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CAPSICUM-CAPTAIN.

CA'PSICUM, a genus of plants of the natural order Solanaceae, having a wheel-shaped corolla, projecting and converging stamens, and a dry berry. The species are all of a shrubby, bushy appearance, and have more or less woody stems, although they are annual or biennial plants. The number of species is very uncertain, some botanists distinguishing many, whilst others regard them as mere varieties of a few. They are natives of the warm parts of America and of Asia, have simple leaves, and rather inconspicuous flowers, and some of them are in very general cultivation in tropical and sub-tropical countries for their fruit, which is extremely pungent and stimulant, and is employed in sauces, mixed pickles, &c., often under its Mexican name of Chillies; and when dried and ground, forms the spice called Cayenne Pepper. As a condiment, it improves the flavour of food, aids digestion, and prevents flatulence. In tropical countries, it counteracts the enervating influence of external heat. In medicine, it is used as a stimulant, rubefacient, and vesicant; is often administered in combination with cinchona; and is particularly valuable both internally administered and as a gargle, not only in relaxed conditions of the throat, but in some of those diseases in which the throat is most dangerously affected. As a medicine, C. is administered in pills mixed with bread; in the form of tincture, obtained by digesting the bruised C. in alcohol; or of an infusion, procured by digestion in water, with varying proportions of salt and vinegar. A gargle of C. is prepared by infusing it in water, along with candy-sugar and vinegar, and thereafter adding a little infusion of roses. It has no narcotic properties. It owes its power chiefly to Capsicine (q. v.). The fruits of the different species of C. differ in form, being round, oval, conical, heart-shaped, &c.; they vary from half an inch to four inches in length, and are sometimes of a bright red, sometimes of a yellow colour. In all, the dry berry has an inflated appearance, and contains numerous whitish flattened seeds, which are even more pungent than the leathery epidermis, or the spongy pulp. Cayenne pepper consists chiefly of the ground seeds. C. annuum, sometimes called Common C., or Chilly Pepper, is perhaps the most common species in cultivation; and in the southern parts of Britain, if raised on a hotbed as a tender annual, it produces fruit in the open border. There are several varieties of it. C. frutescens, sometimes called Goat Pepper, and C. baccatum, sometimes called Bird Pepper, have greater pungency, and the former is generally described as the true Cayenne Pepper. C. cerasiforme, with a small cherry-like fruit, and therefore called Cherry Pepper, and C. grossum, with a large, oblong, or ovate fruit, known as Bell Pepper, are frequently cultivated.-The fruit is used either ripe or unripe, except for making Cayenne Pepper, for which ripe fruit is employed. The fruit brought from South America is sometimes sold by druggists under the name Guinea Pepper.

CAPSTAN, on shipboard, is a ponderous mass of timber, whose uses are to heave the anchor, hoist up masts and guns, take in and discharge cargo, &c. It has very firm supports on the deck underneath it. It comprises a barrel, round which a rope or a chain coils; whelps, or pieces of timber, which enlarge the diameter without greatly increasing the weight; the drum-head, a polygonal flat piece of timber at the top, pierced laterally with holes; the step, or lowest part, which rests upon and is bolted to the beams; the saucer, an iron socket let into the top of the step; the pivot or spindle, which, resting on the saucer, forms the axis around which the C. turns; the pawls, short bars of iron, to prevent the re-action of the C.; bars, which enter the

holes, and are the levers for enabling the sailors to work the C.; pins, placed vertically through the drum-head, for temporarily retaining the bars in their places; and the shifter, a rope connecting the outer ends of the bars. Many improvements have recently been made in the arrangement and action of capstans; among which is Wardill's, for increasing the bite or holding of a chain-cable around the circumference.

CA'PSULE, in Botany, a dry fruit, syncarpous (or formed of several carpels united together into one), and opening either by valves, as in the foxglove, primrose, and rhododendron, or by pores near the summit, which some regard as a sort of valves, and of which beautiful examples may be either one-celled or many-celled. The Pyridium seen in the poppy and snapdragon. Capsules are is a variety of C., which opens as if cut around near the summit, presenting the appearance of a cup with a lid, of which a very beautiful example may be seen in the Anagallis, or Pimpernel; and another in the great woody fruit of the different species of Lecythis and other Lecythidacea.

CAPTAIN, MILITARY, is perhaps the most general designation given to an officer of land forces; something equivalent to it being found in most European languages. As a word, it simply means a head or leader, and may be applied to a chief over any number of men. Captain-general is in some countries a very high command. In the time of Queen Elizabeth, there was, among other high military officers, a Captain-general of footmen. In the organisation of the British army at the present day, there is one C. to every company of infantry, and every troop of cavalry, and a first and second C. to every battery of artillery. The duty of the C. is to see to the men of his company in everything that relates to discipline, exercises, billeting, pay, settlement of accounts, mess, kit, clothing, arms, ammunition, accoutrements, stores, barracks, cooking, &c.; to receive orders concerning these matters from the major, and to enforce these orders among the men. He is responsible to the major, and is assisted in his duties by the lieutenant and ensign or cornet. A C. of artillery commands more men, and has more responsibility than a C. of infantry or cavalry; he is privileged to be mentioned by name in military dispatches, like colonels and majors. The second C. of artillery used to be called C.-lieutenant. The Army Estimates for 1860-1861 provide for 149 captains of cavalry, 946 of infantry, 121 of artillery, 94 for engineers, and 94 for colonial corps-1404 in all, in full commission. On the occasions of a general promotion by brevet (see BREVET), The value of a C.'s captains become majors. commission, and the circumstances of purchase connected with it, are noticed under COMMISSIONS, ARMY.

CAPTAIN, NAVAL, is the general designation for the commander of a ship. It is not universal, for some vessels of war are commanded by officers lower in rank than C.; while the chief officer of a merchant-vessel is often called master. The commanders of all ships, from first-rates down to ship-rigged sloops, are captains. The captains rise to the command of larger and larger ships, with increase of pay, according to length of service. The C. is responsible for everything on shipboard, in discipline, navigation, equipment-all, in short, that concerns the personnel or the matériel of the ship. If his ship belongs to a particular fleet or naval station, he is responsible to some admiral or commodore; if not, he is directly responsible to the Admiralty. The C. of that particular ship in a fleet which carries the admiral is called flag-C.,

CAPTION-CAPUCHIN MONKEY.

and is higher in rank than others. Owing to various circumstances, the captains in the navy are very numerous. A naval officer is always on half-pay, except when attached to a ship in actual commission; and thus in times of peace there are always more naval captains on half than on full pay. The Navy Estimates for 1860-1861 provide for about 120 captains in commission on full-pay. About 600 are provided for on half-pay, under the three designations of the active list, the reserved list, and the retired list. The naval captains share with those of the army in the advantages of a general promotion by brevet. They rank in dignity with majors in the army, and with lieutenantcolonels after three years' service.

The word C. is used in other ways also in the navy. The C. of the Fleet is a temporary officer in large fleets; he promulgates the admiral's orders, and receives all the reports and returns, filling, in short, a post equivalent to that of Chief of the Staff in an army. Among the seamen on board a ship, the chief of each gang is called C.; such as the C. of the after-guard, of the forecastle, of the hold, of the main-top, of each gun, &c.

CA'PTION, in the practice of the law of England, may be defined as that part of a legal instrument which shews the authority under which it is executed, or taken, as the word implies. It also states the time and place of the execution. The word C. is also improperly used in England to signify an arrest a meaning which it strictly and technically bears in Scotland, where, until the passing of the 1 and 2 Vict. c. 114, called the Personal Diligence Act, which authorises more simple forms of legal process, it was the only recognised civil warrant for the apprehension of a debtor or obligee. This word is also used in Scotland to denote a summary warrant of imprisonment, granted on the application of the clerk of court, for the purpose of forcing back the pleadings and other papers in a lawsuit, which had been borrowed by the party against whom the C. has issued, and by whom they are unduly and illegally retained. See on the subject of this article INDICTMENT, COMMISSION, DILIGENCE, WARRANT, HORNING.

CAPTIVES. It is laid down by Blackstone, that, as in the goods of an enemy, so also in his person, a man may acquire a sort of qualified property in him as a captive or prisoner of warat least till the ransom of the captive is paid. In Scotland, all legal proceedings against a captive are stopped till his liberation, although, in some cases, execution against his estate may proceed.

CAPTURE may be simply defined as prize taken in time of war. The law on this subject is stated with precision in a paper addressed on behalf of the British government to the American ambassador at London in September 1794: When two powers are at war, they have a right to make prizes of the ships, goods, and effects of each other, upon the high seas. Whatever is the property of the enemy, may be acquired by capture at sea; but the property of a friend cannot be taken, provided he observes his neutrality. Hence the law of nations has established that the goods of an enemy on board the ship of a friend may be taken-that the lawful goods of a friend on board the ship of an enemy ought to be restored that contraband goods going to the enemy, though the property of a friend, may be taken as prize; because supplying the enemy with what enables him better to carry on the war, is a departure from neutrality.' The procedure to be adopted for determining whether the C. be or be not lawful prize, is now regulated by the 3 and 4 Vict. c. 65.

During the Russian war in 1854, there appeared in the London Gazette, under date the 28th March of that year, a declaration stating, inter alia, that her Majesty would waive the right of seizing enemy's property laden on board a neutral vessel, unless it be contraband of war, and that it was not her Majesty's intention to issue letters of marque for the commissioning of privateers. The right of seizing enemy's property on board a neutral vessel, whether contraband of war or not, had always before been maintained by England. On the re-establishment of peace with Russia, a treaty was signed, and the following declarations adopted: 1. Privateering is and remains abolished; 2. A neutral flag covers an enemy's goods, with the exception of contraband of war; 3. Neutral goods, with the exception of contraband of war, are not liable to C. under an enemy's flag; 4. Blockades, in order to be binding, must be effectual-that is to say, maintained by force sufficient to prevent cffectually access to the coast of the enemy.

As to the right to property captured from the enemy, and its distribution as prize or booty of war among the officers and men of the army and navy, see Booty and PRIZE.

CA'PUA, a fortified city of Naples, in the province of Terra di Lavoro, beautifully situated in a rich plain, on the left bank of the Volturno, about 18 miles north of the city of Naples, with which it is connected by railway. It is a military station of the first class, its defences having been greatly extended and improved by Vauban. As it is the only fortress which guards the approach to Naples from the north, it is regarded as one of the keys of the country. The only objects of interest in the city are the cathedral, with some splendid granite columns from ancient Casilinum, upon the site of which town C. was built in the 9th c.; the church of the Annunziata, with some bas-reliefs; and the arch of the Piazza dei Giudici, under which many ancient inscriptions are preserved. Pop. (1857) 10,000.

The ancient Capua, which enjoyed a reputation for wealth and population second only to Rome and Carthage, was situated about two miles south-east of the present city, where its ruins are still to be seen, its site being occupied by the modern town of Santa Maria di Capua. C. was founded by the Etruscans, under the name of Volturnum, as early, according to some authorities, as 800 B.C., and was the chief city of the twelve said to have been founded by them in this part of Italy. Its present name was derived from the Samnites, who captured it in 423 B.C. After the battle of Cannæ, 216 B.C.,

the popular party opened the gates to Hannibal, whose army was greatly enervated by its luxurious winter-quarters here. The Romans obtained possession of the city in 211 B. C. In the 5th c., A.D., It recovered its prosperity again to some extent, C. was devastated by the Vandals under Genseric. but it was totally destroyed by the Saracens in 840. The citizens, who had fled to the mountains, were induced by their bishop to return some 16 years later, and found the modern Capua. From that it had a circumference of 5 or 6 miles, and a the remains of the ancient C., it has been estimated population of 300,000. It had seven gates. Among the Roman antiquities, one of the most remarkable is the amphitheatre, built of bricks, and faced with white marble. Well-preserved arches, corridors and seats for spectators, still remain. It is calculated to have been capable of holding 100,000 persons, and must have been altogether one of the most magnificent buildings of the kind in Italy.

CAPUCHIN MONKEY, or CAPUCHIN SAPAJOU, a name often given to Cebus capuchinus,

CAPUCHINS-CARACAL.

and some other species of the genus Cebus, South American monkeys, which have the head covered with short hair, so disposed as to resemble the cowl of a capuchin, the face being almost naked, or only covered with a little down. See CEBUS. Pithecia chiropotes, a South American monkey of a genus

Capuchin Monkey (Pithecia chiropotes).

tropical rivers. It is equal in size to a small pig. The dentition resembles that of the cavy, except that the grinding teeth are composed of numerous transverse plates, the number of the plates increasing as the animal advances in age; an interesting point of resemblance to the dentition of the elephant, and a link of connection between the rodents and the pachydermata. The C. feeds exclusively on vegetable food, browsing on the grass near the rivers, and often committing great ravages in plantations of sugar-cane. It runs badly, but swims and dives well, and has the power of remaining under water for seven or eight minutes. It is very inoffensive, and easily tamed. The flesh, except that of old males, is good, and is eaten by all classes of persons. The C. is sometimes called Water-hog, of which Hydrochorus is a Greek translation. In Demerara, it is called Water-horse, a corruption of the Dutch Water Haas-i. e., water-hare.

CARA'BIDÆ, a tribe of beetles, or coleopterous insects, of the section Pentamera (see COLEOPTERA), corresponding with the genus Carabus of Linnæus, but of which the species are extremely numerous, those already known being numbered by thousands. They mostly feed on other insects, worms, &c., and are extremely voracious and active, habits which are fully shared by their larvæ. Some of them burrow in the earth; most of them live under

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allied to Cebus, is also sometimes called the C. M., stones, under the bark of trees, among moss, &c.; or Capuchin of the Orinoko.

CA'PUCHINS, a branch of the order of Franciscans (q. v.), so designated from the capuche which is their head-dress.

CA'PUDAN-PASHA', the High Admiral of Turkey. He has the entire command of the navy, and the management of all naval affairs. The port of Pera, contiguous to the arsenal, the Turkish islands in the Archipelago, and a number of seaports and maritime districts, are under him, even in their civil administration.

CAPUT MO'RTUÜM VITRIOLI, or COLCOTHAR, is the name given by the alchemists to the red powder (mainly red oxide of iron) which remains in the retorts when green vitriol or the sulphate of iron is calcined.

CAPY BARA (Hydrocharus Capybara), a quadruped of the order Glires or Rodentia, and of the

Capybara (Hydrocharus Capybara).

family Cavida, strongly resembling the Cavy or Guinea-pig, although it is the largest existing rodent known, and aquatic in its habits. It is a native of South America, and abounds in many of the large

and their bodies are adapted to this mode of life, being very firm and hard. Their legs are in general

Mormolyce phyllodes.

pretty long, and most of them pursue their prey rather by the use of their legs than of their wings, some of them indeed being wingless, or having only rudimentary wings. Many of them exhibit much beauty of colours and metallic lustre. The largest British species is only about an inch long, but some foreign ones are much larger. Some of the species of the restricted genus Carabus are among the most common British insects. Their wings are not fitted for flight.-A very large and singular insect of the tribe C. is Mormolyce phyllodes, a native of Java, which, in consequence of the extremely depressed form of its body, resembles some of the Mantida (q. v.), and the insects known as Leaf-insects (q. v.). To this tribe belong also the Bombardier Beetles (q. v.).

CA'RABOU. See REINDEER.

CA'RACAL (Felis Caracal), a species of Lynx (q. v.), found in the warmer parts of Asia, and throughout the whole of Africa; and more probably than any European species, the lynx of the ancients. It is larger than a fox, about the same height, but much more powerful; of a uniform deep brown or wine-red colour, except two spots near each eye, the under parts of the body, and inner

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Caracara (Polyborus Braziliensis).

CARA CAS, the capital of the republic of Venezuela, the most northerly state in South

but it is capable of being tamed, and has been America, with Guiana on the E., and New Granada employed in hunting.

CARACA'LLA, properly named MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS BASSIANUS, a Roman emperor, the son of the Emperor Septimius Severus, was born at Lyon, 188 A.D. He was playfully named by his father Caracalla, from his long hooded tunic, made in the fashion of the Gauls, and so called in their language. After his father's death, 211 A.D., he ascended the throne as co-regent with his brother Publius Septimius Antoninus Geta, whom he afterwards caused to be murdered. Having bribed (at enormous cost) the Prætorians to overlook this foul deed, and to make him sole emperor, C. next directed his cruelty against all the friends and adherents of Geta, of whom twenty thousand of both sexesincluding the great jurist Papinianus-were put to death. Innumerable acts of oppression and robbery were employed to raise supplies for the unbounded extravagance of the despot, and to pay his soldiers. In his famous constitution, he bestowed Roman citizenship on all his free subjects not citizens-who formed the majority, especially in the provincesbut simply in order to levy a greater amount of taxes on releases and heritages, which were paid only by citizens. In his campaigns, he imitated, at one time, Alexander, at another time, Sulla; while his main object was to oppress and exhaust the provinces which had been in a great measure spared by the tyranny of former emperors. In 217 he was assassinated, at the instigation of Macrinus, prefect of the Prætorians, by one of his veterans named Martialis, on the 8th of April 217, on the way from Edessa to Carrhæ. Historians paint the life of C. in the darkest colours. Among the buildings of C. in Rome, the baths-Therma Caracalla-near Porta Capena were most celebrated, and their ruins are still magnificent.

CARACARA, or CARACARA EAGLE (Polyborus), a genus of birds of prey peculiar to America, and regarded as a connecting-link between eagles and vultures; agreeing with the former in their strongly hooked bill and claws, but with the latter in their naked face and propensity to prey on carrion. The name C. is originally Brazilian, and is derived from the peculiar hoarse cry of a common Brazilian species (P. Braziliensis), a bird of very fine plumage, and about 50 inches in expanse of wings, which is

on the W., is situated in lat. 10° 30' N., and long. 67° 5' W., 16 miles to the south of La Guayra, its port on the Caribbean Sea. It is 2880 feet above the tide-level, enjoying from this elevation a healthy air and a temperature so moderate as to average 68° and 72° F. in February and June respectively. Standing immediately above the confluence of four streams, it is well supplied with cool water, which is distributed by means of fountains, pipes, and reservoirs. The neighbourhood is subject to earthquakes-12,000 citizens having, in 1812, perished from this cause. The present popu lation is estimated at about 40,000. The streets are straight and regular. The most splendid edifice in the city is the Church of Alta Gracia for the people of colour, excelling even the cathedral in the richness of its decorations.

CARACAS, the province of which the fore going city is the capital, extends in N. lat. from 7° 38′ to 10° 46', and in W. long. from 65° 30' to 68°, and contains about 250,000 inhabitants. With a generally mountainous interior, the immediate coast is flat, presenting, besides La Guayra above mentioned, several harbours or roadsteads. The exports of the province are cocoa, coffee, dye-woods, hides, indigo, and sarsaparilla.

CARA'CCI, a celebrated family of Italian painters, the founders of the Bolognese school of painting.

CARACCI, LUDOVICO, the son of a butcher, was born at Bologna, 1555. As a student, he was so inapt that his master recommended him to abandon the pursuit; but instead of that, he went to Venice and Parma, making acquaintance with the works of the great masters there, and returned to Bologna imbued with art principles quite opposed to the superficial mannerism then prevailing in his native city. In conjunction with two of his cousins, who, instructed by him, had imbibed the same ideas, he founded, in spite of great opposition, the school which afterwards became so famous in the history of painting. The first principle of this new school was, that observation of nature ought to be combined with imitation of the best masters.' The allied artists found numerous pupils, to whom they gave practical instructions in drawing from natural and artistic models, with theoretical lessons on perspective, anatomy, &c. So great was their success,

CARACCIOLI-CARAMNASSA.

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CARACCI, AGOSTINO, cousin of Ludovico, was born (1558) in Bologna. He became a disciple of his cousin, but he was of too versatile a genius to devote himself closely to any subject, though his magnificent painting of the Communion of St Jerome proves that he might have attained to very great eminence, had he devoted his undivided attention to the art; but he was in the habit of abandoning his easel for literature, poetry, and engraving on copper. As an engraver, indeed, he holds an important position in Italian art. He accompanied his younger brother, Annibale, to Rome, and there assisted in some of the paintings in the Farnese Gallery; but his brother, who was a slave to his art, soon quarrelled with him for his inattention, and he left Rome, and went to Parma. He died in 1602.

CARACCI, ANNIBALE, brother of Agostino, was born (1560) in Bologna, where he learned, under his father, the business of a tailor, from which he was called away by Ludovico Caracci. His progress in the study of painting was rapid, and at first he took principally for his models Correggio, Titian, and Paul Veronese. His picture of St Roche distributing Alms' first gained for Annibale C. a wide reputation. His fame reached Rome, and he was employed to paint the Farnese Gallery there, which is considered his greatest work, and the manner of which partakes somewhat of Raphael and Correggio. On this gallery he was employed some eight years, and he received for his work the incredibly paltry sum of 500 crowns. In disgust and vexation, the artist threw aside his pallet. He died in Rome in 1609, where his remains were interred, close to Raphael's tomb, in the Pantheon. Annibale C. was one of the greatest followers of Correggio, and in composition approached most nearly to the style of Raphael. Ludovico had a greater talent in teaching, and Agostino had a more versatile invention, but Annibale was unquestionably the greatest artist of the

three Caracci.

CARACCI, ANTONIO, natural son of Agostino, was born at Venice 1583, died in 1618. He was a pupil under Annibale, and painted some excellent pictures.

CARACCI, FRANCESCO (styled FRANCESCHINI), brother of Agostino and Annibale, was born in 1595, and distinguished himself as an eminent designer. He died 1622.-The best Italian masters of the 17th c.-Domenichino, Guido Reni, Albani, and others-proceeded from the school of the Caracci.

CARACCIOLI. The name of a Neapolitan family unfortunately associated with the memory of Lord Nelson. Several members of this family were employed in political offices.-LOUIS ANTOINE DE C., born in Paris 1721, died 1803, was the author of a pseudograph, entitled Lettres Intéressantes du Pape Clement XIV., which mystified many readers throughout Europe.-FRANCESCO C., a meritorious Neapolitan admiral, entered in early life the marine service, and distinguished himself at Toulon, 1793. In the year 1798, the offensive conduct of the court of Naples toward C. induced him to return from Palermo, where the court was then residing, to Naples, where he entered into the service of the republic established by the French invaders, and, with a few vessels, prevented the attempted landing of a Sicilian and British fleet. In 1799, when Ruffo took Naples, C. was arrested, contrary to the

terms of capitulation, sentenced to death by the junta, hanged on the mast of a frigate, and his corpse thrown into the sea. This affair, to which Lord Nelson was a consenting party, is a stain on the reputation of the English admiral.

CARA'CTACUS, a king of the Silures, who inhabited South Wales, was one of the most per

sistent enemies of the Romans in Britain. For nine years he warred gallantly against the invaders, but at length was completely overthrown. His wife and daughters fell into the hands of the victors, and his brothers surrendered. C. himself fled to Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes, who delivered him up to the Romans. He was carried to Rome, 51 A.D., and exhibited to the people by the Emperor Claudius. When he approached the imperial seat, we are told, he addressed Claudius in so noble a manner, that he and his relatives were immediately pardoned. They appear, however, to have lived during the remainder of their lives in Italy.

CA'RADOC SANDSTONE AND BALA BEDS, a division of the Lower Silurian System, so named from their development at Caer Caradoc, in Shropshire. They consist of sandstones, grits, and slates, with occasional beds of limestone. Enormous masses of contemporaneous igneous rocks are interstratified with them. They attain a thickness of 9000 feet, not including the igneous rocks. Fossils are very abundant in some beds. They consist chiefly of Trilobites (q. v.), Brachiopoda (q. v.), and Graptolites (q. v.).

The Silurian rocks in the southern districts of Ayrshire belong to this division.

CARA'GLIO, a town of the Sardinian states, in the province of Coni, six miles west of the city of that name. It is situated on the Grana, and has manufactures of silk. Pop. 6268.

CARAMA'NIA. See KARAMAN.

CARA'MBOLA, an East Indian fruit, of the size and shape of a duck's egg, but with five acute angles, or longitudinal ribs. It has a yellow, thin, smooth rind, and a clear watery pulp, in some varieties sweet, in others acid, of very agreeable flavour. It is often used in making sherbets, and in tarts and preserves; and is known to the British in India as the Coromandel Gooseberry. It is one of the most universally cultivated and abundant of the fruits of India. It is produced by the Averrhoa Carambola, a small evergreen tree, or bush, of the natural order Oxalidea. The BILIMBI, or BLIMBING, is the very acid fruit of another species of the same genus, A. Bilimbi, also East Indian. Both species are now much cultivated in the tropical parts of America. Both exhibit an irritability of leaf resembling that of the sensitive plant; they also display in a remarkable degree the phenomena known to physiologists as those of Sleep (q. v.) in plants.

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CARAMNA'SSA, a river in the sub-presidency of Bengal, which rises in lat. 24° 34' N., and long. 83° 46' E., and, after a course of about 150 miles, enters the Ganges from the right in lat. 25° 28′ N., and long. 83° 58′ E. It is remarkable on several grounds. Though, on issuing from its

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