CASTORËUM-CASTRO. the United States of America, as far north as New De Affixis Personalibus Linguarum Altaicarum Jersey, and in other tropical and warm temperate (Helsingfors, 1850), &c. countries. Although castor oil is chiefly used in medicine, it is not unfit for lamps and for oiling the wheels of machinery. The streets of Lima are lighted, and the machines used in the works of the sugar-plantations of Peru are oiled with it. The appearance of the castor-oil plant obtained for it the name of Palma Christi, by which it is still sometimes called. Its seeds were formerly known as semina cataputiæ majoris. CASTO'RËUM, a substance secreted in two glandular sacs, closely connected with, but quite distinct from, the organs of reproduction in the Beaver (q. v.), and at one time held in the highest repute in medicine, although now regarded as almost inert, and chiefly used by perfumers. The C. sacs are pear-shaped, and it appears in commerce in these sacs themselves, connected in pairs as they are taken from the animal. C. is produced both by the male and by the female beaver. In Hudson's Bay commerce, ten pair of them are equal in value to one beaver skin. Russian C. is of much higher value than American. C. was well known to the ancients. From the time of Hippocrates, it was regarded as having a specific influence over the uterus, and is still in use in the north of Europe. It was at one time also esteemed a most valuable medicine in hysteria, catalepsy, and other spasmodic diseases. CASTO'RIDÆ, a family of Mammalia, of the order Rodentia, of which the Beaver (Castor) is the type, and in which besides the beaver, the Coypu (Myopotamus), and the Musquash, some naturalists include other genera more commonly regarded as belonging to the Mouse and Rat family (Murida), as the Lemmings and Voles. CASTRAMETA'TION is the art of encamping; and a camp is the result of that art. See CAMP, ENCAMPMENT. CASTRES, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, is situated on both sides of the river Agout, 46 miles east of Toulouse. The two parts of the town are united by two stone bridges. In the middle ages, C. was celebrated for its Benedictine abbey, the heads of which exercised a temporal sway over the place. Later, it was one of the strongholds of the reformed party, but it was forced to submit, and had its fortifications demolished in the reign of Louis XIII. C. has beautiful promenades, shaded by fine alleys of trees, and in the neighbourhood is a remarkable rocking-stone, 11 feet high, and weighing some 30 tons. It is of egg. shape, and rests upon its smaller end; a strong push is sufficient to cause its vibration. C. is a busy manufacturing place. Its fine wool-dyed goods are especially famous, and it has also manufactures of linen, leather, paper, soap, &c. Pop. 14,144. CA'STRI, or KASTRI, a village of modern Greece, in the government of Phocis, situated on the south declivity of Mount Parnassus, and worthy of notice, as occupying a portion of the site of the ancient Delphi (q. v.). The famous Castalian spring, now called the Fountain of St John, is situated between 200 and 300 yards to the east of the village. Beside it grows a plane-tree, the only one in C., which is fabled to be that planted by Agamemnon. CA'STRO (ancient Mitylene), a seaport town of Asiatic Turkey, capital of the island of Mitylene, situated on the east coast, about 55 miles north-west of Smyrna. It is surrounded with walls, and defended by a castle, and its streets are narrow and dirty. Remains of the ancient town are found to the west. Pop. 6500. CASTRO, INES DE, whose mournful fate is the subject of several tragedies and poems, was the daughter of Pedro Fernandez de Castro, and sprang from a branch of the royal family of Castile. She CASTREN, MATTHIAS ALEXANDER, the greatest was appointed lady-in-waiting to the wife of Dom authority in regard to the Finnish people and Pedro, son of Alfonso IV. of Portugal. Her language, was born in 1813, not far from the Lappish beauty captivated Dom Pedro, and, after the death boundaries of Finland. He received his earliest of his wife, in 1345, he secretly married Ines. instruction in the town of Tornea, and afterwards Their stolen interviews took place in the convent studied at Helsingfors. About the year 1838, he of St Clara, at Coimbra, until the secret was undertook a pedestrian excursion through Finnish discovered and revealed to the king, who was made Lapland, in order to extend his knowledge of the to believe that this union might prove injurious language and literature; and, in 1840, another to the young Ferdinand, son of Dom Pedro by his through Carelia, to collect ballads, legends, &c., deceased wife. Questioned by his father, Dom Pedro illustrative of Finnish mythology. On his return, had not the courage to reveal the whole truth, while he published in Swedish a translation of the famous he refused to marry another. In the king's council, Finnish poem, Kalevala, the metre and style of it was determined that Ines must die. To see this which have been imitated by Longfellow in his sentence executed, the king hastened to Coimbra, poem of Hiawatha. Aided by the government of while his son, Dom Pedro, was engaged in hunting his native province, he commenced his researches (1355); but the sight of the beautiful Ines, who, among the Finnish, Norwegian, and Russian Lap- with her children, cast herself at the feet of the landers, as also among the European and Siberian king, and prayed for mercy, diverted him for a few Samoyeds. Appointed linguist and ethnographer to moments from his purpose. His advisers, however, the St Petersburg Academy, C., between the years soon obtained from the king permission to execute 1845 and 1849, prosecuted his laborious investiga- the sentence, and, in the course of an hour after the tions as far east as China, and as far north as the interview, Ines fell pierced by the daggers of assas Arctic Ocean. On his return, he was appointed first sins. Dom Pedro attempted a revolt against his professor of the Finnish language and literature at father, but was pacified by the queen and the Archthe university of Helsingfors. He employed himself bishop of Braga, and promised not to seek revenge in preparing for publication the vast materials which for the death of Ines. Two years afterwards, the he had collected, but died 7th May 1852, from king died, having shortly before his death recomexhaustion-a martyr to science. Before his death, mended the murderers of Ines to leave Portugal, appeared Versuch einer ostjakischen Sprachlehre and seek shelter in Castile, where Peter the Cruel nebst kurzen Wörterverzeichniss (Petersburg, 1849), was then ruling. As several of Peter's nobles had as the first instalment of his Northern Travels and escaped into Portugal, to avoid his oppression, he Researches. He also wrote Elementa Grammatica now proposed to Dom Pedro an exchange of fugi Syrjaena (Helsingfors, 1844), and Elementa Gram- tives, to which the latter (now king of Portugal) matica Tscheremissa (1845); On the Influence of the consented. Two of the assassins accordingly were Accent in the Lappish Language (Petersburg, 1845); | delivered up, and were tortured and burned. Two CASTRO DEL RIO-CASUISTRY. years afterwards, the king, in an assembly of the nobility, declared that he had been lawfully married, by papal sanction, and in the presence of the Archbishop of Guarda, to Ines de Castro. When this statement had been confirmed by several testimonies, the king gave orders that the corpse of Ines should be removed from its grave, clothed in royal attire, with a crown on the head, and seated on a throne, should receive homage as queen. This strange ceremony was performed, the nobles of Portugal bowing before the enthroned dead, and kissing the hem of the royal robe. The body was then removed to Alcobaça followed by the king, with the bishops and the nobility, all on foot. A splendid marble monument was erected over the grave of Ines, surmounted by her statue, wearing a crown. CA'STRO DEL RIO, a town of Andalusia, Spain, situated on a slope on the right bank of the Guadajocillo, 16 miles south-east of Cordova. A portion of the old town is surrounded by ruinous walls; the new town lying outside of these has some good streets. It has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, earthenware, &c., and considerable trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 9100. CA'STRO-GIOVANNI, a town of Sicily, in the province of Catania, is situated 13 miles north-east of Caltanisetta, on a remarkable fertile plateau, which rises precipitously to a height of 4000 feet above the sea-level. C. occupies the site of the ancient Enna, of which Ceres was the presiding goddess, and her most famous temple was here. The neighbourhood was the scene of Proserpine's abduction by Pluto. In connection with the Punic and Servile wars, Enna has a conspicuous part in early history. There are no remains of the old town. A castle and other buildings of Saracenic origin are still standing. The district yields sulphur to the amount of nearly 2500 tons yearly. Pop. 5000. CASTRONUOVO, a town of Sicily, in the province of Palermo, 25 miles north of Girgenti. It is situated on a hill, is fortified, and in its vicinity are quarries of fine marble. Pop. about 6000. CASTROVILLA'RI, a town of Naples, in the province of Calabria Citra, 34 miles north of Cosenza. It is situated on an eminence surrounded by mountains, is partially fortified, and has an old massive castle, and a trade in wine, manna, silk, &c. Pop. between 7000 and 8000. It beef. C. equisetifolia is called in Australia the conscience, is that branch of theology and morals CA'SUISTRY, called by Kant the dialectics of which professes to deal with very delicate moral questions-casus conscientiae-and which supplies rules and principles of reasoning for resolving the and partly from the authority of Scripture, the same; drawn partly from natural reason and equity, canon law, councils, fathers, &c. C. has been, and still is, studied chiefly by Roman Catholic theologians; but at one period Protestant divines also rudiments of it, however, are to be sought for in paid some attention to the perilous science. The antiquity. Traces of it are found in the Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece. This is not to be wondered at, for C. is not, in its essence, a device of the schoolmen, although the latter elaborated it into a science, but a natural expression of the intellect and moral nature of man, when he is placed in circumstances of great perplexity. The sound and healthy reason of antiquity, however, could not enter into the morbid refinement, or rather the insidious corruption of morals found in certain Jewish and Christian writers. The Talmud (q. v.) contains an enormous accumulation of casuistical questions, while the sphere of Christian ethics in the middle ages often became a mere arena for unprofitable and pernicious disputations of this nature, as is seen in such works as the Summa Raymundiana, Summa Astesana, Summa Bartholina, which obtained their names from their respective compilers. At a later period, the Jesuits Molina, Escobar, Sanchez, Busenbaum, &c., became notorious for their abuse of ingenuity in the construction of their solutions. Some of them still suffer the of moral puzzles, and for the flagrant immorality vengeance' of Pascal's immortal satire. It is nevertheless indubitable, that in the life of every mannow as formerly-casus conscientia will at times CASUARINA, a genus of trees of the natural arise, when the higher laws of morality come into order Amentacea, and of the sub-order Casuarineæ, collision with subordinate conventional ones. The which is regarded by some as a distinct natural dubiety as to what the path of duty is, what ought order. The trees of this genus are almost exclu- to be done, resulting from this collision, naturally sively Australian; one only, C. equisetifolia, being and legitimately leads to many nice.considerations. found in the South Sea Islands, the Indian If these are carried on under the guidance of a pure Archipelago, the Malayan peninsula, and on the conscience, no harm can ensue, but, on the contrary, east side of the Bay of Bengal, as far north as much good. Such, however, is not the perverted Arracan. Some of them are large trees, producing C. of the Jesuits, the art of quibbling with God,' timber of excellent quality, hard and heavy, as M. Le Feore, preceptor to Louis XIII., called the Beef-wood of the Australian colonists, so it, in which a man seeks to justify, by subtle quirks, called from the resemblance in colour to raw his immoral actions. Mayer has published an CASTUE'RA, a town of Estremadura, Spain, 68 miles east-south-east of Badajoz. It is situated near the right bank of the Guadalefra, has several good streets, manufactures of brick, earthenware, &c., and a trade in agricultural produce; there is also some weaving carried on. Pop. 5600. CA'SUAL POOR are persons temporarily relieved without being admitted to the roll of permanent paupers. See POOR-LAWS. CA'SUALTIES OF SUPERIORITY, in the feudal law of Scotland, are such emoluments arising to the superior as depend on uncertain events. See WARD-HOLDING. CASUS BELLI-CAT. account of all the writers on cases of conscience, ranging them under three heads-Lutheran, Calvinistic, and Romish. CA'SUS BE'LLI, or a case of war, is the reason alleged by one power for going to war with another. It is found impossible to reduce these causes or reasons to any definite code, because an ambitious or aggressive power has no difficulty in making a reason to declare to others, without acknowledging the real reason. CAT (Lat. catus), a name sometimes extended to the whole family of quadrupeds designated by zoologists Felida (q. v.), the genus Felis of Linnæus; and sometimes more restrictedly applied to a section of that family, containing a number of its smallest species, the domestic cat and species most nearly allied to it. These form the subject of the present article. They all pursue their prey on the branches of trees more than on the ground, and are most expert climbers, in which, however, they are rivalled by some of the other Felida. The origin of the domestic C. is by no means well ascertained; and by some naturalists it is described as a distinct species, under the name Felis domestica, which perhaps may be regarded as at least a convenient provisional designation, until satisfactory reasons can be adduced for referring it to some species existing in a wild state. By many, indeed, the domestic C. has been confidently pronounced to be a mere domesticated variety of the common Wild C. (Felis Catus) of Europe and the north of Asia; but to this there are many objections; the most important being that it is always of smaller size, contrary to what is usually observed of the effects of domestication in animals; and that in cats of the domesticated race which have run wild, and in their known progeny, there is no appearance whatever of a tendency to return to the type of the true wild cat. -Another opinion as to the origin of the domestic C. has obtained the assent of a considerable number of naturalists; that it is derived from the Felis maniculata, or Gloved C. of North Africa, a species discovered by the celebrated traveller Rüppell. But Mr Owen has stated a perfectly conclusive reason against identifying the domestic C. with the Felis maniculata, that the first deciduous molar tooth in the latter has a relatively thicker crown, and is supported by three roots, whilst the corresponding tooth both of the domestic C. and of the wild C. of Europe has a thinner crown, and only two roots. The certainty, however, that the C. existed as a domestic animal in ancient Egypt, makes it not improbable that we ought to look for its original on the banks of the Nile, or in some of the countries from which the ancient Egyptians might most readily have obtained it. Of its rarity in Britain in former times, when the wild C. was common in all the woods which covered so much of the island, a curious evidence is afforded by a Welsh law quoted by Pennant a law of the reign of Howel the Good, who died in 938 A. D.-fixing the prices of cats according to their age and qualities, beginning with a price for a kitten before it could see, and enacting that if any one stole or killed the C. that guarded the prince's granary, he was to forfeit a milk ewe, its fleece and lamb; or as much wheat as when poured on the C. suspended by its tail, the head touching the floor, would form a heap high enough to cover the tip of the tail. It is needless to describe an animal so well known as the domestic C., or to do more than allude to its purring, its mewing, and the other sounds which it makes, its aversion to wet its feet or fur, its love of heat and comfort, its stealthy manners when in quest of prey, its patient watchfulness, so often fatal to mice, and other points of its natural history with which everybody is familiar. The delight which a C. takes in tormenting a tioned as an apparent exception to the general mouse before killing it, has sometimes been mencharacter of goodness manifest in the instincts of animals. It is an interesting circumstance, however, that when the prey is a bird instead of a mouse, a C. immediately inflicts a mortal wound, as if aware of its greater power of effecting its escape. The eye of the C. is capable of much contraction and dilatation of its pupil, so that the animal can see in a very feeble light, and is thus adapted for those nocturnal habits to which, even in domestication, it shews so strong a natural tendency. The fur of the C. is very free from any oily substance, so as to be readily injured by water, and is capable of being rendered highly electric by friction, particularly in very dry or frosty weather. electric spark is readily obtained from the tip of the ear. An The strong statements of Buffon gave for a time great currency to the opinion, that the C. is incapable of affection, and retains, even in a domesticated state, its savage ferocity, merely restrained by selfishness, and disguised by cunning. The belief is very prevalent that the C. forms an attachment to places only, and not to persons. There are, however, well-authenticated stories which prove the C. to be capable of strong attachment to its master or mistress, although this quality is less frequently and remarkably displayed than by the dog. The instances which have, on the other hand, been recorded to shew the attachment of the C. to places, are well worthy of attention in connection with the subject of instinct in animals. Some of these instances of cats finding their way back from great distances to their former home, are very wonderful, and indeed cannot be explained on any grounds or principles known. The same instinct and power, however, are displayed by other animals. The varieties of the domestic C. are neither numerous nor very different. The Tortoise-shell C. differs from the most common variety chiefly in colour, although it is also particularly elegant and delicate in form. It is much more common in the south of Europe than in Britain.-The Angora C. is a beautiful variety, remarkable for its long silky hair.-The Chinese C. has a fine glossy fur, and is remarkable for its pendulous ears.-The Chartreuse is of a bluish colour.-It is supposed that the Tabby may have undergone less change by domestication than any other variety. The wild C. is still to be found in a few of the woods of the north of England, in the mountains of Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, and some parts of Ireland. It has entirely disappeared from districts where it was once common. It is the only beast of prey remaining in Britain the strength and fierceness of which make it at all dangerous to man; but an encounter with a wild C. is safe only to a man well armed. Fortunately, the instances of its attacking when unmolested are rare, but such instances have occurred. The wild C. is an inhabitant of deep thickets and recesses of woods, and of the rocky and bushy ravines of mountainous districts. Its fur is held in considerable estimation. The fur is soft, long, and thick. The colour of the face is yellowish-gray, with a band of black spots towards the muzzle; the forehead is brown; the head is gray, with two black stripes passing from the eyes, over and behind the ears; the back, sides, and limbs are gray, darker on the back, paler on the sides, with a blackish longitudinal stripe along the middle of the back, and numerous paler curved CAT-CATACOMBS. ones on the sides; the tail is ringed with light-membranaceous, and very obtuse. The general gray and black, the tip being black. The length of appearance is different from that of the genus a medium-sized male wild C. is almost 2 feet, exclu- Aira.-C. aquatica is a pretty common British sive of the tail, but this length is sometimes very grass. It is of very wide geographic and climatic considerably exceeded.-We know no record of any attempt to domesticate the wild cat. The animal often called wild C. in America is the Bay Lynx. See LYNX. In d Catabrosa aquatica: d, glumes. Superstitions regarding Cats.-Cats have been objects of superstition from the earliest ages. Egypt, they were held in the highest reverence; temples were erected in their honour; sacrifices and devotions were offered up to them; and it was customary for the family in whose house a C. died to shave their eyebrows. In the middle ages, they were regarded as the familiars of witches. The favourite shape of Satan was said to be that of a black C.; and the animal was an object of dread instead of veneration. There is or was a belief among sailors, that the frolics of a C. at sea portended a storm. Many people still prophesy rainya, panicle; b, part of stem, with roots and leaves; e, a spikelet ; weather from a C. washing its face; and a cat-call on the house-top was formerly held to signify death. Their supposititious connection with witches, and the foolish belief that a C. has nine lives, have led to the perpetration of great cruelties upon this harmless and very useful domestic animal. See Brand's Popular Antiquities, Ellis's revised edition. CAT, on shipboard, is a name for many of the ropes or lines employed. A cat-fall is a rope for heaving up the anchor from the water's level to the bow; it works through cat-blocks, and is connected with the cat-head. Cat-harpings are small ropes for tightening the shrouds. The cat-heads, just named, are two strong short timbers projecting from the bow, on each side of the bowsprit. A cat-hook fastens the ring of the anchor to the cat-block. CAT, or CAT-CASTLE, in the military engineering of the middle ages, was a kind of movable tower to cover the sappers as they advanced to a besieged place. The garrison sometimes poured down burning pitch and boiling oil from the walls upon the C.; but occasionally this stratagem was disastrous, for the besiegers availed themselves of the blazing tower to burn the wooden gates of the town or fortress. CAT-O'-NINE-TAILS. See FLOGGING. CATABRO'SA (Gr. catabrosis, a gnawing), a genus of grasses formerly included in Aira (see HAIR-GRASS), but distinguished by the leathery palec, which are ribbed, truncated, erose (as if gnawed at the points), awnless, and nearly equal. The glumes are much shorter than the spikelets, range, being found throughout Europe, from Lapland to the Mediterranean, and also in the torrid regions of South America. It grows only in very moist situations, as the muddy margins of lakes and rivers, ditches, &c., and is only cultivated in irrigated meadows, or on the banks of rivers subject to be overflowed by high tides, where the ground is always wet and muddy. It is one of the most valuable grasses for such situations, its foliage being peculiarly sweet, and much relished by cattle. Both its foliage and its seeds, also, afford much food to water-fowl, and to some kinds of fish, particularly carp. Its leaves often float, and its stalks seldom rise, more than a foot or fifteen inches above the surface of the water. It has a stiff branching panicle, with whorled spreading branches, and its seeds are small. When its artificial propagation is attempted, it is more frequently by dropping freshly gathered stems into still waters, or scattering them times called WHORL GRASS, and sometimes SWEET on the mud, than by sowing the seeds. It is someWATER GRASS. CATACOMBS (Gr. kata, and kumbos, a hollow), subterraneous chambers and passages formed generally in a rock, which is soft and easily excavated, such as tufa. C. are to be found in almost every country in which such rocks exist, and, in most cases, probably originated in mere quarries, which after wards came to be used either as places of sepulture for the dead or as hiding-places for the living. The most celebrated C. in existence, and those which CATAFALCO-CATALEPSY. are generally understood when C. are spoken of, are those on the Via Appia, at a short distance from Rome. To these dreary crypts it is believed that the early Christians were in the habit of retiring, in order to celebrate their new worship, in times of persecution, and in them were buried many of the saints and martyrs of the primitive church. They consist of long narrow galleries, usually about 8 feet high and 5 wide, which twist and turn in all Interior of one of the Catacombs of Paris. directions, very much resembling mines. The graves were constructed by hollowing out a portion of the rock, at the side of the gallery, large enough to contain the body. The entrance was then built up with stones, on which usually the letters D. M. (Deo Maximo), or XP., the first two letters of the Greek name of Christ, were inscribed. Other inscriptions and marks, such as the cross, are also found. Though latterly devoted to purposes of Christian interment exclusively, it is believed that the C. were at one time used as burying-places by pagans also. At irregular intervals, these galleries expand into wide and lofty vaulted chambers, in which the service of the church was no doubt celebrated, and which still have the appearance of churches. The original extent of the C. is uncertain, the guides maintaining that they have a length of 20 miles, whereas about 6 only can now be ascertained to exist, and of these, many portions have either fallen in or become dangerous. When Rome was besieged by the Lombards in the 8th c., many of the C. were destroyed, and the popes afterwards caused the remains of many of the saints and martyrs to be removed and buried in the churches. Art found its way into the C. at an early period, and many remains of frescoes are still found in them. The C. at Naples, cut into the Capo di Monte, resemble those at Rome, and evidently were used for the same purposes, being in many parts literally covered with Christian symbols. In one of the large vaulted chambers there are paintings, which have retained a freshness which is wonderful, when the influences of time and the dampness of the situation are taken into account. The palm-tree, as a memorial of Judea, is a prominent object in these pictures. At Palermo and Syracuse there are similar C., the latter being of considerable extent. They are also found in Greece, in Asia Minor, in Syria, Persia, and Egypt. See NECROPOLIS. At Milo, one of the Cyclades, there is a hill which is honey-combed with a labyrinth of tombs running in every direction. In these, bassirilievi and figures in terra cotta have been found, which prove them to be long anterior to the Christian era. In Peru and other parts of South America, C. have been discovered. The C. in Paris are a species of charnel-houses, into which the contents of such burying-places as were found to be pestilential, and the bodies of some of the victims of 1792, were cast by a decree of the government. CATAFA'LCO (Ital. a scaffold), or CATAFALQUE, a temporary structure of carpentry, intended to represent a tomb or cenotaph, and adorned with sculpture and painting. employed in funeral ceremonies. The most magnificent C. ever made, perhaps, was that used at the interment of Michael Angelo, at Florence. It was CATALA'NI, ANGELICA, a highly celebrated Italian singer, born at Sinigaglia, in the States of the Church, some say in 1780, others in 1784, educated in the convent of St Lucien, near Rome, where, in her seventh year, she displayed such wonderful vocal powers that strangers flocked from all quarters to hear her. She made her first public appearance at Venice, in her 16th year, and experienced a succession of triumphs in every country in Europe for more than 30 years, amassing immense sums of money. The Italian Opera in Paris was twice under her direction; but her husband's interference and extravagance brought her into much trouble. Her large queenly person and fine countenance, the immense volume, range, and flexibility of her voice, her power of sustaining her notes, in contrast with the lightness and facility of her unerring execution, everywhere took her audience by storm. Her expression, although fine, and her In concert-singing, her great triumphs were in whole style, surprised rather than touched the heart. Rhode's Air with variations, and God Save the King which she would call shave; and in Oratorios, Luther's Hymn, her delivery of which, especially when her marvellous voice alternated with the trumpet's sound, was so sublimely awful, that the audience were hushed and pale, and some were borne away fainting. The throat from which these wondrous sounds proceeded was physically of such dimensions, that a physician, when called to look into it, declared he could have passed down a pennyloaf! In 1830, Madame C. purchased a villa near Florence, formerly belonging to the Medici family, where she gave free instructions to girls who had a talent for singing, on condition of their taking the political disturbances broke out in Tuscany, she name of Catalani. In the spring of 1849, when repaired with her daughters to Paris, where she died of cholera on the 13th of June. the ancient name of the wide plain surrounding CATALAU'NIAN PLAIN (Campi Catalaunici), Chalons-sur-Marne, in the old province of Champagne, France, celebrated as the field of battle where the West Goths, and the forces under the Roman general Aëtius, gained a great victory over A wild tradition (made the Attila in 451 a.d. subject of a striking picture by Kaulbach, Die Hunnenschlacht, or The Battle of the Huns') tells that three days after the great fight, the ghosts of the fallen myriads appeared on the plain, and renewed the conflict. CATA'LDO, SAN, a town of Sicily, in the province of Caltanisetta, and 5 miles west of the town of that name. There are productive sulphur-mines in its vicinity. Pop. 8900. CA'TALEPSY (katalepsis, a taking possession of), a state of more or less complete insensibility, with absence of the power of voluntary motion, and statue-like fixedness of the body and limbs in the attitude immediately preceding the attack, a like position being also retained, unless altered by force, until the return of consciousness. Such is the abridged description of C., as commonly given in works of authority. The patient is usually in good |