straw, &c. Styria, and cheese: Trieste, oysters and turtles: the M 4 Austria farnishes Tyrol, fruits, wood, and gloves; and the Netherlands, while under Austrian dominion, furnished cloths, stuffs, and lace. What a field for meditation does the consumption of provisions offer to the reflecting mind! How indefinitely various are the degrees betwen want and superfluity! What an immeasurable distance between the logic of the thoughtless spendthrift, and that of the destitute, on this subject! Let us contemplate distinctly the prince who lavishes fifty thousand a year, and the invalid pensioner who lives on fifty shillings; between the countess who has hundreds to expend daily, and the poor sempstress who cannot earn threepence; and then determine on the sum and essentiality of the necessaries of life. The man who feels as a philosopher, and would wish to live in medio tulissimus, and enjoy the society of the middling station, might maintain himself very comfortably on £100 a year. The subjoined list of the annual consumption is extracted from the Vienna Guide. Oxen 46,400 19,300 71,400 48,998 146,300 98,800 12,869 36,800 Austrian wines........ (rundlets) 347,706 Foreign and Hungarian do. (do) Beer 16,600 (do.) 425,000 (cwt.) 24,600 ..(cords) 500,000. From the above we may judge of the consumption of other articles, viz. fish, game, poultry, fruits and vegetables, coffee, sugar, oil, confectionary, tobacco, &c. &c, itself, local prejudices, will be consulted by the wise legislator, who, if he design to do his subjects lasting good, must accommodate his plan to their wishes, or must contrive to jufluence their wishes in behalf of his plaus. Popuiar passious are often more attached to trifles than to objects of importance: and when they amount to superstitions, as superstition is usually the companion of weak minds, they should be carefully watched by superiors, who never lose any thing by tolerating them if they be tolerable, for it should be remembered that weak minds may have strong armis. There is something rather remarkable in the attachment of the German monarchs to the insignia of their office: it might be thought' that they too, as well as their subjects, fancied a sacred talismanic power inherent in the marks of dignity, distinct from the dignity itself. When Francis I. was hard pressed by his enemies, then fighting against his sohis crown, he ordered the insignia of royalty, vereignty, and threatening to deprive him of the crown, sceptre, &c. to be brought to him, and apostrophising them in deep contemplation he exclaimed "No! to whatever straits I am reduced, never shall they deprive me of you !"Is not a sovereign then, a public officer for the welfare of his people, whether the tokens of his office be attached to his person or not? It is so in Britain we are certain, and though it be proper, that when meeting the States of the realni on public affairs, his Majesty as their chief, should bear the insignia of chieftainship, yet the loyalty of his people is exactly the same before such public and ceremonious appearance, as after it. Whoever reigns in the hearts of his subjects necd attach very little importance to the decorations of authority, except on occasions dependant on reasons of state. He The Emperor wished to have the Bohemian and Hungarian crowns in his treasury at Vienna. Why? Sovereigns have many answers, or frequently, none, for a why. However, Joseph certainly had his reasons. demanded therefore the Bohemian crown of the states. They answered very gravely, and even fundamentally, that, The king should and ought to be where the crown is," and not vice versa; and to this answer they adhered, But at last, seeing it was his wish, they sent the crown to Vienna. With regard to the Hungarian crown, he did not apply to the states. He cominissioned Counts B. and H., as having the official custody of it at Presburg, where it had hitherto been kept, to bring the crown to, Vienna. One of them represented to the emperor, that "the laws required the crown to remain in the country," &c. dear count," was the answer, " have thought that you were a prejudiced man ;" and this induced the noblemen to send the crown--during a thunder-storm (a sad My I should not omen to popular superstition!)—to Vienna. | stances of this: - a very striking one is "There will be no longer a blessing on the presented by Masson in his Memoirs of Rus country," said an old woman, who esteemed the crown as the ark of the covenant." sia, and as the subject of it was his father-inGreat part of the Hungarian nation mur. law, we may depend on the authenticity of mored, being instigated by knight errants and his facts. monks. Joseph paid no attention to it; he kept his holy treasures. A commotion excited among the nobility, which begun in Oct. 1789, and lasted till March 90--but particu Jarly a dangerous illness which afflicted himled the emperor, at the earnest solicitation of the states, to release the crown from prison, as it was termed. But we would also request attention to the issue of these perverse proceedings: corrup tion introduced brandy in excess; brandy in excess introduced licentiousness, waste, and profligacy; fraud, their attendant, diminished the produce of the mines one half of their former quantity, and thus, to gratify the The rejoicings, the enthusiasm, with which avarice of two speculators, the Sovereign lost the nobility received it on the frontiers, and a yearly revenue of immense value :-Was it more so at Ofen, are almost undescribable. The nobility in the Comitat of Pest raised a possible that the gain of these favourites corps of cavalry, and went out to meet it. should be so much as one tenth part of the The corporations of Pest and Ofen, the body loss sustained by their incautious prince; to of clergy with their pupils, and the members say nothing of the individual misery spread of the University, &c. joined the procession. among the thoughtless miners, who indulged On the 21st of Feb. at least 500 guns were in their ruinous temptation? Never was there fired; and on the 22d, though they must have a more decisive instance that the revenues of heard of the emperor's death, Te Deum was sung in presence of the cardinal archbishop the state are not the strength of the state, when of Gran, in great pomp. The city was illu- independent of morals; but are the cause or minated, and the wine ran in torrents in the symptoms of the weakness and impoverishment market-place. The mere news of the crown of the state when contrary to morals. And if being restored, excited a certain national spirit among the nobility. The ladies threw this Article should meet the eye of soine off their French dresses, and partly burnt youth hitherto unhackneyed in the ways of them. Every young nobleman of fortune pro- men, let him learn, from this instance, to suiscured a Hussar's sabre. Joseph's ordinances,pect of greater regard to their own private intewithout exception, fell into neglect ; and a Comitat burnt all the writings which were to have served as the basis of the physiocratic rest, than to his real benefit, whoever would induce him to a familiarity with intemperance: let him remember, that, in such circumstances, the diminished resources of the state, and those of an individual, obey the same invariable laws of cause and effect, It is well known that Siberia abounds with mines of copper. The richest of them belong to the crown; others are in the hands of opulent individuals. From the year 1770 to 1780 the imperial mines of Kolivan and Oremburg were extraordinarily productive, not only in copper, but also in gold and sil ver. A man of integrity had the direction of them; and his virtue, which remained pure in presence of those corrupting metals, is an example that well merits our esteem. Lieut. Gen. Yhrmann, a Livonian, commander of the frontier army against the Tåtars and Kalmuks, had the direction of the nines of Kolivan. It is well authenticated that, in the course of ten years, he raised and sent to Petersburgh 11,527 pouds (40 lb. each) of silver, and 394 pouds of gold in bars. Morcover, he paid annually to the government of Tobolsk 100,000 roubles, to defray the expences of the miners; and every new year's day he sent to the empress's pri |