beautiful feather, and of sweet song; having, at the same time, liberty to ascend to heaven or descend to earth, to suck sweet flowers, and warble enchanting songs.

The natives of the Friendly Islands believe, that good souls will be admitted into a region, which they call Boolootoo; where they will live to eternity. The Javanese, residing from the sea, imagine that paradise is open only to the rich. The inhabitants of the Pelew Islands' suppose, that immoral men remain on the earth after death; but that good ones ascend into the sky, and become exceedingly beautiful.

The Ingrian Tartars imagine the dead to live in a subterranean world; where they resume the same mode of life, they were accustomed to in this. The ancient Bramins imagined seven paradises, situated in seven seas, viz. of milk, curds, butter, salt, water, honey, and wine. The Essenes, according to Josephus, believed, that good spirits were wafted to regions beyond the ocean; where there was neither hail, rain, snow, nor winter; nor excessive heats: but a gentle wind, breathing perpetually from the ocean.

The Tonquinese, who are said to equal the Chinese in the art of landscape, imagine their forests and mountains to be peopled with a peculiar kind of genii, who exercise an influence over the affairs of mankind. And in their ideas relative to a state of future happiness, they regard a delightful climate and an atmosphere, surcharged with odours, with a throne, profusely covered with garlands of flowers, as the summit of celestial felicity. Among the Arabs, a fine country, with abundance of shade, forms the

'Keate's Account of the Pelew Islands, p. 354.

principal object of their promised bliss; Addison, therefore, in his allegory of Mirza, is faithful to the visions of that enthusiastic people. There is a tribe of America, too, who believe, that the souls of good men are wafted to a valley, abounding in guavas and other delicious fruits. The Celts called their heaven Flath-Innis, "the island of the good and brave;" while the Druids, as Ammianus Marcellinus informs us, believed, that the souls of good men are wafted, in progressive course, from planet to planet; enjoying, at every successive change, a more sublime felicity, than in the last.

The Negroes of the Gold Coast of Guinea1 imagine, that they will be gently wafted down a river; when, if they have been good, they will arrive at a country, abounding in all kinds of pleasures:-if bad, they will be drowned, and lost in oblivion.

CHAPTER III.

EVERY one has heard of the Hesperian Gardens; though the country, in which they were situated, has never been accurately ascertained. While some have placed them at Larach in the kingdom of Fez, others have assigned Lixus or Susa, in Morocco3; Zeres, in the

Vid. Bosman, p. 131. Ed. 1721.

2 The island of Gezira, in the river Lixus, abounded in olives, previous to the time of Domitian. There was an altar, dedicated to Hercules; and many persons supposed, therefore, that the gardens of the Hesperides were situated

there.

3 Virgil, En. iv. l. 481. Plin. N. H. xxi. c. 4.

province of Andalusia1; Ethiopia; Scythia; India; the Balearic, and the Cape de Verd Islands; the Canaries ; the Isles of Man and Anglesea2; while Rudbecks was so enamoured of northern scenery, as to suppose them to have been situated in Sweden 3 ! Some at the mouth of the Niger: and others, among whom we may particularize Monsieur Bailly, place those gardens, as well as Indra, the fairy land of the Persian poets, beyond the mouth of the Oby in the Frozen Sea!

where towards the pole it spreads;

Where piles of mountains rear their rugged heads;
Where valleys sigh, and lengthening echoes howl,
And winds on winds in endless tempests roll!

CAMOENS, (MICKLE,) b. iii.

It is, however, most probable, that they were situated in the Cape de Verd Islands; and that the golden fruit, stolen by Hercules, were no other than oranges. To these islands Sertorius, whose aqueduct at Evora still attests the usefulness of Roman grandeur, formed a reso

1

Apollonius saw in a temple among the Gades of Spain the twelve Labours of Hercules, with the Golden Olive of Pygmalion; the fruit of which seem d to grow out of an emerald. Philostratus in Vit. Apol. v. c. 5.

2 Vid. Fragmentum Historia Britannica. Also D'Hancarville's Researches on the Origin and Progress of the Arts in Greece, vol. i. p. 289.

3 Vid. Athlantica, sive Manheim, vera Japheti posterorum sedes ac patria. For Extracts, vid. Bayle, Republique des Lettres. Pindar places the Hyperborean country on the banks of the Danube. Pyth. Od. x. The Hyperboreans were supposed to have enjoyed every species of felicity; and the sun was said to rise and set only once a year.

* Salmasius near the Equinoctial. Salmas. Exercitat. in Solin. p. 656. ed. 1703.

5 Nova Zembla.

"Fragmenta Sallustii, p. 153. ed. 1713.

66

lution of retiring, when weary of the perpetual wars, in which he was engaged; and thither he had actually retired, but for the treachery of his crew. These gardens were, also, the Fortunate Islands of the poets: of which Plutarch gives the following description. They are two in number, separated only by a narrow channel; at the distance of ten thousand furlongs from the African coast. They are called the Fortunate Islands. Rain seldom falls there; and when it does, it falls moderately: but they generally have soft breezes, which scatter such rich dews, that the soil is not only good for sowing and planting, but spontaneously produces the most excellent fruits; and those in such abundance, that the inhabitants have nothing more to do, than to indulge themselves in the enjoyment of ease. The air is always so pleasant and salubrious, that it is generally believed, even among the barbarians, that these are the Elysian Fields, which Homer1 has so beautifully described."

To these favoured spots Horace, in a time of great public calamity, invited his countrymen to accompany him. "Let us go," said he, " in search of those happy fields, where the earth, untilled, yields annual fruit, and the vines flourish so abundantly: where honey flows from the trunk of the oak; and murmuring streams roll slowly down the mountains"." Some poets have extended their riches and beauties, by decking their shores with shells, corals, and pearls.

Odyss. iv. Plutarch.-Tasso describes these islands in his usual style of beauty.-Jer. Del. Lib. xv. st. 35. Hoole, b. xv. 1. 257.

II.

These islands (after all memory of them had been lost among the ruins of, the Roman empire) were discovered by the Genoese. Don Lewis la Cerda, of Spain, soon after, requested Pope Clement to bestow them upon him1. The pope, proud, as it is said, of an opportunity of giving away a kingdom, consented; and crowned him with much ceremony at Avignon. Lewis, who was the eldest son of Alphonso, king of Castile, thus obtained the title of "Prince of the Fortunate Islands." When the news of this transaction reached England, says Petrarch, the people, thinking the name of fortunate belonged only to themselves, were highly displeased and alarmed, that his holiness should presume to give them away!

These islands are supposed to be the fragments of Atlantis, which Plato represents, as being as large as Syria and Asia Minor; and which, in the splendour of its architecture, the richness of its metals, the beauty of its landscapes, the bloom of its flowers, above all, in the excellence of its sciences and arts, surpassed every country of the ancient world3. It is possible, that the Atlantis refers to the American continent. Elian mentions a new country of immense extent; Seneca5 alludes

1 Galvano's Hist. Mar. Disc. p. 25.
2 In Critia.
3 Pausan. viii.

4

* Elian says, that Silenus told Midas, that Europe, Africa, and Asia, were islands; that there was but one continent; and that lay beyond the sea.— Lib. iii. 18.

5 Medea. v. 374.