CAMERONIANS-CAMILLUS. Presbyterians who founded the Cameronian sect. As the 26th of the line, the regiment has ever done credit to its origin; being distinguished alike for gallantry in the field, and for its good and orderly conduct in garrison. Other preachers the 1st of August 1743, under the appellation of the Reformed Presbytery. afterwards attached themselves to the sect, which continued to flourish obscurely in the west of Scotland and north of Ireland. For their history and tenets, we refer to the Testimony of the Reformed Presbyterian Church (Glasgow, John Keith, 1842). Holding strictly to the Covenants, and in theory rejecting the Revolution settlement, the political position of the C. is very peculiar, as they refuse to recognise any laws or institutions which they conceive to be inimical to those of the kingdom of Christ; from which cause they have greatly isolated themselves from general society, At the same time, it is and refused several of the responsibilities and privileges of citizens. CAMEROO'NS, a river of Upper Guinea, Africa, which enters the Bight of Biafra from a north-east direction, in about lat. 4° N., long. 9° 40′ E., by an estuary some 20 miles in breadth. Its length is not certainly known, but for 40 miles upwards its breadth averages nearly a quarter of a mile, its depth varying in the dry season from 2 to 20 feet. The left bank of the river is steep and high, the right for many miles low and swampy, and covered with mangroves. There are several populous and thriving villages on its banks, whose inhabitants carry on an extensive trade in palm-oil, and ivory, obtained in great quantity from dead elephants, which have perished in search of water in a great morass inland.-C. is also the name of a cape on one of the islands of the estuary.-C. PEAK is the name of the culminating-point in the C. Mountains, which in lat. 4° 13′ N., and long. 9° 10′ E., has an elevation estimated at 13,000 feet. CAMERO'NIANS, the religious sect in Scotland alluded to in the notice of Richard Cameron, from whom the body has been popularly named. Its official designation, however, is that of Reformed Presbyterians. No doubt, the principles of the body are those for which Cameron contended and died; but it assumed no distinct form till after the Revolution of 1688; and it might briefly be defined as consisting of a small party of Presbyterians, who objected to the Revolution settlement in church and state, and desired to see in full force that kind of civil and ecclesiastical polity that prevailed in Scot-proper to say, that if zealous and uncompromising, land from 1638 to 1649. According to the Solemn they are also a peaceful body of Christians, who, League and Covenant, ratified by the parliaments of under the shelter of a free and tolerant governIn 1860, the sect England and Scotland, and also by the Assembly ment, are left unmolested to renew the Coveof Divines at Westminster in 1643, Presbyterianism nants as often as fancy dictates. was to be maintained in the kingdoms of England, numbered 6 presbyteries, comprising altogether 45 Scotland, and Ireland, and popery, prelacy, super- congregations in Scotland, one of which was in stition, heresy, schism, &c., were to be extirpated. Edinburgh and 4 in Glasgow. Connected with The Covenanters in Scotland contended, as is well the body, there are congregations in Ireland and known, under much suffering, for this species of North America. Presbyterian supremacy throughout the reigns of Charles II. and James VII. (II.). As a measure of pacification at the Revolution, Presbytery was established in Scotland by act of parliament 1690; Substantially but it was of a modified kind. the church was rendered a creature of the state, more particularly as regards the calling of General Assemblies; and equally to the disgust of the extreme party whom we refer to, prelacy was not only confirmed in England and Ireland, but they saw that there was a general toleration of heresy-i. e., dissent. In sentiment, if not in form, therefore, this uncompromising party repudiated the government of William III. and his successors, and still maintained the perpetually binding obligations of the Covenants. Unquestionably, these C. acted under strong convictions, and only desired to carry out to a legitimate issue those principles which have always mingled with the theories of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland; but which, for prudential considerations, have been long practically in abeyance. In short, it is in the standards of this sect that we have to look for a true embodiment of the tenets held by the great body of English and Scotch Presbyterians of 1643. Others gave in to the Revolution settlement, and afterwards found cause to secede. The C. never gave in, and, of course, never seceded. Although thus, in point of fact, an elder sister of the existing Church of Scotland and all its Secessions, the Cameronian body, as has been said, did not assume a regular form till after the Revolution; and it was with some difficulty, amidst the general contentment of the nation, that it organised a communion with ordained ministers. The steadfastness of members was put to a severe trial by the defection of their ministers; and for a time, the people were as sheep without a shepherd. At length, after their faith and patience had been tried for 16 years, they were joined by the Rev. John M'Millan, from the Established Church, in 1706. In a short time afterwards, the communion was joined by the Rev. John M'Neil, a licentiate of the Established Church. As a means of confirming the faith of members of the body, and of giving a public testimony of their principles, it was resolved to renew the Covenants; and this solemnity took place at Auchensach, near Douglas, in Lanarkshire, in 1712. The subsequent accession of the Rev. Mr Nairne, enabled the C. to constitute a presbytery at Braehead, in the parish of Carnwath, on CAMETA, a town of Brazil, on the left bank of the Tocantins, which joins the estuary of the It has a fertile CAMILLUS, MARCUS FURIUS, a celebrated His military career Roman patrician, who first makes his appearance as consular tribune, 403 B.C. was a series of unbroken successes, according to the accounts which have come down to us; but these accounts have been shewn by Niebuhr to possess a considerable admixture of mythological or poetic fiction. In 396, C. was made dictator, during the Veientine war, in which he mined and captured the city of Veii; but the proud splendour of his subsequent triumph offended the Roman populace, who were still further displeased when C. demanded a tithe of the spoils of Veii, in order to fulfil a vow made to Apollo, on condition of In 394, C. was again elected consular victory. tribune, and besieged the Falerii, who after bravely defending themselves, were led by a magnanimous act of C. to yield unconditionally. Afterwards, C., being accused of peculation, and foreseeing certain condemnation, banished himself from Rome, 391, and lived in retirement at Ardea, until Brennus, at the head of his wild Gauls, had swept through Etruria, and captured and destroyed the whole of Rome except the Capitol. C. was now recalled, and 539 CAMISARDS-CAMP. appointed dictator a second time. He achieved a decisive victory over the invaders, rebuilt Rome, and obtained new victories over the Volsci, and others. In 386 B.C., he was elected dictator for the third time, but refused the office. In 381 B.C., C. was victorious in the war of Rome against Præneste and other Latin towns; and in 368 B.C., he was elected to his fourth dictatorship, but abdicated during the same year. In 367 B.C., when war broke out with the Gauls, C., though 80 years old, accepted the dictatorship for the fifth time, defeated the barbarians near Alba, and made peace between patricians and plebeians. After this, he erected near the Capitol a temple to Concord, and, having retired from public life, died 365 B.C., of the plague, lamented by the whole Roman people. CAMISARDS. See CEVENNES. CA'MLET (from Arab. chamal, fine) is properly a fabric made from the hair of the Angora-goat (q.v.). The camlets made in Britain are either wholly of wool, or of wool mixed with cotton or linen, and spun hard. CAMOENS, LUIS DE, the epic poet of Portugal, was born about 1524, at Lisbon, and studied the ancient classics at Coimbra. On his return to Lisbon, he fell in love with a lady of honour, Catharina d'Atayada. This affair was the begin ning of all the poet's misfortunes. Having been banished by royal authority to Santarem, C. joined the expedition of John III. against Marocco, and lost his right eye in a naval engagement with the Moors in the Strait of Gibraltar. On his return to Lisbon, his bravery as a soldier was no more honoured than his genius as a poet. Disappointed in all his hopes, he determined to leave for ever his native land, and sailed for India, 1553. Offended by certain abuses of the Portuguese authorities in India, C. ventured to expose them in a satire, entitled Disparates na India, Follies in India,' in which he treated even the viceroy with ridicule. For this offence, the poet was banished, 1556, to Macao, where he lived several years, and was engaged in writing Os Lusiadas. Here C. held the unpoetical but probably lucrative post of administrator of the effects of deceased persons; and having saved, as he thought, a competency for his future life, was recalled from his banish ment, 1561. Unhappily, in returning to Goa, he suffered shipwreck, and lost all his property, excepting his epic poem. After other wanderings and misfortunes, C. took ship for Lisbon, where he arrived in 1569, with no other wealth but his epic. He dedicated The Lusiad to the young king, Sebastian, who was very gracious; but, nevertheless, all the real patronage bestowed on C. consisted of a very small pension (about £4), and permission to remain at the court of Lisbon. Even this small pittance was taken away after the death of Sebastian, and C. was left in such poverty, that a faithful Indian servant begged in the streets of Lisbon for the support of the great epic poet of Portugal. C.'s lyric poems, written during this time of destitution, contain many pathetic lamentations. He died obscurely in the hospital at Lisbon, 1579; and sixteen years afterwards, when it was proposed to erect a splendid monument to his memory, there was some difficulty in finding his burial-place. The Lusiad (Os Lusíadas, 'the Lusitanians') celebrates the chief events in the history of Portugal, and is remarkable as the only modern epic poem which is pervaded by anything like the true national and popular spirit of ancient epic poems. It is a gallery of epic pictures, in which all the are great achievements of Portuguese heroism represented. Among the most famous passages are the tragical story of Inez de Castro, and the apparition of the giant Adamastor, who appears as the Spirit of the Storm to Vasco de Gama, when crossing the Cape. The versification of The Lusiad is extremely charming. Patriotic sentiments pervade the whole work. Besides his epic poem, C. wrote sonnets, odes, elegies, eclogues, epigrams, satires, epistles, and three comedies-Os Amphitryoes (after Plautus), King Seleucus, and Filodemo. The latest and best complete edition of his poems appeared in three volumes (Hamburg, 1834). The best edition of The Lusiad was published in Paris (1817), reprinted in 1819, and again, with emendations by Berdier, in 1823. The Lusiad has been translated into Spanish, French, Italian, English, Polish, and German. Gulf of Genoa, about 13 miles east-south-east of CAMO'GLIA, a town of Northern Italy, on the the city of that name. Its inhabitants, amounting to 5809, are chiefly engaged in fishing. CA'MOMILE. See CHAMOMILE. CA'MOUFLET, in Military Pyrotechny, is a stinking composition enclosed in paper-cases. It is used in siege-works, to blow into the faces of the sappers and miners, when hostile parties come within reach of each other, and thus to distress and confuse them. CAMP (Fr., from Lat. campus, a plain, or level field). The signification of this word in English is rather that which belonged to the Latin castrum, an encampment, or castra, a collection of tents, huts, and other structures, for the accommodation and protection of troops, than that which its etymology would more directly indicate. The regular system of encampment ultimately adopted by the Romans, was forced upon them by degrees. The most complete account of it is furnished to us by Polybius. A plan will be found in Dr Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, constructed for the purpose of illustrating his description. When a Roman army was about to encamp, a tribune and several centurions were sent on before, to select a suitable site for the purpose. As soon as the locality was determined on, they chose the spot for the prætorium or general's tent, and marked it with a white flag. Around the prætorium, as a sort of centre or heart to the whole system, the rest of the C. was laid out. It was generally placed on an elevated position, in order that the general might have the rest of the encampment under his eye, and be able to transmit his orders with greater facility. Polybius himself tells us, that the best conception which can be formed of a Roman C. of the more permanent kind is by regarding it as a military town, resembling in many respects no doubt that which has recently grown up at Aldershot (q. v.). The streets were broader than those usually to be found in towns, the wider ones measuring 100, and the narrower 50 feet; and the forum, as its name indicates, was a sort of public market-place. A space of 200 feet was left vacant all round between the tents and the ramparts, partly to afford space for the arrangements of the army, and for stowing away any booty that might be captured, but chiefly to protect the soldiers' huts from incendiary attempts from without. In form, the Roman C. was square, except in the case in which it was intended to embrace within its ramparts four legions, or two consular armies, when it became an oblong rectangle. The C. was surrounded by a fosse or trench (fossa), which was generally 9 feet deep and 12 broad. On the top of the rampart, which was of earth, there were CAMP EQUIPAGE-CAMPAGNA DI ROMA. encampment, is that at Ardoch in Strathearn, Perthshire, in the grass-covered mounds and ridges of which most of the divisions of the C. have been distinctly traced by antiquaries. For further information on this subject, the reader is referred to General Roy's Military Antiquities in Great Britain, and the Caledonia Romana of the late Mr Robert Stuart. In these works will be found ample accounts of some of the more remarkable Roman camps in Britain; those described by Roy being rendered intelligible by large engravings. The principles of castrametation, or camp-formation, underwent much change after the invention of gunpowder, owing to the necessity for defending the C. from artillery. Modern camps, of different kinds, will be found described under ENCAMPMENT. CAMP EQUIPAGE is a general name for all the tents, furniture, fittings, and utensils carried with an army, applicable to the domestic rather than the warlike wants of the soldier. In the days when armour was worn, the C. E. was enormously heavy and complicated. In the present day, a certain amount of C. E. is provided for a given number of troops. See ENCAMPMENT, TENT, &c. stakes. The labour of constructing the rampart of those which retained the form of the simple and the fosse was divided between the allies and the Roman legions, the former making the sides along which they were stationed, and the legions the rest. The task of superintending the construction of the C. amongst the Romans was intrusted to the tribunes; amongst the allies, to the præfects. Before the arrival of the troops, the different parts of the C. were so distinctly marked out and measured off, that they at once proceeded to their respective stations, as if they had entered a wellknown city, and were marching to their quarters. The discipline of the C. was of the strictest kind. It is believed that, during the middle ages, the The tribunes administered an oath against theft plan adopted by the Romans in their camps was both to freemen and slaves, and two maniples were more or less adhered to, seeing that the weapons chosen to keep the via principalis, which was a employed, which mainly determined the character place of general resort, clean and in good repair. of the troops, were nearly the same. In Britain, The other occupations connected with the C., too before the arrival of the Romans, and also during numerous to be mentioned here, were portioned the Saxon and Danish periods, the camps, usually out in like manner; and the superintendence of the circular in form, appear to have been somewhat whole was intrusted to two tribunes chosen by lot rude in character, with the cavalry grouped round from each legion, and appointed to serve for two the standard in the centre, and the infantry placed months. The præfects of the allies possessed a near the front. similar authority, which, however, seems to have been limited to their own troops. Every morning at daybreak, the centurions and horsemen presented themselves to the tribunes, and these, in their turn, received their orders from the consul. The watchword for the night, marked on a four-cornered piece of wood, was given out with much formality. The night was divided into four watches, each of three hours' length; and there was a curious arrangement for ascertaining that guard was kept with vigilance. The soldiers of the watch companies received from the tribune a number of small tablets, with certain marks upon them, and these tablets were collected during the night by the horsemen whose duty it was to visit the posts, from such of the guards as they found on duty. Where these inspectors found the guards asleep or absent, they called upon the bystanders to witness the fact, and then passed on to the next. In the morning, the inspectors appeared before the tribunes, and gave up the tablets they had received, when the guards whose tablets were not produced were required to account for them. A regular scale of rewards and punishments was established in the camp. In comparing the encampments of the Romans with those of his own countrymen, Polybius tells us that the Greeks trusted mainly to a judicious selection of their ground, and regarded the natural advantages which they thus secured as supplying in a great measure the place of artificial means of defence. The Greeks, consequently, had no regular form of C., and no fixed places were assigned to the different divisions of the army. When the practice of drawing up the army according to cohorts, introduced by Marius and Cæsar, was adopted, the internal arrangements of the C. experienced a corresponding change. Latterly, even the square form was abandoned, and the C. was made to suit the nature of the ground. It was always held to be of importance, however, that the C. occupied a defensible position; that it could not be overlooked; and that it had a command of water. CAMP FOLLOWERS are the sutlers and dealers in small-wares who follow an army. In India, owing to the peculiar habits and customs of the Hindus, and the large number of servants retained by English officers, the C. F. are in immense number: comprising servants, sutlers, cantiniers, hostlers, water-carriers, snake-charmers, dancers, conjurors, and women. In February 1839, when a Bengal army of 15,000 men left Shikarpoor for Afghanistan, it was accompanied by no fewer than 85,000 C. F.: the commander took with him six weeks' food for the whole 100,000. All English commanders in India find this regulation a very burdensome one. Even in European armies, however, C. F. are regarded as necessary; they are under the control of the commanding officer, and are subject to the Articles of War-not, however, in cantonments, only in the field. French armies are accompanied by women much more largely than English. CAMPAGNA, a town of Naples, in the province of Principato Citra, is situated between high mountains, about 20 miles east of Salerno. It has a fine cathedral, several convents, and a large annual fair. Pop. 8192. CAMPAGNA DI ROMA, an undulating, uncul tivated, and unhealthy plain of Italy surrounding Rome, including the greatest part of ancient Latium, and now forming the papal delegation of Frosinone When stationary camps (castra stativa) came into and a great part of the Comarca di Roma. Its more general use, we hear of several parts which length is variously stated, arising from the fact are not mentioned by Polybius, for example, the that different authorities measure it from different infirmary (valetudinarium), the farriery (veterina-points. But supposing the name to apply to the rium), the forge (fabrica), &c.; and as a great variety district extending from Cape Linaro, south of Civita of troops then came to be employed, they must, of Vecchia, to Terracina, beyond the Pontine Marshes, course, have had new stations appointed to them in its length is about 90 miles; and its breadth inland, the camp. Many of the stationary camps ultimately to the Alban and Sabine hills, is stated at from 27 became towns, and to this is ascribed the origin of to 40 miles. A broad strip of sandy plain skirts most of the towns in England the names of which the Mediterranean. The ground, which never rises end in cester or chester. Amongst the most perfect | above 200 feet above the sea, is almost entirely CAMPAIGN-CAMPANIA. volcanic, and the lakes are formed by craters of extinct volcanoes. The vapours rising from this district, and especially from the Solfatara (q.v.), produce the pestilential atmosphere styled Aria Cattiva. The number of inhabitants is very small, and in summer they are driven from the C. by its pestilent air, and seek shelter in Rome and other neighbouring places. In autumn, herdsmen descend from the Apennines to the C. with their herds, the pasturage in some parts being rich and abundant. This district was not always uncultivated and depopulated as we now find it, for Domitian and Hadrian built here their splendid villas. Wars and devastations, the 'black-death' (q. v.) in the 14th c., which greatly thinned the population, and inundations from the Tiber, have been the main causes of the present state of the C.; but, according to Livy, it was always an unhealthy district, even when well culti vated. Some of the popes, especially Pius VI., have endeavoured to drain the Pontine Marshes, and, during the dominion of the French in Italy, General Miollis made great improvements in drainage, timberplanting, and cultivation in the Campagna. CAMPAIGN generally means a connected series of military operations, forming a distinct stage or step in a war. Under the old system of warfare, when armies kept the field only during the summer months, a C. was understood to include all that was done by an army from the time it took the field till it went again into winter-quarters. Now that winter is no longer allowed to arrest military operations, it is more difficult to say where one C. ends and another begins. Some writers make a C. include all the steps taken to accomplish some one immediate object. CAMPAN, JEANNE LOUISE HENRIETTE, reader to the daughters of Louis XV., was born in Paris, October 6, 1752. She was favoured by Marie Antoinette, and gave her royal patroness numerous proofs of her fidelity. When the unfortunate queen was conveyed to the Temple, she wished to share her captivity, but was refused entrance by Petion. During the Reign of Terror, she remained concealed at Combertin. After the fall of Robespierre, she opened a boarding-school at St Germain-en-Laye, which was patronised by Josephine Beauharnais, who sent her daughter Hortense to it. In 1806, Napoleon appointed her lady-superintendent of the Institution at Ecouen for the education of the daughters of the officers of the Legion of Honour. After the Restoration, this institution was suppressed, and Madame C. retired to Mantes, where she died, May 16, 1822. She is chiefly remembered on account of her interesting works-Mémoires sur la Vie Privée de la Reine Marie Antoinette (4 vols., 5th ed., Par. 1824), Journal Anecdotique (Par. 1824), and Correspondance Inédite avec la Reine Hortense (2 vols., Par. 1835)—giving recollections of the court of Louis XV., of Marie Antoinette, the Revolution, and some traits from the private character of Napoleon. CAMPA'NA, LA, a town of Andalusia, Spain, situated on the Madre-Viega, a tributary of the Guadalquiver, about 37 miles east-north-east of Seville. The inhabitants, numbering 5380, are engaged chiefly in agricultural pursuits, and in weaving and brick-making. CAMPANA'RIO, a town of Estremadura, Spain, about 62 miles east-south-east of Badajos. It is an ill-built place, with narrow, uncared-for streets. It has manufactures of linens and ropes, and a trade in the agricultural produce of the neighbourhood. Pop. 5400. CAMPANELLA, TOMMA'So, a Dominican monk celebrated for his philosophical ability, was born in 1568 at Stilo in Calabria, and studied at Naples and Cosenza. The writings of Telesius first awakened his doubts respecting that pile of artificial dogmas styled the 'scholastic philosophy.' The results of his studies were given in his Philosophia Sensibus Demonstrata, &c. (Naples, 1591), which contained a defence of Telesius. His superiority in disputations exposed him to the hatred and false accusations of the orthodox monks and schoolmen. He was in consequence compelled to flee from Naples to Rome, and thence to Florence, Venice, and Bologna. Afterwards, he returned to Calabria, but having involved himself in a political conspiracy, he was seized and confined in a Neapolitan dungeon for 27 years; tried five times, and tortured seven; accused of heresy; and declared the author of a book which had been published thirty years before he was born. In 1626, Pope Urban VIII. had him brought to the prison of the Inquisition at Rome, but immediately liberated him, and treated him in a very generous manner. After being again persecuted by the Spanish government, C., who had formed the friendship of the French ambassador at Rome, the Duc de Noailles, obtained a letter of introduction to Cardinal Richelieu, and secretly left for France, where he was graciously received. He died in the Dominican monastery of St Honoré, near Paris, 1639. Most of his works-De Gentilismo non Retinendo (Paris, 1636), Astrologicorum Libri VII. (Lyon, 1629), Prodromus Philosophiae Instauranda (Frankfort, 1617), Exordium Metaphysica Nova, De Sensu Rerum et Magia (Frankfort, 1620)-were written during his imprisonment. His philosophical views give expression to that confused fermentation of new ideas which was characteristic of the close of the 16th and opening of the 17th c.-bold and clear opinions strangely mingled with commonplaces and with astrological dreams and fancies. It may seem strange that C. should have been patronised by the Pope; but this favour was gained, not by his speculative works, but by several writings in defence of the Roman Catholic Church. His De Monarchia Hispanica Discursus is a work of great power and value, comprising a sketch of the political world of C.'s time, with special reference to Spain. It was translated into English during Cromwell's Protectorate. CAMPA'NIA, anciently a province of Central Italy, having Capua as its capital (now known as the province Terra di Lavoro, Naples), was bounded on the S. by Lucania, E. by Samnium, N. by Latium, and W. by the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was one of the most productive plains in the world, producing in extraordinary abundance corn, wine, and oil; and both by Greek and Roman writers is celebrated for its soft and genial climate, the beauty of its landscapes, and the excellence of its harbours. It was the regio felix of the Romans, who built here many of their most splendid villas, &c. Through it passed the Appian Way, the greatest high-road of Italy. The promontory Misenum, Mount Vesuvius, the river Vulturnus, the towns Baix, Cumæ, Linternum, Puteoli, Naples, Herculaneum, Pompeii, Nola, Salernum, Capua, &c., belonged to Campania. It was the oldest Greek settlement in Italy, having been colonised, according to the later chronologers, about 1050 B. C.; but this is in all probability too early a date. It was next conquered by the Etruscans, and several of the towns above mentioned, such as Capua and Nola, were founded by that people. The Etruscans then succumbed to the more warlike and hardy Samnites, who, in their turn, yielded to the irresistible valour of Rome (340 B. C.). Through all these vicissitudes of conquest, the substratum of the people remained as at the beginning. The mass of the Campanians CAMPANILE-CAMPBELL. were essentially of Oscan race, and Oscan they familiar to every one as the most common fieldremained. Indeed, it is mainly from them that our flowers. It is a native of the central parts of knowledge of the Oscan language is derived, and Europe.-Medicinal virtues were formerly ascribed one of their towns-Atella, between Capua and Naples had the honour of introducing upon the early Roman stage a species of popular drama or comedy, which was greatly relished for its quaint and vigorous humour. See ATELLANÆ. CA'MPANILE (Ital., from Mid. Lat. campana, a bell), a name adopted from the Italian to signify a bell-tower of the larger kind, and usually applied only to such as are detached from the church. Scarcely any of the existing bell-towers of England answer to the Italian conception of the C., but it is said that there was a very fine one at Salisbury, 200 feet in height, which was destroyed by Wyatt. In Italy, they are found everywhereat Bologna, Padua, Ravenna, Cremona, Venice. Perhaps the most remarkable are the so-called 'leaning tower' of Pisa, and the C. of Florence. The former, which is circular in form, is decorated with columns and arcades to the summit of its eight stories, and presents a very imposing appearance, reminding the traveller of the Coliseum at Rome, from which, and the now destroyed Septizonium, the idea of it is said to have been taken by the architects Bonano of Pisa, and Wilhelm of Innspruck. But though less curious, the famous C. of Giotto is perhaps even more worthy of the traveller's attention. It was erected in 1334, with the express object of surpassing, both in height and in richness of workmanship, any of the remains of antiquity. In form, it is a parallelopiped, and is of the same dimensions from bottom to top. Though it is very lofty-267 feet-it consists of only four stories, of which the tallest are the uppermost and undermost; and the windows in the upper story are rather larger than those in the two beneath, the object being to counteract the diminution to the eye occasioned by the greater distance. The effect of this arrangement has been much praised by architects; but there seems ground for scepticism as to its advantages. The style is the real Italian Gothic, which unites simplicity with great richness of ornamentation. The original design of Giotto was that a spire of 100 braccia in height should have surmounted the present structure, and on the summit may be seen the four great piers from which it was intended that it should have risen. The splendid C. of Florence, in its present condition, must thus be regarded only as a fragment. There is a fine C. at Seville, 350 feet in height, which was built by Guever the Moor in 1568. It is called La Giralda, from a brazen figure, which, though it weighs a ton and a half, turns with the wind. CAMPANULA (Lat., a little bell), a genus of plants of the natural order Campanulacea (q. v.), distinguished by a bell-shaped corolla with five broad short segments, filaments dilated at the base, a 2-5-cleft stigma, and a top-shaped capsule with 2-5 cells, opening by lateral clefts below the calyx segments. The species are very numerous, chiefly but not exclusively abounding in the northern parts of the world, and the more elevated districts of the temperate zones. They are mostly herbaceous, some of them annual. The name BELL-FLOWER is common to many of them, and is often extended to all. The flowers are in general beautiful, and many of the species are therefore frequent ornaments of flower-borders. Of the native British species, the most common, and one of the most beautiful, is the HAREBELL (q. v.) or BLUEBELL (C. rotundifolia). The CANTERBURY BELL (C. Medium) is a very beautiful annual, which has long been so generally sown in flower-borders in Britain, that it is almost as Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia). to some species, particularly in affections of the throat, wherefore C. Trachelium, frequent in woods in England, has received the name of Throatwort; but they are now regarded as inert.-The roots of some are reckoned among esculents, as those of the RAMPION (q. v.), (C. Rapunculus), occasionally culti vated in Britain, and much more generally in some parts of continental Europe. CAMPANULA'CEÆ, a natural order of exogenous plants, herbaceous or half shrubby, with a bitter milky juice; leaves without stipules, and generally alternate; the calyx usually 5-lobed, its tube adhering to the ovary; the corolla monopetalous, inserted into the top of the calyx, usually 5-lobed and regular; the stamens inserted into the calyx, and alternate with the lobes of the corolla; the fruit with two or more many-seeded cells, crowned with the withered calyx and corolla, and opening by division of the cells (loculicidally); the seeds fixed to the axis, and having fleshy albumen. About 500 species are known, natives chiefly of the temperate and colder climates of the northern hemisphere, where their blue or white flowers are among the finest ornaments of fields and woods. The roots and young leaves of some species are eatable, as is the half-fleshy fruit of Canarina Campanula, a native of the Canary Islands. CA'MPBELL, the family name of the Lords of Argyle. The origin of the family has not been satisfactorily ascertained. One theory makes it of Anglo-Norman origin; another traces its descent through a long line of Celtic chiefs to King Arthur. It first appears in record towards the end of the 13th c., when it held lands in Ayrshire and Argyle. The chiefs of the family having taken a prominent part in public affairs, the most distinguished are noticed under the head ARGYLE. CAMPBELL, SIR COLIN, LORD CLYDE, one of the bravest soldiers and most distinguished generals of modern times, was born in Glasgow, in 1792. His father was a cabinet-maker, named John Macliver, but Colin assumed the name of Campbell, to gratify an uncle on the mother's side. He entered the army as an ensign in 1808; fought through the war in the Spanish peninsula |