BUTTERFLY. suspended by the tail, by means of a silky substance, species produce several broods in a year, as the often to a leaf or twig, but is sometimes supported eggs in summer may be hatched in a few days. The by bands around the middle; and generally exhibits more or less of that golden colouring from which both the names aurelia (Lat. aurum) and chrysalis (Gr. chrysos) are derived. Butterflies are found in all parts of the world; they are to be seen during the sunshine of the brief summer extracting nectar from the flowers even of Greenland and Spitzbergen, but they are most numerous in the warmest regions; where, however, many of them live chiefly in the shade of moist foliage, in woods and jungles. Dr Hooker, describing the scenery on the banks of the Great Runjeet in the Sikkim Himalaya, says, that 'by far the most striking feature consisted in the amazing quantity of superb butterflies, large tropical swallow-tails, black, with scarlet or yellow eyes on their wings. They were seen everywhere, sailing majestically through the still hot air, or fluttering from one scorching rock to another, and especially loving to settle on the damp sand of the river edge, where they sat by thousands, with erect wings, balancing themselves with a rocking motion, as their heavy sails inclined them to one side or the other, resem. bling a crowded fleet of yachts on a calm day.' Butterflies possess no small power of wing; some of them, indeed, of which the wings are comparatively thin and delicate, are inferior in this respect, and have a sort of zigzag flight; but others soar in the air with a steady and continuous motion. Shortlived as they are all generally believed to be, some of the tropical species perform wonderful migrations; concerning which, however, nothing but the fact is yet well known. 'Frequently,' says Sir James Emerson Tennent in his work on Ceylon, 'the extraordinary sight presents itself of flights of these delicate creatures, generally of a white or pale yellow hue, apparently miles in breadth, and of such prodigious extension as to occupy hours and even days uninterruptedly in their passage, whence coming no one knows, whither going no one can tell.' The number of species of B. is very great, and the arrangement of them has been found difficult, chiefly upon account of the great similarity in all important respects which prevails among them all. They are divided, however, into two well-marked sections, of which the first is characterised by having only a single pair of spurs or spines on the tibice (or fourth joints of the legs), placed at their lower extremity; whilst in the other section, the tibiæ of the hinder legs have two pair of spurs, one pair at each extremity. This distinction, seemingly unimportant in itself, is accompanied by other differences. The second section of butterflies may be regarded as forming a sort of connecting link between butterflies and hawk-moths. A few British species belong to it, but the species are generally tropical, and some of them, found in tropical America, are remarkable for their rapidity and power of flight, and for the migrations which they perform, besides being amongst the most splendid insects in creation,'. a resplendent green, inimitable by art, relieving the velvet black of their wings, and varying with every change of light. The beautiful iridescence of the wings of these and many other butterflies is owing to the peculiar position of the scales. Some groups of butterflies are remarkable for the imperfect development of the first pair of legs, so that they are generally described as having four legs instead of six. The eggs of butterflies are deposited on the plants, the leaves of which are to supply the food of the caterpillars. In cold and temperate climates, the eggs deposited in autumn are not hatched till the following spring; but it is believed that many 1. 1 2 Eggs of Butterflies, highly magnified: Egg of Queen of Spain Fritillary (Argynnis Lathonia); 2. Egg of Peacock Butterfly (Vanessa Io); 3. Larva of Large Garden White Butterfly (Pieris Brassica), in the act of bursting from the egg; 4. Egg of same insect, ready to hatch, shewing the head and curved body of enclosed caterpillar through the transparent envelope.-For these illustrations we are indebted to Westwood's excellent treatise on British Butterflies. caterpillars of each species are generally confined to some particular kind of plant, the leaves of which they devour; their ravages are well known, but the excessive increase of their numbers is in part restrained by many enemies, and by none more than by the ichneumons (q. v.) and other insects which deposit their eggs in them, and the larvae of which feed on them. The annexed cut represents a comaccount of B. transformations will be given under mon species of B., with its larva and pupa; an INSECT TRANSFORMATIONS. b a Large Garden White Butterfly (Pieris Brassica), a, caterpillar; b, chrysalis; c, perfect insect. Butterflies vary in size from less than an inch to almost a foot across the expanded wings. The largest species are tropical. Some of the species are very widely distributed: Cynthia cardui, of which the caterpillar feeds on the leaves of thistles, is found not only throughout Europe, but in Egypt, Barbary, Senegal, Cape Colony, Madagascar, China, Java, Australia, Brazil, and North America, being, in fact, one of the most widely distributed of all insects. The geographical limits of other species appear to be very restricted. The diversity of colouring is almost endless, but a prevalence of certain hues, or of certain modes of the disposal of them, is observable throughout large groups. The BUTTERFLY FISH-BUTTON. caterpillars of many species are variously furnished (P. vulgaris) is abundant in the northern parts of with spines, those of others-none of them British- Britain and of Europe. It has the power of coagu have long fleshy prominences, horny at the tip, lating milk. The Laplanders pour reindeer milk, probably intended as means of defence. The hinder wings of many butterflies are curiously prolonged into tail-like appendages, one or more on each wing, which vary in form, being sometimes long and linear, sometimes broad and widening towards the extremity. These are, however, little seen in British species. Butterflies are chiefly known to us as objects of admiration and of pleasing contemplation, enhancing the charms of the most delightful weather, and always associated with the most lovely scenes, or --it must be added- -as a cause of annoyance and vexation by the ravages of their caterpillar young in our fields and gardens. There is, however, one small species (Euplaa humata) which affords a supply of food to some of the wretched aborigines of Australia. Butterflies of this species congregate in such vast numbers on the masses of granite in the mountains, that they are collected by simply making smothered fires under the rocks, in the smoke of which they are suffocated. Bushels of them are thus procured, and they are baked by placing them on the heated ground, the down and wings removed, and the bodies made into cakes which resemble lumps of fat. The months of November, December, and January are quite a season of festivity from the abundance of this food. Brief notices of a few of the principal kinds of B. will be found in other parts of this work. See CABBAGE BUTTERFLY, CAMBERWELL BEAUTY, PURPLE EMPEROR, &c. BUTTERFLY FISH. See BLENNY. BUTTERFLY WEED, or PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias tuberosa, see ASCLEPIAS), a plant found in all parts of the United States, and which has obtained a considerable reputation for the medicinal virtues of its root. The root is large, formed of irregular tubers or spindle-shaped branches, externally yellowish brown, internally white, with a somewhat acrid nauseous taste when recent, merely bitter when dried. It yields its properties to boiling water, and is usually administered in the form of a decoction, sometimes in that of a powder. It is diaphoretic and expectorant, and has been found useful in the commencement of pulmonary affections, in rheumatism, and in dysentery.-The stem of the plant is erect and hairy, with spreading branches; the leaves oblongo-lanceolate, alternate, hairy, and somewhat crowded; the flowers orange-yellow, forming numerous umbels. BUTTERMILK is the form of milk from which the butter or oily matter has been abstracted. See BUTTER. Buttermilk contains the caseine, sugar, and salts of ordinary milk, and is only deficient in oily matters. It is therefore nutritious, and is largely used in Ireland and Scotland as an article of food, being very generally partaken of with porridge and with potatoes. It may be drunk ad libitum, is a very agreeable cooling beverage, and is therefore useful in certain febrile and inflammatory conditions. b α Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris): warm from the animal, upon the leaves of this plant, BUTTISHOLZ, a village of Switzerland, in the canton of Lucerne, and 11 miles north-west from the city of that name. Near to B. is a large mound called the English Barrow, because here are buried 3000 Englishmen, followers of De Coucy, son-in-law of Edward III. of England, who, while devastating the cantons, were defeated and killed by Swiss peasants in 1376. BUTTMANN, PHILIPP KARL, one of the most distinguished philologists of modern times, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1764, and studied at Göttingen under Heyne. He became, in 1789, assistant in the Royal Library in Berlin, and rose successively to be secretary and librarian (1811). He held at the same time (1800-1808) a professorship in the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin, which he afterwards exchanged for a professorship in the newly founded university of that city. He died 21st June 1829. B. is best known by his Greek grammars, the Griech. Grammatik (Berl. 1792; 18th ed. by his son, Alexander Buttmann, 1849), and an abridgment of it, Griech. Schulgram. (11th ed. 1843); both have been translated into English. His Lexilogus (translated by Fishlake) and Ausführliche Griech. Sprachlehre, or Larger Greek Grammar, which have The species are small plants with only radical leaves, found in the bogs and marshes of different quarters of the world. Some of them possess much beauty when in flower, particularly P. grandiflora, a rare native of the south of France and of Ireland. The common B. BUTTERWORT (Pinguicula), a genus of plants of the natural order Lentibulariaceae (q. v.), distinguished by a two-lipped calyx, the upper lip trifid, the lower bifid; a spurred corolla, two-lipped and gaping, the upper lip arched; and a globose germen. 460 gone through several editions, are designed for scholars. In his Mythologus, he has collected his essays on the myths of the ancients. BUTTON. The term B. is applied to the wellknown appendages to dress used for fastening or for ornament; and to a sort of oblong latch moving BUTTON. upon a pivot in the middle, that is applied by carpenters and cabinet-makers for fastening the lids of boxes, doors of presses, &c. The mass of fused metal found at the bottom of a crucible or cupel, after fusing or assaying, is also technically called a button. Buttons used for dress are of four kinds-shank buttons, hole buttons, covered buttons, and wire buttons. The chief seat of manufacture is Birmingham, though recently a very keen competition has been established in France and Germany, especially in fancy buttons. Shank buttons are for the most part of brass, which is supplied to the maker in sheets rolled to the thickness he requires. Circular discs, called blanks,' are cut from these by means of fly-presses and punches. The fly-press consists of a vertical iron screw with a triple thread, to which screw is attached a horizontal arm, bending downwards at the end to form a handle, by swinging which the screw is made to descend rapidly and firmly, carrying the punch with it. The presses are worked by women and girls, who hold the sheet-metal in the left hand, and push it under the punch while the screw, which is worked by the right hand, is ascending. More complex machines are also used, by means of which a row of 8 or 10 blanks are cut at once, the machine itself pushing the metal forward; but hand-punching is still the method most extensively adopted in Birmingham. The edges are next trimmed, to remove the burr, and the blank is planished by stamping with a plain die, and the name of the maker embossed in like manner. The shanks are made by a machine which is fed with a coil of wire, which it pushes in short lengths to a pair of shears; these, when cut off, are, by another part of the machine, forced into a kind of vice, which bends them to the required loop shape; the ends are then struck out flat with a hammer, and the complete shank is pushed out of the machine. These shanks are soldered to the blanks, and the buttons are finished in the lathe. They are then lackered or gilded. See GILDING and LACKERING.-Shell' buttons are those with a convex face, a flat or convex back, and hollow. These are made of two blanks, that forming the face being larger than the back to which the shank is attached. These blanks are pressed into the required shape by dies worked in the fly-press, and then, by another die, the edge of the larger blank is lapped over the smaller, and thus attached without soldering. Livery and other buttons having a device in strong relief are stamped by a die attached to a heavy weight or 'monkey.' This monkey is suspended by a rope working over a pulley, and terminating in a stirrup, into which the workman places his foot, and thereby lifts the weight and die; then raising his foot, suddenly lets it fall upon the B., which rests in another die fixed in the bench below. The monkey and die are guided in their descent by working in a groove between two upright posts. While the die is ascending, the workman holding the blank next to be stamped under his thumb, pushes it to its place, at the same time pushing out the one that has been stamped. This is done very rapidly; and the consequence of a moment's inattention is a crushed thumb-by no means an uncommon accident. Common white metal-buttons are cast in moulds, in which the shanks are previously placed, and are thereby attached without soldering. When the body of the B. is of pearl-shell, bone, or wood, the blanks are cut out by means of a tubular saw-i. e., a tube toothed at one end; this is made to revolve in a lathe, and the shell is pressed against it. The shanks are fixed by cutting a cavity half way through the blank; this is undercut, so that it is enlarged as it deepens. The stem of the shank is shaped like a hollow cone, with its base just large enough to enter the cavity; and after insertion, a blow spreads it out, so as to fill up the inner and larger part of the cavity, and thus it is dove-tailed in. Buttons with holes, technically called 'four-holes,' 'three-holes,' and 'two-holes,' when of pearl-shell, wood, bone, or ivory, are cut with the tubular saw as above, turned separately in a lathe, and drilled. When of metal, the blanks are punched, then stamped in dies to the required form; the holes are punched, and again stamped, to round the sharp edges that would otherwise cut the thread. The semi-paper B. is an important improvement recently made upon the metal four-hole. A very thin sheet-iron blank is struck with the edge turned up; into this is laid a blank of thick brown paper or rather thin mill-board; another stamping squeezes the raised edge round the paper, and clasps it tightly, thus incorporating together the metal and paper. The holes are then punched, and again pressed, so that the metal edges may be well rounded and sunk into the paper. After being japanned, these buttons appear as if of solid metal; but they are superior on account of their lightness, and the absence of any edges to the holes that can cut the thread. Wire buttons are simply rings of wire covered by machinery with threads radiating from the centre, and embracing the wire-ring. These are almost entirely superseded by linen-covered buttons. · Covered buttons were formerly made by sewing cloth upon bone-moulds'-i. e., flat bone discs with a hole in the middle. These have been quite superseded by the various modifications of the 'flexible shank,'florentine,' and other buttons, the subjects of a multitude of patents. The details of these are somewhat complex, but the general principles of construction are nearly the same in all. A metal blank is punched, and its edge is turned up by a die in a fly-press; then another blank is punched with a hole in the middle, and of such size, that, when flat, it shall fit into the upturned edge of the first this perforated blank, or collet, is next pressed into a concave or dished shape. Two cloth blanks are now punched, one considerably larger than the metal blank, the other somewhat smaller; the larger cloth blank is laid upon the flat face of the metal blank, and its edges turned over; these edges are covered by the smaller cloth, and then the collet laid upon them with its concavity towards the cloth. They are now all pressed together in a sort of die or mould, by which means the collet is flattened and spread out, while the upturned edge of the metal blank is turned forcibly over it, thus securing the collet, and with it the cloth which is strained tightly on the face, and its edges bound between the blank and the collet, so that the whole is firmly held together. This process is variously modified according to the kind of button. The linen B. before referred to is formed simply of the blank and collet, both being perforated in the middle, and the linen stretched over them, forming the flat B. used for underclothing. This has recently been improved by leaving a bar of metal across the central hole of the blank, over which bar the thread is passed in sewing on the button. The flexible-shank buttons have a padding of paper and cloth between the blank and collet; and this padding, covered with the smaller cloth or silk blank, is made by the pressure to project through the hole of the collet, and form the shank. Many four and two hole buttons are now made of plastic materials, which are pressed in moulds to the shape required. Horn buttons are made by pressure, the horn having been softened by heat. BUTTONWOOD-BUTYRIC ACID. Very elaborate and elegant patterns in relief are at the same time produced on the surface. In this branch of the manufacture the French excel us, both in quality and cheapness. According to the census of 1851, only 11 males and 4 females were employed in Scotland in manufacturing buttons. The number in England and Wales was 2988 males and 3950 females; total, 6938, of whom 4980 were employed in Birmingham. Of these, there were 770 males under 20 years of age, and 1350 above; 1265 females under 20, and 1595 above. Nearly all the fly-press stamping and punching is done by women and girls. The stirrup-stamping is done chiefly by men; and the bone, ivory, and other buttons that are turned in lathes, are chiefly made by men. A considerable number of skilled workmen, receiving high wages, are employed in making dies, punches, and other tools for this trade. The carding of buttons i. e., sewing the cards on which they are sold paper and cards is a serious item in this trade, and the paper-duty presses very heavily. The cards and paper of some of the cheaper pressed four-holes, cost more than the buttons themselves. BUTTONWOOD. See PLANE. A very cheap substitute for pearl buttons is made by forcibly compressing clay into moulds. There are several compositions of this kind used, and most of them patented. An attempt is now being made by Messrs Dain, Watts, and Manton of Birmingham, to supersede the French horn buttons by means of a mixture of vegetable fibre and resinous matter. The patent is not yet (1860) completed; but from the specimens that have been shewn to the writer, it appears very likely that this branch of the trade will return to Birmingham -a matter of some importance, as buttons of this kind are now much in request. Buttons made of-employs a large number of girls. The cost of horn, vegetable ivory, the coquilla nut (see VEGETABLE IVORY, COQUILLA NUT), various hard woods, glass, &c., are now to a great extent superseding covered buttons, as the covered B. has superseded those of gilded brass. The BUTTRESS (Old Eng. botress; Fr. buttée), a projection for the purpose of giving additional support or strength to a wall. In the classical style, there were no buttresses, their place being, to a certain extent, supplied by pilasters, antæ, &c. The different stages of Gothic architecture are marked by the form of buttresses employed, almost as distinctly as by the form of the arch. Norman B. was broad, often semicircular, sometimes dieing into the wall at the top, and never projecting from it to any great extent. Early English buttresses project much more boldly, and are considerably narrower, than the Norman. They are frequently broken into stages, which diminish in size as they ascend. In the decorated style, this division into stages is almost invariable, the B. being often supplied with niches terminating in pinnacles, and very highly ornamented with carving, statues, &c. In the perpendicular style, they retain the forms which had been introduced during the decorated period, the ornamentation, of course, being varied to suit the character of the style. Flying buttresses-i. e., buttresses of which either the upper portion or the whole upright part are detached from the wall, with which they are connected by an arch-were introduced into England Canterbury Cathedral. Flying Buttress, Westminster Abbey. at the period of the Early English, though they existed on the continent previously, where they continued to be used to a greater extent. They were also very common in Scotland. In England, they are generally called arch-buttresses. BU'TUA ROOT. See CISSAMPELOS. BUTY'RIC ACID may be best obtained by saponifying butter with potash, then adding dilute sulphuric acid till an acid reaction is attained, and distilling about one half of the mixture, adding a little water, and continuing the distillation till the residue is not acid. B. A. may also be obtained by allowing a small quantity of milk-curd to act upon a solution of sugar at a temperature of 77° to 86°, which excites a peculiar process of fermentation resulting in the formation of butyric acid. Some chalk is added to take up the B. A. whenever produced, and the better proportions to employ are 100 sugar, 8 to 10 fresh curd, and 50 chalk, with sufficient water to make a thin liquid. The butyrate of lime is left in the vessel, and on acting upon that by dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, and redistilling, the free B. A. passes over in vapour, and is condensed. B. A. is a transparent, thin, oily liquid, with a most persistent BUTYRIC ETHER-BUXTORF. rancid odour. It is mixable in all proportions in water, alcohol, ether, and oil of vitriol; has the specific gravity 973 (water being 1000), boils at 314; though it volatilises at ordinary temperatures, as appears from the rancid odour of its vapour. Its chemical symbol is HO,C,H,O,, and it combines with bases, such as lime, soda, &c., to form salts. BUTYRIC ETHER, or PINE-APPLE OIL, is an exceedingly fragrant oil obtained by distilling butyric acid (or the butyrate of lime), alcohol, and sulphuric acid. The material which passes over is the B. E., and it is generally mixed with alcohol, and sold in commerce as Artificial Pine-apple Oil. It possesses the same very pleasant flavour which belongs to pine-apples, and there is little doubt that pine-apples owe their flavour to the presence of natural butyric ether. The artificial variety is now extensively used for flavouring confections, as pine-apple drops, for sophisticating bad rum, and for flavouring custards, ices, and creams, as also an acidulated drink or lemonade named Pine-apple Ale. B. E. alone cannot be used in perfumery for handkerchief use, as, when inhaled in even small quantity, it tends to cause irritation of the air-tubes of the lungs and intense headache, but it is employed as one material in the manufacture of compound perfumes. It is composed of ordinary ether (CHO) and butyric acid (C,H,O3+HO), and its strict chemical name and symbol is the butyrate of the oxide of ethyl (C,H,O,C,H,O,). It is remarkable that a substance possessing such a disagreeable odour as butyric acid (that of rancid butter) should be capable of forming, in part at least, a substance with such a pleasant flavour as artificial pine-apple oil. BUXA'R, a town of Shahabad, in the sub-presidency of Bengal, situated on the right bank of the Ganges. It is chiefly remarkable as the scene of a victory gained in 1764 by Sir Hector Munro. At the head of 7072 men, of whom only 857 were Europeans, he defeated a native army of 40,000, and captured 133 guns. B. is 62 miles north-east of Benares, and 398 north-west of Calcutta. Pop. 3000. BUXBAU'MIA, a genus of Mosses, of which only one species is known, B. aphylla, a very rare British plant, remarkable for its apparent want of leaves; the whole plant above ground seeming to consist of a little conical bulb, with minute scales, which are, however, really its leaves. of gritstone, called the Crescent, a curve of 200 feet, with wings of 58 feet. It includes two hotels, a library, assembly rooms, &c. Near B. is the Diamond Hill, famous for its crystals; and Poole's Hole, a stalactitic cavern 560 yards long. The Romans had baths here. Mary Queen of Scots resided for some time at B., when in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury. B. is approached by railway both from north and south; and the baths, which have been recently rebuilt, are considered among the finest in Europe. The town, which in 1851 had a population of 1235, is rapidly increasing: above 50 new houses are now (1860) in course of erection. BUXTON, SIR THOMAS FOWELL, a man of singu lar earnestness and force of character, belonging to the class termed philanthropists,' was born in 1786 at Earl's Colne, Essex. The eldest son of a wealthy family, and early deprived of paternal guidance, his youth was distinguished chiefly by a strong development of animal energy, natural enough to a young Englishman whose full stature exceeded 6 feet 4 inches. At the university of Dublin, his mind at length asserted its claims, and the new consciousness of needing to raise the family fortunes animated him to extraordinary efforts. His preparatory education had been almost thrown away, but at 21 he left the university its most distinguished graduate. In that year he married a sister of the celebrated Mrs Fry, and entered business as a brewer, with an energy which in due time was crowned with splendid prosperity. His warm religious and moral impulses soon brought him prominently forward as an advocate of philanthropic interests. Prison discipline formed one of the earliest subjects of his efforts. In 1818, he entered parlia ment as member for Weymouth, which he continued to represent for about 20 years, taking a prominent part in every debate on such questions as the amelioration of criminal law and of prison discipline, widow-burning and slave emancipation. The latter, in particular, engrossed a large share of his activity for many years, and no man on that side displayed more indomitable zeal and firmness in its advocacy. In 1837, he was rejected by his constituency, and refused ever after to stand for a borough. His philanthropic labours, however, terminated only with his life. In 1840, he received the well-merited distinction of a baronetcy. He died on the 19th February 1845. BUXTORF, JOHANN, a celebrated orientalist, BUXTON, a town in Derbyshire, 33 miles north-was born 25th December 1564, at Kamen, in Westwest of Derby. It lies 900 feet above the sea, in phalia; studied at Marburg, Herborn, Basel, and Geneva. a deep valley, surrounded by hills and moors, which After travelling through Germany and have been tastefully planted; the only approach Switzerland, he settled at Basel, where he became being by a narrow ravine, by which the Wye flows professor of Hebrew in 1591. He died of the plague, into the Derwent. The new part of the town 13th September 1629. In a knowledge of rabbinical is much under the level of the old. Five miles literature, he surpassed all his contemporaries. The to the east of B. is Chee Tor, a perpendicular with this recondite branch of theological study, are two works which prove his extensive acquaintance limestone rock, rising to a height of between 300 and 400 feet from the Wye. B. has for 300 years and his Tiberias seu Commentarius Masorethicus his Biblia Hebraica Rabbinica (Basel, 1618-1619), been famous for its calcareous springs, tepid (82° F.), (Basel, 1620). The most useful of his grammatical and cold (discharging 120 gallons of water per minute), and its chalybeate springs. It is visited works is the Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldaicum annually, from June to October, by 12,000 to 14,000 (Basel, 1607). persons, the waters being taken for indigestion, gout, BUXTORF, JOHANN, the son of the former, was rheumatism, and nervous and cutaneous diseases. born at Basel, 13th August 1599, and displayed at Nearly 5000 strangers can be accommodated at one an early period a decided predilection for the same time. There is an institution, called, the Devonshire studies with his father. At five years of age-accordHospital, containing 100 beds, supported by sub-ing to his rather credulous biographers-he could scription, where nearly 1000 patients are annually boarded and lodged free of charge. The baths and public walks are numerous. Much of the splendour of B. is due to the Dukes of Devonshire, one of whom, in the last century, at the cost of £120,000, erected an immense three-storied pile of buildings, read German, Latin, and Hebrew. To perfect his knowledge of these tongues, he visited Holland, France, and Germany; and in 1630 was appointed to succeed his father in the chair of Hebrew at Basel, where he died 16th August 1664. Besides his Lexicon Chaldaicum et Syriacum (Basel, 1622), |