brought forward were drawn from his own and Safmasius's writings. If to some the subject has appeared exceptionable, to me, I confess, it seems curious, and I shall therefore add some other particulars; for this topic has many branches. Of the following specimens the grossness and malignity are extreme; yet they were employed by the first scholars in Europe.

Martin Luther was not destitute of genius, of learning, or of eloquence; but all his works are disfigured with virulent invectives, and singularities of abuse. Hear him express himself on the Catholic divines: "The Papists are all asses, and will always remain asses. Put them in whatever

uce you chuse, boiled, roasted, baked, fried, skinned, beat, hashed, they are always the same

asses."

This style may be considered as gentle and moderate compared with what we are now to transcribe: "The Pope was born out of the Devil's posteriors. He is full of devils, lies, blasphemies, and idolatries; he is anti-christ; the robber of churches; the ravisher of virgins; the greatest of pimps; the governor of Sodom, &c. If the Turks lay hold of us, then we shall be in the hands of the Devil; but if we remain with the Pope we shall be in hell.What a pleasing sight would it be to see the Pope and the Cardinals hanging on one gallows, in exact order, like the seals which dangle from the

bulls of the Pope. What an excellent council would they hold under the gallows!"

Sometimes desirous of catching the attention of the vulgar, Luther attemps to enliven his style by the grossest buffooneries; "Take care my little Pope! my little ass! go on slowly: the times are slippery this year is dangerous: if thou fallest, they will exclaim, See! how our little Pope is spoilt! "It was fortunate for the cause of the Reformation that the violent asperity of Luther was softened in a considerable degree at times 'by the meek Melancthon: he often poured honey on the sting inflicted by the angry bee. Luther was no respecter of kings; he was so fortunate indeed as to find among his antagonists a crowned head; a great good fortune for an obscure controversialist, and the very punctum saliens of controversy. Our Henry VIII. wrote a book against the new doctrine; yet warm from scholastic studies Henry presented Leo X. with a work highly creditable to his abilities, and no inferior performance according to the genius of the age. Collier in his Ecclesiastical History has analysed the book, and does not ill describe its spirit: "Henry scems superior to his adversary in the vigour and propriety of his style, in the force of his reasoning and the learning of his citations. It is true he leans too much upon his character, argues in his garterrobes, and writes as 'twere with his scepter." But Luther in reply abandons his pen to all kinds of railing and abuse, He addresses Henry VIII,

in the following style: "It is hard to say if folly can be more foolish, or stupidity more stupid, than is the head of Henry. He has not attacked me with the heart of a king, but with the impudence of a knave. This rotten worm of the earth, having blasphemed the majesty of my king, I have a just right to bespatter his English majesty with his own dirt and or dure. This Henry has lied." Some of his original expressions to our Henry VIII. are these: "Stulta, ridicula, et verissimè Henriciana, et Thomistica sunt hæ.-Regem Angliæ Henricum istum plane mentiri, &c.-Hoc agit inquietus Satan, ut nos a Scripturis avocet per sceleratos Henricos, &c."-He was repaid with capital and interest by an anonymous reply, said to have been written by Sir Thomas More, who concludes his arguments by leaving Luther in language not necessary to translate: "cum suis furiis et furoribus, cum suis merdis et stercoribus cacantem cacatumque." Such were the vigorous elegancies of a controversy on the Seven Sacraments!

Calvin was less tolerable, for he had no Melancthon! His adversaries are never others than knaves, lunatics, drunkards, and assassins! Sometimes they are characterized by the familiar appellatives of bulls, asses, cats, and hogs! By him Catholic and Lutheran are alike hated. Yet, after having given vent to this virulent humour, he frequently boasts of his mildness. When he reads over his writings, he tells us, that he is astonished at his forbearance; but this, he adds, is the duty of every Chris

tian! at the same time, he generally finishes a period thus-" Do you hear, you dog? Do you hear, madman ?"

Beza, the disciple of Calvin, sometimes imitates the luxuriant abuse of his master. When he writes against Tilleman, a Lutheran minister, he bestows on him the following titles of honour: "Polyphemus; an ape; a great ass who is distinguished from other asses by wearing a hat; an ass on two feet; a monster composed of part of an ape and wild ass; a villain who merits hanging on the first tree we find." And Beza was no doubt desirous of the office of executioner!

The Catholic party is by no means inferior in the felicities of their style. But enough has been exhibited. I shall just observe, that these men were alike supposed by their friends to be the inspired regulators of religion!

Bishop Bedell, a great and good man, respected even by his adversaries, in an address to his clergy, observes, "Our calling is to deal with errors, not to disgrace the man with scolding words. It is said of Alexander, I think, when he overheard one of his soldiers railing lustily against Darius his enemy, that he reproved him, and added, " Friend, I entertain thee to fight against Darius, not to revile him;" -and Bedell concludes, "that his sentiments of treating the Catholics are not conformable to the practice of Luther and Calvin; but they were but

men, and perhaps we must confess they suffered themselves to yield to the violence of passion.”

The Fathers of the church were proficients in the art of abuse, and very ingeniously defend it. St. Austin indeed affirms that the keenest personality may produce a wonderful effect, and open a man's eyes to his own follies. He illustrates his position with a story, given with great simplicity, of his mother Saint Monica with her maid. St. Monica certainly would have been a confirmed drunkard, had not her maid timely and outrageously abused her. The story will amuse." My mother (said he) had by little and little accustomed herself to relish wine. They used to send her to the cellar, as being one of the soberest in the family: she first sipped from the jug and tasted a few drops, for she abhorred wine, and did not care to drink. However she gradually accustomed herself, and from sipping it on her lips she swallowed a draught. As people from the smallest faults insensibly increase, she at length liked wine and drank bumpers. But one day being alone with the maid who usually attended her to the cellar, they quarrelled, and the maid bitterly reproached her with being a drunkard! That single word struck her so poignantly that it opened her understanding, and reflecting on the deformity of the vice, she desisted for ever from its use."

The great Arnauld defended this mode of con