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CHILI-CHILOË.

shores of the Pacific, with the exception of a narrow stretch of paleozoic fossiliferous strata which run along the coast south from Santiago for a distance of 300 miles. The coast-line of C. is being continually altered from the elevation of the whole country to an extent of at least 1200 miles along the Pacific shores, produced by volcanic agency. In 1822, the coast was raised 4 feet at Quintero, and 3 feet at Valparaiso. Oysters and other mollusks were left dry, and perished, becoming offensive as they decomposed. The change of level was permanent, over an area of 100,000 square miles, nearly as large as the whole extent of Great Britain and Ireland. A similar extensive elevation was noticed in 1835 by Captain Fitzroy.

Physically, the continental portion of the republic -for its insular section will, in this respect, be noticed under the head of CHILOE-presents many singularities. Of all the maritime regions on the globe, it is perhaps the most isolated. On every side but the sea-and that sea very remote from the main thoroughfares of commerce-it is beset by difficulties of communication. With the lonely wilderness of Patagonia to the south, and the dreary desert of Atacama on the north, it is bounded on the east by a mountain-chain which, altogether impracticable in winter, can be crossed, even in summer, only by a few passes ranging between 12,450 feet and 14,370 in elevation. Moreover, this strip between the Andes and the Pacific is broken into plateaus in the interior, and valleys on the coast, by two longitudinal ranges, with numerous lateral spurs; while, throughout the length and breadth, the general level gradually descends, as well to the south as to the west. In point of mere temperature, so rugged a surface-covering fully 15° of latitude, and attaining an altitude of more than 4 miles within about 2° of longitude-must present nearly every possible variety. Through the reciprocal action of the Andes (q. v.) and the prevailing winds, the rain-fall graduates itself, with something of mathematical regularity, from the parching skies of the north to the drenching clouds of the south-a graduation which, disturbed merely by the melting of the mountain-snows, is, in a great measure, necessarily reflected in the condition and magnitude of the countless water-courses. Hence the rivers to the north of the Maypo, which enters the Pacific near latitude 34°, are but inconsiderable streams; while, further to the south, the Maule, the Biobio, and the Calacalla are all to some extent navigable.

From the cause last mentioned, different districts vary remarkably in their productions. To the north of the Coquimbo, about lat. 30°, is chiefly an arid waste, redeemed, however, from being valueless by its mines; and to the south of the Biobio, about lat. 37°, timber and pasturage divide the soil between them. The intermediate centre alone is fitted for agriculture, yielding, besides maize and hemp, European grains and fruits in abundance. Notwithstanding all the varieties and vicissitudes of climate, the country may claim to be, on the whole, extremely healthy. The manufactures are earthenwares, copper-wares, linens, cordage, soap, leather, and brandy; and, in addition to the wheat and metals already specified, the exports, especially from the south, embrace tallow, hides, jerked beef, and live-stock. Besides the railway already mentioned between Valparaiso and Santiago, another of 54 miles in length runs from Caldera to Copiapo. There are also common roads; but they are neither numerous nor good. In fact, the want of highways and bridges is a serious obstacle to the progress of trade and cultivation. In the basin of the Lower Biobio, coal is plentiful.

CHILI, or CHILLI.

See CAPSICUM.
CHILI NETTLE. See LOASACE.

CHILI SALTPETRE is a commercial name

applied to the nitrate of soda. See SODA, NITRATE. CHILLIANWA'LLA, a village of the Punjab, being 5 miles from the left or east bank of the Jhelum, the most westerly of the five rivers which give name to the country. It is in lat. 32° 40′ N., and long. 73° 39′ E., being 85 miles to the northLord Gough's dearly won victory, over the Sikhs, of west of Lahore. C. claims notice as the scene of January 1849, and also as the site of an obelisk erected to the memory of those who fell in the two Sikh wars.

CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM, a famous theologian of the Church of England, was born at Oxford in 1602, and educated at Trinity College in that university, where the arguments of a Jesuit named Fisher induced him to become a Roman Catholic. He withdrew to Douay; but was induced by his godfather, Dr Laud, then Bishop of London, to re-examine the whole controversy between Catholics and Protestants, and in 1631, he returned to the bosom of the Anglican Church. Four years later, he published a work, entitled The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation. It was exceedingly keen, ingenious, and conclusive in point of argument. C. was perhaps the ablest disputant of his age; and had there not been a certain fickleness and want of solidity about his intellect, and a nervous suspicion that all human reasoning might be vitiated by undiscovered fallacies, he might have produced a really great work. The Religion of Protestants acquired a wide popularity. C. was offered church preferment, which he at first refused

having certain scruples in regard to the subscription of the 39 Articles-but afterwards accepted. He became Chancellor of the Church of Sarum, and prebendary of Brixworth, in Northamptonshire. He was a strong royalist, and on the breaking out of the civil war, accompanied the king's forces. He died January 1644. The best edition of The Religion of Protestants appeared in 1742, with sermons, &c., and a life of the author, by Dr Birch.

CHILLON, a celebrated castle and fortress of Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud, 6 miles southeast of Vevay. It is situated at the east end of the Lake of Geneva, on an isolated rock, almost entirely surrounded by deep water, and is connected with the shore by a wooden bridge. The castle is said to have been built in 1238, by Amadeus IV. of Savoy, and it long served as a state prison. It is famous as the prison of Bonnivard, the prior of St Victor, who having, by his efforts to free the Genevese, rendered himself obnoxious to the Duke of Savoy, was carried off by emissaries of that potentate, and confined here for six years, at the end of which time the castle had to surrender to the Bernese and Genevese, when Bonnivard was liberated. C. has been immortalised by Byron's Prisoner of Chillon. The castle is now used as a magazine for military stores.

CHILOE', the insular province of Chili (q. v.), is an archipelago on the west side of South America, which takes its name from its principal island. It is separated from the rest of the republic, or rather from Patagonia, by the Gulf of Ancud, extending in S. lat. from 41° 40′ to 43° 20′, and in W. long. from 73° to 74°. The province-which, in 1858, numbered 65,743 inhabitants-contains, in addition to C. Proper, about 60 islets, of which about 30 are uninhabited. In the archipelago are two towns, both of them seaports of C. Proper-Castro, the ancient capital, on the east coast; and San Carlos, the modern seat of government, towards the

CHILOGNATHA-CHIMERE.

north-west extremity. The atmosphere, like that transactions which he did not approve, and of which of the mainland opposite, is excessively moist; the House of Commons had implied its condemthe westerly winds, more particularly in winter, nation.'-Standard Library of Political Knowledge, bringing almost constant rains. The climate, how- p. 500. ever, is on the whole healthy. This fact is the more remarkable, inasmuch as C. Proper is one ranked by Cuvier with the Sturgeons (Sturionida), CHIME'RA, a genus of cartilaginous fishes, natural forest, measuring 100 miles by 40, with but now generally regarded as the type of a disa partially cleared and cultivated margin on the tinct family, of which only two or three species are sea. The chief products are wheat, barley, potatoes, known. The gills have a single wide opening, as in apples, and strawberries; and cattle, sheep, and the sturgeons; but the gill lid or operculum is merely pigs are reared in considerable numbers. Agricul- rudimental, and concealed in the skin, whilst there ture, however, is in a very primitive state; and is an approach to sharks in the structure of the the staple food of many consists of mussels and gills. The only known species of C. is C. monstrosa, oysters. The population, equally indolent and

poor, differs from that of the rest of Chili in the great preponderance of aboriginal blood. Schools are numerous; but, from the ignorance of the teachers, education has not made satisfactory progress. The principal manufacture is a coarse woollen cloth, dyed blue. This archipelago was discovered by the Spaniards as late as 1558; and as it was the last integral portion of Spanish America to be colonised, so also was it the last to throw off the mother-country's yoke.

CHILOGNATHA AND CHILO'PODA.

[graphic]

MYRIAPODA.

See

CHILTERN HILLS, the south part of the low chalk range which runs north-east, about 70 miles, from the north bend of the Thames, in Oxfordshire, through Bucks and the borders of Herts and Beds, and ends in Norfolk and Suffolk. In Oxford, Herts, and Beds, the C. H. are 15 to 20 miles broad, and the highest points are Wendover, 905 feet; and Whitehouse, 893.

Chimæra Monstrosa.

occasionally found in the British seas, and more
common in more northern latitudes.
It is some-
times called the King of the Herrings. It pursues
the shoals of herrings, and is consequently some-
times' taken in herring-nets. It is seldom more
than three feet long. Its general colour is silvery
white, the upper parts mottled with brown. It
produces very large leathery eggs.

CHIMÆRA, a mythical monster, described by Homer as having a lion's head, a goat's body, and the tail of a dragon. The rationalistic account of C. is, that it represented a mountain in Lycia whose top was the resort of lions, its middle of goats, and the marshy ground at the bottom of which abounded with serpents. In the same manner, Bellerophon's (q. v.) victory over the C. is explained by saying, that he first made his residence on this mountain. The myth seems, at all events, to have belonged to Asia Minor, as gigantic carvings of the C. on rocks are there found. It is usually represented as a lion, out of the back of which grows the head and neck of a goat.-C. is used figuratively to denote any monstrous or impossible conception, the unnatural birth of the fancy. It is frequently depicted on shields, as a heraldic charge.

CHILTERN HUNDREDS. In former times, the beech-forests which covered the Chiltern Hills, in Buckinghamshire, were infested with robbers, and in order to restrain them, and protect the peaceable inhabitants of the neighbourhood from their inroads, it was usual for the crown to appoint an officer, who was called the Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds. The office, which has long ceased to serve its primary, now serves a secondary purpose. A member of the House of Commons cannot resign his seat unless disqualified either by the acceptance of a place of honour and profit under the crown, or by some other cause. Now, the stewardship of the C. H. is held to be such a place, and it is consequently applied for by, and granted, in the general case as a matter of course, to any member who wishes to resign. As soon as it is obtained, it is again resigned, and is thus generally vacant when required for the purpose in question. When the C. H. are not vacant, however, the same purpose is served by the stewardship of the manors of East Hendred, Northshead, and Hempholme. As to the offices which are held to vacate seats, see ELECTION. The practice of granting the Chiltern Hundreds for the purpose above CHIMBORA'ÇO, a conical peak of the Andes, described began only about the year 1750, and its strict legality has been doubted, on the ground that in Quito, 21,424 feet above the sea, but only the stewardship is not an office of the kind requisite about 12,000 above the level of its own tableland. It is capped with perpetual snow, and to vacate a seat. The gift of the Chiltern Hundreds lies with the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and there was long regarded as the loftiest mountain in the world. Latterly, however, it has been ascertained is at least one instance of its being refused. In 1842, after very awkward disclosures had been made to be overtopped by some peaks, not merely of before a committee of the House of Commons, as its own chain. Its lat. and long. are 1° 30′ S., and the Himalayas, but even of the central division of to corrupt compromises, which had been entered into for the purpose of avoiding investigation into gross bribery in the election to certain boroughs, of which Reading was one, the member for Read ing applied for the stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds, and was refused-the Chancellor of the Exchequer being of opinion that, by granting it, he would in some sort have made himself a party to

CHIMA'PHILA. See WINTER-GREEN.

79° W. Though the summit of C. has never been reached, yet Humboldt ascended within 2138 feet of it, and Boussingault and Hall within 1729.

6

CHIME'RE, the upper robe worn by a bishop, to which the lawn-sleeves are now generally attached.' Since the time of Queen Elizabeth, it has been of black satin, but previously it was of a scarlet

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CHIMES CHIMNEY.

colour, like that worn by the bishops when assembled in convocation, and when the sovereign attends parliament.

CHIMES, music performed on bells in a church tower, either by the hands of a performer or by mechanism. The most perfect C. are to be found in Holland and Belgium.

by the lower part with the cooler air around it, the greater weight of the latter pushes the warm air upwards, and thus an ascending current is proof a C. will thus be proportional to its perpendicular duced. Other conditions being equal, the draught height, and the difference between the temperature within and without it. The straighter and more perpendicular the C., the stronger will be the draught, because the friction of the ascending current will be less, and the cooling effect of a long or tortuous course will be saved. The maximum efficiency of a given C. is attained when all the air that passes up it enters by the bottom of the fire. In this case, its temperature is raised to the uttermost by passing through the whole of the fire, and the fire is at the same time urged to vivid combustion by the blast thus obtained. A powerful furnace may be constructed by connecting a suitable fireplace, capable of being closed all round excepting at the bottom, with a tall C.; and the amount of draught may be regulated by increasing or diminishing the aperture through which the air is admitted to the bottom of the fireplace, or by an adjustable opening above the fireplace, which will diminish the effective draught as its size is increased, or by a combination of both of these contrivances.

CHIMNEY (Fr. cheminée, Lat. caminus). There seems reason to believe that the C., in its present sense of a funnel from the hearth or fireplace to the roof of the house, is a modern invention. In Greek houses it is supposed that there were no chimneys, and that the smoke escaped through a hole in the roof. What the arrangement was in houses in which there was an upper story, is not known; perhaps the smoke was conveyed by a short funnel through the side-wall of the house, which seems to have been the first form of C. invented in the middle ages. The Roman caminus, again, was not a C., but a sort of stove; and it has been a subject of much dispute, whether the Romans had any artificial mode of carrying off the smoke, or whether it was allowed to escape through the doors, windows, and openings in the roof. As the climate and the habits of the people both led to the houses of the ancients being very much more open than ours are, it is probable When the fireplace can be enclosed thus, there is that the occasional fires which they had of wood little liability to descending currents or 'smoky or charcoal may have given them no great incon- chimneys,' as they are called, even when the C. is venience. It is known, besides, that the rooms in very short, or has a tortuous course. It is chiefly Roman houses were frequently heated by means with open fireplaces that this defect occurs, and the of hot air, which was brought in pipes from a means of prevention and cure is a subject of some furnace below. In England, there is no evidence interest and importance. As with most other evils, of the use of C.-shafts earlier than the 12th century. the prevention is far easier than the cure; for by In Rochester Castle (circa 1130), complete fireplaces properly constructing the C. in accordance with the appear; but the flues go only a few feet up in principles above stated-by placing the opening of the thickness of the wall, and are then turned the C. as nearly over the fire, and contracting the out through the wall to the back of the fireplace, open space above the fire, as much as possible— the openings being small oblong holes. The downward smoking may in most cases be easily earliest C.-shafts are circular, and of considerable prevented. When a C. is in the neighbourhood of height. Afterwards, chimneys are found in a great a wall or building nearly as high as itself, or— variety of forms. Previous to the 16th c., many of what is still worse-higher, it is apt to smoke on them are short, and termi- account of the eddies and other complex currents nated by a spire or pinnacle, in the air, caused by the interference which such having apertures of various an obstacle presents to the regular movement of shapes. These apertures are the wind. In towns, such tortuous movements sometimes in the pinnacle, of the atmosphere are very common, and the sometimes under it, the contrivances for preventing the wind from blowing smoke escaping as from some down the chimneys are very numerous, and often modern manufacturing C.- grotesque. Revolving cowls of various forms, but stalks which are built in the alike in having a nearly horizontal outlet, which form of an Egyptian obelisk. | is so turned by the wind that the mouth shall Clustered C.-stalks do not always present itself in the direction in which appear until late in the 15th the wind is blowing, are the most common, and c., when they seem to have usually the most effectual. They are generally been introduced simultane- constructed of sheet-zinc, with an arrow, a flattened ously with the use of brick pigeon, or other device, as a vane, to determine the for this purpose. Each of rotation of the cowl. The curing of smoky chimneys, the earlier clustered chim- in conjunction with the economising of fuel, was one neys consists of two flues of the favourite subjects of investigation of that very which adhere to each other, practical philosopher, Count Rumford. He says: and are not set separate, Those who will take the trouble to consider the as afterwards was the practice. Long after they nature and properties of elastic fluids-of air, smoke, were invented, and in use for other rooms, our and vapour-and to examine the laws of their ancestors did not generally introduce them into motions, and the necessary consequences of their their halls, which, till the end of the 15th, or being rarefied by heat, will perceive that it would be beginning of the 16th c., continued as formerly to as much a miracle if smoke should not rise in a be heated by a fire on an open hearth in the centre chimney-all hindrances to its ascent being removed of the hall, the smoke escaping through an opening -as that water should refuse to run in a siphon, or in the roof known by the name of louvre. In many to descend a river. The whole mystery, thereof the older halls in which chimneys exist, they fore, of curing smoky chimneys is comprised in this have evidently been inserted about this period. simple direction: find out and remove those local hindrances which forcibly prevent the smoke from following its natural tendency to go up the chimney; or rather, to speak more accurately, which prevent its being forced up by the pressure of the heavier

Tisbury, Wilts: From Parker's Glossary.

The action of a C. depends upon the simple principle, that a column of heated air is lighter than a cooler column of equal height; when therefore a flue full of heated air communicates freely

*

CHIMNEY-CHIMPANZEE.

air of the room." He then goes on to speak of above 500 smoking chimneys that he has had under his hands, and which were supposed incurable, and states that he was never obliged, 'except in one single instance, to have recourse to any other method of cure than merely reducing the fireplace and throat of the chimney, or that part of it which lies immediately above the fireplace, to a proper form and just dimensions.'

The figures illustrate his method of proceeding. Fig. 1 is a side view of a vertical section of a C. and fireplace before alteration; fig. 2, the same after

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the reduction of the fireplace and throat of chimney. ab is the opening of the fireplace in both; this is lowered by the piece at a, fig. 2, and the depth diminished by the brickwork, ce, behind; cd is a movable tile, to make room for the C.-sweeper. Figs. 3 and 4 are plans of the fireplace, looking down upon the hearth: the original opening of the fireplace is shewn by ACDB, fig. 3; the tracted opening, by acdb, in fig. 4. The dark space is filled with rubbish and

faced with

work.

con

brick

A

3

C

d

a

B

The slope of ac and bd, fig. 4, is better adapted for radiation into the room than the square opening of fig. 3: the fire being brought further forward, has also more heating effect; the space of the fireplace being smaller, the air within it will with a given sized fire become hotter, and therefore have more ascending power; while in the contracted throat widening downwards, and having its sides strongly heated, there is a rapid rush of heated air, which carries the smoke upwards, and resists the passage of temporary down-draughts. Most modern chimneys and fireplaces are now constructed in accordance with Count Rumford's suggestions. See GRATE. One frequent cause of smoky chimneys is the want of sufficient inlet for air to the room. Sandbags placed under doors, and other devices for preventing ventilation, may cause a well-constructed C. to smoke. Openings must exist somewhere, of sufficient capacity to supply the air which is to ascend the chimney. If the air enters the room on the same side as the fireplace, and sudden gusts of air pass across the front of the fireplace, a temporary Essays Political, Economical, and Philosophical, by Benjamin Count Rumford, vol. i. p. 299.

descending current is likely to be produced. The openings are best opposite the fire. For the methods of arranging and regulating such openings for the admission of air, see VENTILATION.

Tall factory-chimneys, usually built of brick, are very costly structures, many of them rivalling in height our loftiest cathedral spires. Their construction has been considerably economised by building from the inside, and thus saving the expensive scaffolding. Their walls are built very thick at the base, and gradually thinner upwards: recesses are left at regular intervals in the inside, and stout wooden or iron bars rest upon these to form a sort of temporary ladder for the workmen to ascend; the materials are hoisted by ropes and pulleys.

Sheet-iron chimneys are largely used in Belgium. They are much cheaper but less durable than brick, and are objectionable on account of their rapid cooling by the action of the external air.

CHIMPANZEE (Troglodytes niger), a species of ape; one of those which in form and structure exhibit the greatest resemblance to man. It is a native of the warmest parts of Africa; to which also the Gorilla (q. v.), a larger species of the same genus, belongs. The C. is sometimes called the Black Orang; but differs from the Orang (q. v.) (Pithecus) of Asia in the proportionally shorter arms, which, however, are much longer than those of man; in the possession of an additional dorsal vertebra, and an additional or thirteenth pair of ribs; and in other particulars, in some of which it more nearly resembles, and in others more widely differs, from the human species. In both, adaptation of the structure for movement on allthe difference from man is very wide in the general fours and for climbing and moving about among branches, rather than for erect walking, although the C. is able to move in an erect posture more easily than any other ape, usually, however, when so doing, holding its thighs with its hands; and still more in the form of the skull, and consequent aspect of the countenance, the facial angle being as low as 35° in the C. when it is measured without regard to the high bony ridges which project above the eyes; the jaws excessively projecting, and the outline of the face rather concave. There is also an important difference from the human species in the dentition; although the number of teeth of each kind is the same, the canine teeth of the apes is elongated, so as to pass each other, and corresponding intervals are provided for them in the opposite jaw. An interesting point of difference of the anatomy of the C. and Orang from that of man, is in the muscle which in man terminates in a single tendon, and concentrates its action on the great toe, terminating in the apes in three tendons, none of which is connected with the great toe or hinder thumb, but which flex the three middle toes; part of the adaptation of the foot for clasping as a hand. The great toe both of the C. and Orang is shorter than the other toes, and opposed to them as a thumb.

The C. does not seem to attain a height of quite four feet when in an erect posture. Its skin is thinly covered with long black hair in front; the hair is thicker on the head, back, and limbs. The ears are remarkably prominent, thin, and naked, not unlike human ears in shape. The nose appears as little more than a mere wrinkle of the skin. The thumb of the hand is small and weak, that of the foot comparatively large and powerful. In a wild state, the animal appears to be gregarious, but its habits are not well known. Truth and fable have been so mixed up in the accounts of it, that new information must be obtained from reliable

[graphic]

CHINA-CHINE.

sources, before even things not in themselves very improbable can be believed. In a state of confinement, it exhibits, at least when young, considerable

CHINCHILLA, a town of Spain, in the province of Albacete, 10 miles south-east of the city of that name. It is situated on an abrupt rocky hill, crowned by a castle, and is surrounded by walls. The town is in general well built, with good streets, and a fine parish church, containing some excellent works of art. It has manufactures of cloth, linen, leather, earthenware, and glass, and a trade in the agricultural produce of the district. Pop. 12,000.

CHINCHILLA (Chinchilla, Eriomys, or Callomys), a genus of South American quadrupeds, of the order Rodentia; the type of a family, Chinchillida, allied to Cavies (Cavida), but differing from them in possessing clavicles. The general aspect is somewhat rabbit-like. There are several genera of Chinchillida, distinguished in part by the number of toes; the true chinchillas having four, with the rudiment of a fifth on the fore-feet, and four on the

[graphic]

Chimpanzee.

gentleness and docility, and readily learns to imitate human actions, in eating with a spoon, drinking out of a glass, and the like; but its intelligence does not appear to be superior to that of many other monkeys, or indeed of many kinds of brutes. Its natural food consists chiefly of fruit and other vegetable substances; in confinement, it exhibits a great fondness for sweetmeats and for wine. The C. is impatient of cold, and the climate of Britain soon proves fatal to it.

CHINA. See CHINESE EMPIRE.

CHINA, or CHINA-WARE. See PORCELAIN. CHINA BARK, a name of Cinchona (q. v.) Bark, often to be met in books, and in common use on the continent. It is derived, not from the empire of China, but from Kina or Quina, the Peruvian name of cinchona.

CHINA CLAY, or KA'OLIN. See CLAY. CHINA GRASS, or CHINESE GRASS, the popular name of a fibre used in China for the manu

facture of a beautiful fabric known as Grass-cloth. The name appears to have originated in the belief that the fibre was that of a grass; but this is not the case, it being chiefly obtained from Bohmeria (q. v.) nivea, a plant allied to the nettle. Besides this and other species of the natural order Urticacea, other plants, as species of Corchorus (q. v.) and Sida (q. v.), are believed to yield fibres employed in the same manufacture. The fibres are said not to be spun after the European manner, but joined into long threads by twisting their ends together. Grasscloth is now brought in considerable quantity to Europe, especially in the form of pocket-handkerchiefs. It has a fine glossy appearance and a peculiar transparency.

CHINA ROOT, the root, or rather the rhizome (root-stock) of Smilax China, a climbing shrubby plant, closely allied to sarsaparilla, and belonging to the same genus; a native of China, Cochin-China, and Japan. See SARSAPARILLA and SMILACEE. The stem is round and prickly, the leaves thin and roundish oblong; the rhizome tuberous and large; sub-astringent and diaphoretic. It is occasionally used in medicine, and is imported in a dry state into Europe; but it is also employed in the East as an article of food. It abounds in starch.

Chinchilla.

hind-feet; whilst in the genus Lagidium or Lagolis there are four on each foot; and in Lagostomus, four on the fore-feet and three on the hind-feet. All the species of this family are gregarious; feed much on roots, for which their strong and sharp incisors are particularly adapted; and live either in holes, which they select for themselves in rocky districts, or in burrows, which they excavate. They are valued for their fur, particularly the CHINCHILLA of the Andes (C. lanigera), of which the fur constitutes an important article of commerce. Their numbers are said to be sensibly decreasing in consequence of the demand for the fur. The ancient the C. for the manufacture of fine fabrics. Molina Peruvians were accustomed to employ the wool of suggests, that it might easily and profitably be kept

in a domesticated state.

CHINCHO'N, a town of Spain, in the province of Madrid, 25 miles south-south-east of the city of that name. It is pleasantly situated on a hill near the Tagus, and is well built, with wide, regular, and clean streets. Agriculture forms the chief occupation of the inhabitants, but leather, linen, and earthenware are manufactured to a small extent. Pop. 5400.

CHINDWA'RA, a town of Nagpore, in Hindustan, in lat. 22° 3′ N., and long. 78° 58′ E. It occupies a plateau amid the Deoghur Mountains, standing 2100 feet above the level of the sea. Its climate is consequently one of the most agreeable and salubrious in India, attracting many visitors in search of health or recreation.

CHINE, LA, a village of Lower or East Canada, on the south side of the island of Montreal, and about 7 miles to the west of the city of that name. Both the city and the village stand on the left bank of the St Lawrence, or rather, of a branch of the Ottawa; for here, and at least 10 or 12 miles further down, these united rivers keep their waters unmingled. As the intermediate portion of the

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