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BOMBAY ARMY-BONA.

light in the make, and may be of any colour; and is about 24 inches in width. The fabric is now little used. It was extensively made, and chiefly at Norwich, from about 1816.

BO'MB-PROOF BUILDINGS are military structures of such immense thickness and strength that bomb-shells and cannon-balls cannot penetrate them. Two of the chief kinds will be found noticed under CASEMATE and MAGAZINE.

BO'MB-VESSEL. The various kinds of B., bomb-ketch, mortar-vessel, and mortar-boat, may all be conveniently described under MORTAR-VESSEL. BO'MBYX. See SILK-WORM.

BO'MMEL (Dutch, Zalt-Bommel), a town in the province of Guelderland, Holland, situated on the Waal, 25 miles east of Dort. The streets are spacious, and the houses having gardens attached to them, the town presents a very pleasant appearance. It has manufactures of nails and iron utensils, tanneries and soap-works, and carries on a considerable trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 3600. B. was formerly an important fortress, but its defences are now destroyed. Its port is also much obstructed by

shoals.

BO'MMELERWAARD, an island of Holland, in the province of Guelderland, formed by the union of the Waal and the Maas. Its length is about 16 miles, and its greatest breadth about 6 miles. The pop., 15,000, two-thirds of whom are Protestants, are chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits, flax and hops being cultivated extensively. The town of Bommel, described in the preceding article, is situated in B., which contains about seventeen villages besides. Fort St André defends it on the east, and Fort Loeventein on the west.

Western Ghauts and the Arabian Sea; the eastward slope of the Western Ghauts; and, to the north of both these divisions, the alluvial tracts towards the mouths of the Taptee and the Nerbudda. Of these three regions, the first, though in a higher latitude than the second, is by far the hottest its temperature occasionally reaching 115°. The first two differ widely as to rain-fall. In the Concans, the vapours of the south-west monsoon, intercepted by the mountains, recently yielded, at three different places in the same year, 106, 130, and 248 inches; while, almost as a necessary consequence, the eastward slope is generally liable to suffer from droughts even to the extent of producing famines. Without anticipating details, which will be given under the respective districts, it may be stated that B., as a presidency, contains 120,065 square miles, with 11,109,067 inhabitants-Sinde alone yielding 52.120 of the former, with only 1,087,762 of the latter. In 1855-1856, the revenue from all sources amounted to £5,123,425. The administration of the country is vested in a governor and three councillors, subject, however, to the 'superintendence, direction, and control' of the governor-general of India in council. The ecclesiastical establishment, without reckoning the missions of various denominations, consists of several chaplains of the Church of Scotland, and of a bishop of the Church of England, who has under him an archdeacon, with 20 or 30 clergymen. About 300 schools, with upwards of 13,000 scholars, exclusive of the seminaries under the missions, are managed by a board of educationabout four-fifths of the institutions, with more than five-sixths of the pupils, using merely the vernacular tongues, and the remainder combining the native languages with English literature and science. In 1851, the local army, besides irregulars, numbered about 34,000. During the mutiny of 1857, this force remained, on the whole, steady and faithful; and it was, in fact, a portion of it which, under Sir Hugh Rose, acted, if not actually the first, at least the second part in the suppression of the insurrection. It is to this presidency that the naval force for all the presidencies belongs. To the island of Bombay, as to Great Britain itself, 'wooden walls' were from the beginning a necessary of life, more especially on waters proverbial for piracy from time immemorial. Accordingly, as early as 1670, a ship-of-occupation of B. by the French in 1832, the town war in the local squadron beat off 40 Mahratta vessels. On various subsequent occasions, too, the Company's navy was doing battle for the crown. It assisted in the capture of the Mauritius or Isle of France; it was eminently useful in the expedition against Java; and in the first Chinese war, it was at least as effective as that of her Majesty. While the Company existed, it numbered 229 officers, besides 9 sailing vessels, and 24 steamers of 1440 tons and under. B. seems to take precedence of the other presidencies in manufacturing industry. To say nothing of the marvellous increase, already noticed, in the recent importation of cotton-twist, this presidency, commanding, as it does, the richest cotton-fields of India, is still more recently improving to the utmost its natural advantages, by adding English machinery to its cheap labour and ready material. Two joint-stock companies for spinning as well as weaving have accordingly been established, chiefly by Parsees-the premium on the shares already ranging between 50 and 70 per cent. BOMBAY ARMY. See EAST INDIA ARMY. BOMBAY DUCK. See BUMMALOTE. BOMBAZI'NE is a plain fabric of cloth, for dresses, in which the distinguishing characteristic is that the warp is silk and the weft worsted. The cloth has thus a bare look. It is rather fine and

BO'NA, a seaport town of Algeria, in the province of Constantine, situated on a bay of the Mediterranean, in lat. 36° 54′ N., long. 7° 46′ E., and known among the Arabs by the name of Beled-el-Areb. The town, divided into two parts, Upper and Lower B., is situated in a beautiful, but unhealthy district, at the foot of a hill near the embouchure of the Sebus; is surrounded by walls flanked with square towers, and further defended by Fort Cigogne, which is built on the top of the hill. Pop. about 12,000, one-third of whom are natives. Since the

has been much improved, and has now good bazaars, shops, markets, reading-rooms, &c.; manufactures of tapestry, saddlery, and native clothing, and a trade in wool, hides, corn, coral, and wax. B. has regular steam-communication with France, Algiers, and Tunis. Among the public buildings, the Catholic church, and the convent of the Sisters of Mercy, are most remarkable. Near B. are some scanty remains of the once famous city Hippo Regius, the favourite residence of the Numidian kings, and the episcopal seat of St Augustine, who died here in 430. This city was probably connected with the ancient Aphrodisium (the present Bona) by a canal, of which the outline may still be seen in a morass. Hippo Regius, in early Christian times, was the central station of commerce and civilisation in North Africa, and was celebrated for its schools, theatre, aqueducts, palaces, and temples, afterwards changed into churches and monasteries. It was totally destroyed by the Mohammedans under the Calif Osman in 646.

BO'NA itself, a Latin vocable, literally signifying 'goods,' and often used in pleading, and otherwise technically to designate personal estate, has several applications in the law of England, of which the following are instances: Bona Confiscata are forfeitures of lands and goods for offences, and form a branch of the ordinary revenue of the crown.-Bona Notabilia

BONA DEA-BONAPARTE.

are chattels to the value of 100 shillings, or personal estate of £5 or upwards, excepting in London, where the sum is £10. Where such small estate was in different dioceses or jurisdictions, it was to be proved in the prerogative court of the archbishop of the province; and so late as the year 1847, an act of parliament was passed (10 and 11 Vict. c. 98), by the 4th section of which it is enacted that the law of bona notabilia should be continued unaltered. But now, by the 20 and 21 Vict. c. 77, amended by the 21 and 22 Vict. c. 95, the whole jurisdiction and authority in relation to granting administration is exercised by the new Court of Probate.-Bona Vacantia, or stray goods-such as wrecks, treasuretrove, waifs, and estrays, contrary to the general rule, which gives such things to the finder-vest in the crown.-Bona Waviata are also given to the crown. They consist of goods waived or thrown away by a thief in his flight, for fear of being apprehended.

BO'NA DE'A (the good goddess), a mysterious Roman divinity, who is variously described as the wife, sister, or daughter of Faunus. She was worshipped at Rome from the most ancient times, but only by women, even her name being concealed from men. Her sanctuary was a grotto on Mons Aventinus, which had been consecrated to her by the virgin Claudia; her festival, however (the 1st of May), was not celebrated there, but in the house of the consul, inasmuch as the sacrifices were then offered up for the whole Roman nation. The solemnities were performed generally by aristocratic vestals. At this celebration, no males were allowed to be present; even portraits of men were veiled. The wine consumed was called milk, in order that its name might not be discovered, and the vessel in which it was served Mellarium. The symbol of the goddess was a serpent, indicating her healing powers, and certain herbs were sold in her temple.

BO'NA FI'DÉS, a Latin expression literally signifying good faith, enters largely into the consideration of legal questions, particularly matters of agreement, contract, damage, trusts, and other departments of the law; and in all of them it implies the absence of fraud, or unfair dealing or acting. This term, however, does not appear to occupy any formal or technical place in the law of England. It is the foundation of many just and enlightened maxims in the Roman jurisprudence, which in this respect, as in many others, has been followed by the legal system of Scotland. In the law of that country, a person who possesses and enjoys property upon a title which he honestly believes to be good, although it may be bad, is protected against the consequences of this illegal position by his B. F., and he is entitled to retain the fruits or profits which he has reaped or received during his bona-fide occupancy. But such B. F. ends when the possessor becomes aware of the insufficiency of his title, whether by private knowledge or otherwise. In the Scotch law, again, while B. F. gives no support to the parties, or either of them, in a second marriage, the first subsisting, it would, it is thought, have the effect of rendering the children of such second marriage —that is, children born while the B. F. continues -legitimate. The reason of this is, that legitimacy in Scotland is not the result merely of a lawful marriage, but may be otherwise acquired; and no offence against the laws being intended by one or both of the parties, it is inexpedient to impose bastardy on the issue. The contract itself is null, because, otherwise, a sanction would be given to bigamy. But the contract having been entered

into in bona fide, the law considers that it ought to attribute to it all the effects of a valid marriage; and such appears to have been the Scotch law from very ancient times. The law of England is not so indulgent, for there, children born under such circumstances would certainly be deemed bastards. See BASTARDS, BASTARDY; and see on the subject of this article generally, CONTRACT, Damage, MarRIAGE, GUARDIAN, EXECUTOR, TRUSTEE.

The interpretation of the term Bona Fide Traveller has recently given no little trouble to the magistrates of Scotland in reference to the famous Forbes Mackenzie Act' (q. v.).

BONALD, LOUIS GABRIEL AMBROISE, VICOMTE DE, a celebrated publicist, was born in 1753 at Monna, near Milhau, in Aveyron. Compelled to emigrate during the French Revolution, he joined the emigrant corps, and, when it was dissolved, removed to Heidelberg, where he employed his pen in the composition of politico-philosophic works on behalf of monarchy. His first important work, Théorie du Pouvoir Politique et Religieux (3 vols., 1796), was seized by the Directory. It prophesied the restoration of the Bourbons. Having returned to France, B. was induced to accept the patronage of the Bonaparte family, and in 1808 was appointed Minister of Instruction. In 1815-as deputy for his department-he voted with the ultra-montane or theocratic party in the Chambre Introuvable (q. v. in SUPPLEMENT), and was one of the most influential members of the Chamber of Deputies in abolishing the revolutionary law of divorce, against which he had written in 1806; in opposing all projects of electoral reform, the alienation of forests, the efforts to get rid of the Swiss mercenaries, the freedom of the press, &c. In 1823, he was elevated to the peerage by Louis XVIII. The July revolution brought his public career to a close, as he refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new dynasty. He died at Monna, 1840. His most import1802), and Recherches Philosophiques sur les Premiers ant writings are: Législation Primitive (3 vols., Par. Objets des Connaissances Morales (2 vols., Par. 1818), which have been immensely applauded by his own facts of history has been proved by impartial criticism. party. Their non-agreement with the fundamental His florid and incorrect style is often detrimental to his logic; and even his admirers must admit that his faith in papal infallibility, and his veneration of the Jesuits, were carried beyond all reasonable bounds. A complete edition of his works, in 12 vols., was published under his own supervision (Par. 1817-1819). His son, LOUIS JACQUES MAURICE B., Archbishop of Lyon, 1839, made a cardinal in 1842, has faithfully adhered to his father's political and religious principles.

BONAPARTE (pron. in Ital. in four syllables; in Eng., usually in three), FAMILY OF. In the 13th c., and afterwards, several families named B. appear in Italian records-at Florence, San Miniato, Sarzano, and Genoa; and towards the close of the 15th c., a branch of the Genoese B. family settled at Ajaccio, in Corsica, where they occupied a respectable position as patricians, padre del commune or cittadini, in the middle of the 16th century. the 18th c., this family was represented by three male descendants, all residing at Ajaccio: the archdeacon, Lucien B.; his brother, Napoleon B.; and their nephew, Charles.-CHARLES BONAPARTE, father of the Emperor Napoleon, was born March 29, 1746; studied law at Pisa; and married in 1767

In

without the consent of his uncles-a beautiful young patrician, named Letizia Ramolino. In 1768, he removed with his family, accompanied by his uncle Napoleon, to Corte, in order to assist

BONAPARTE.

General Paoli in defending the island against the French invasion. As the French prevailed, and further resistance was useless, Charles B. attached himself to the French interest, and in 1771 was included by Louis XV. in the election of 400 Corsican families to form a nobility. In 1773, through the influence of Marboeuf, governor of Corsica, Charles B. was appointed royal counsellor and assessor of the town and province of Ajaccio. In 1777, he was a member of the deputation of Corsican nobles to the court of France. In this capacity he resided for some time in Paris, where he gained for his son Napoleon, through the interest of Count Marboeuf, a free admission into the Military School at Brienne. In 1779, he returned to Corsica, and in 1785 went to Montpellier, for the benefit of his health, where he died of cancer in the stomach, February 24, 1785. He was a man of prepossessing exterior and amiable character. By his marriage with Letizia, he left eight children: Joseph B., king of Spain; Napoleon (q. v.), Emperor of the French; Lucien B., Prince of Canino; Maria Anna (afterwards named Elise), Princess of Lucca and Piombino, wife of Prince Bacciochi; Louis B., king of Holland; Carlotta (afterwards named Marie Pauline), Princess Borghese; Annunciata (afterwards named Caroline), wife of Murat, king of Naples; Jerome B., king of Westphalia. These members of the B. family, with the children of Beauharnais (q. v.), adopted by the Emperor Napoleon when he married Josephine, are distinguished as the Napoleonida of modern French history. By a decree of the senate, November 6, 1804, the right of succession to the throne was restricted to Napoleon and his brothers Joseph and Louis, with their offspring. Lucien and Jerome were excluded on account of their unequal marriages. Napoleon intended to give the right of succession also to Lucien, by the additional act of April 22, 1815; but this was never concluded. As Joseph, the eldest brother of the emperor, had no son, the descendants of Louis became nearest heirs to the throne.-MARIA LETIZIA RAMOLINO, mother of Napoleon I., lived to see her family placed on the thrones of Europe, and also witnessed their downfall. She was born at Ajaccio, August 24, 1750. After the death of her husband, she lived for some time in Corsica, and in 1793, when the island came under British rule, removed with her family to Marseille, where she lived in poverty, mainly supported by the pension given to Corsican refugees. After her son became First Consul, she removed to Paris, and when her son was crowned in 1804, received the title Madame Mère. A brilliant courthousehold was given to her, which, however, was never pleasing to her modest tastes. Remembering former adversities, and foreboding reverses of the splendid success of her sons, she was prepared for all that followed. After the downfall of Napoleon, Letizia lived with her step-brother, Cardinal Fesch, in winter at Rome, and in summer at Albano, and submitted to her change of fortune with remarkable dignity. She died February 2, 1836, leaving a considerable property, the result of saving habits during prosperity.

BONAPARTE, JOSEPH, eldest brother of Napoleon, was born at Corte, in Corsica, January 7, 1768, and was educated at Autun. On the death of his father, he returned to Corsica, exerted himself to support the younger members of the family, and removed with them to Marseille in 1793. In 1797 he was elected a member of the Council of Five Hundred, and in the same year was sent as ambassador from the republic to Rome. In 1800, after he had proved his ability in several offices of state, he was chosen by the First Consul as plenipotentiary to conclude a treaty of friendship with the United States of North

America. He signed the treaty of peace at Luneville, February 9, 1801, and that of Amiens, 1802; and with Cretet and Bernier conducted the negotiations relative to the concordat. After the coronation of Napoleon, new honours fell to the share of Joseph B., who was made commander-in-chief of the army of Naples; in 1805, ruler of the Two Sicilies; and in 1806, king of Naples. Though, during his reign, some beneficial changes of govern ment were effected-such as the abolition of feudality, the suppression of convents, the formation of roads, the repression of banditti, the organisation of laws, &c.-yet these reforms were not managed judiciously; and the collision that frequently occurred between his own humane endeavours and the reckless promptings of his imperial brother, who looked upon Naples simply as a province of the French empire, exposed only too well to the Neapolitans the weakness and dependence of their new sovereign. But, in truth, he was far too fond of the fine arts to be a vigorous ruler in stormy times; and he is accused of leaving affairs too much in the hands of his minister, the subtle Salicetti. In 1808, Joseph B. was summarily transferred by his brother to the throne of Spain, and Murat took his place as king of Naples. For Joseph, this was no favourable change: he found himself unprepared to cope with the Spanish insurgents, and after the defeat of the French at Vittoria, he returned to his estate at Morfontaine, in France. In 1813, when Napoleon recognised Ferdinand VII. as king of Spain, Joseph B. refused, at first, to abdicate, though he had many times before implored his brother to release him from his royal chains; but he soon submitted, as in all other matters, to the Emperor's will.

After the battle of Waterloo, he accompanied Napoleon to Rochefort, whence they intended to sail separately for North America. In his last interview with Napoleon, Joseph generously offered to give up the vessel hired for his own escape, but meanwhile Napoleon had determined to surrender himself into the hands of the English. After a residence of some years at Point-Breeze, in New Jersey, United States, where he employed himself in agriculture, and was highly esteemed by his neighbours, Joseph B. came to England in 1832, having previously, on hearing of the July revolution, written a letter to the House of Deputies, in which he advocated the claims of his nephew, the present Emperor of France, and in 1841 was allowed to return to his wife, who had remained in Italy since 1815. He died in Florence, July 28, 1844. Joseph was the only one of his brothers for whom Napoleon professed to care anything. He was a handsome, intelligent-looking man, distinguished by the elegance of his manners and conversation. His wife, JULIE MARIE CLARY, born December 26, 1777, was the daughter of a wealthy citizen of Marseille, and the sister-in-law of Bernadotte, king of Sweden. She was a quiet unambitious woman, with no taste for the splendours of royalty, which fell to her share during a few weeks only at Naples, for she never went to Spain. Ill health appears to have prevented her accompanying her husband to America. died in Florence, April 7, 1845. By her marriage with Joseph B., she had two daughters-1. Zenaide Charlotte Julie, born July 8, 1801, who became the wife of Lucien B.'s son, the Prince of Canino; 2. Charlotte Napoléone, born October 31, 1802, died March 3, 1839, who married Louis Napoleon, second son of Louis B., king of Holland. Her husband died March 17, 1831.

She

BONAPARTE, LUCIEN, Prince of Canino, and brother of Napoleon, was born at Ajaccio in 1775, and received his education in the college of Autun, the military school at Brienne, and the seminary at Aix.

BONAPARTE.

Rising gradually from one office to another, he was elected deputy for the department Liamone, and in the Council of Five Hundred, spoke against the squandering of state-property, and formed a party favourable to the views of his brother Napoleon. Shortly before the 18th Brumaire, he was elected president of the Council of Five Hundred, and was the hero of that day. During the ferment which followed Napoleon's entrance, Lucien left his seat, mounted his horse, and riding through the ranks of the assembled troops, called upon them to rescue their general from assassins. Afterwards appointed Minister of the Interior, he was active in the encouragement of education, art, and science, and organised the prefectures. As ambassador to Madrid, 1800, he contrived to gain the confidence of King Charles IV. and his favourite Godoy, thus putting aside the British influence which had until then been exercised at the court of Spain. It is said that for his services in the treaty of peace concluded between Spain and Portugal, September 29, 1801, he received 5,000,000 francs.

His constant opposition to Napoleon's progress towards monarchy involved Lucien in several misunderstandings with his brother; and their quarrel was brought to an issue by Lucien's second marriage against the views of Napoleon. On condition that he would divorce his wife, the crowns of Italy and Spain were offered to Lucien ; but he refused them, and preferred living in retirement at his estate of Canino, in the province of Viterbo, near the frontiers of Tuscany, where he devoted his time to art and science. Here he enjoyed the friendship of the pope, who created him Prince of Canino and Musignano; but having denounced in his private capacity the arrogant and cruel policy of his brother towards the court of Rome, he was 'advised' to leave the city in which he was at that period residing. In 1810, he took ship for America, but fell into the hands of the English; was brought to England; and after a debate in parliament, was declared to be a prisoner, but treated with distinction. After his brother's downfall, he returned to Rome.

After the defeat at Waterloo, Lucien B. alone seems to have preserved his presence of mind. He immediately advised his brother to dissolve the chambers, and assume the place of absolute dictator. After the second ascent of the throne by Louis XVIII., Lucien lived for some time in and near Rome. In 1830, he went to England, visited Germany in 1838, and died at Viterbo, June 30, 1840. Lucien B. possessed considerable talents and firmness of character. He was in his early years a keen republican, but the weakness of the Directory convinced him that a military consulship was necessary to allay the social anarchy of France. He consequently threw himself eagerly into the designs of his brother, but protested against Napoleon giving way to his desire for a hereditary monarchy. As a writer, he was by no means successful. His long and tedious epic poem, Charlemagne ou l'Eglise Délivrée, in 24 cantos, was written and published in London, and was dedicated to the pope, 1814. Another heroic poem, La Cyrnéide ou la Corse Sauvée, followed in 1819. The Mémoires Secrets sur la Vie Privée Politique et Littéraire de Lucien B. (2 vols. Lond. 1819), of which Alphonse de Beauchamp is supposed to be the author, is an untrustworthy book. Lucien B. was the father of a numerous family. In 1795, he married Christine Boyer, the daughter of a private citizen of St Maximin. After her death, he concluded, in 1803, a second marriage with the widow of a stockbroker, Madame Jouberthou, who was his survivor. By his first marriage, he had one daughter, Charlotte, born May 13, 1796, who married Prince Gabrielli of Rome. By his second marriage,

Lucien had nine children: the eldest daughter, LETIZIA B., born December 1, 1804, married, in 1824, Thomas Wyse, Esq., an Irish gentleman, afterwards ambassador at the court of Athens; but a separation took place in the course of a few years.-The second daughter, JEANNE B., distinguished by her beauty and taste for poetry, was born July 22, 1806, and died soon after her marriage with the Marchese Honorati.-The third daughter, ALEXANDRINE MARIE B., born October 12, 1818, married in 1836 Count Vincenzo Valentini de Canino, and gave birth to two sons and one daughter.-CONSTANZE, the youngest daughter of Lucien B., born January 30, 1823, was living recently in a convent at Rome.-CHARLES LUCIEN JULES LAURENT B. (eldest son of Lucien B.), Prince of Canino and Musignano, was born at Paris, May 24, 1803. He never exhibited any inclination for political life, preferring the more quiet and wholesome pursuits of literature and science. He acquired a considerable reputation as a naturalist, and especially as a writer on ornithology. He died 29th July 1857. He was a member of the principal academies of Europe and America. His chief publications are a continuation of Wilson's Ornithology of America, and the Iconografia della Fauna Italica.The second son, PAUL MARIE B., born in 1806, took a part in the Greek war of liberation, and died by the accidental discharge of a pistol, 1827.-The third son, Lours LUCIEN B., born January 4, 1813, has distinguished himself by his studies in chemistry, mineralogy, and languages. He was returned to the National Assembly in 1849. He has since been appointed a member of the imperial senate.-PIERRE NAPOLEON B., the fourth son, born September 12, 1815, proved himself an energetic character, and passed through many changes of fortune in America, Italy, and Belgium, returning to France after the catastrophe of 1848.-The youngest son, ANTOINE B., born October 31, 1816, fled to America after an affair with the pope's gendarmerie in 1836, and returned to France in 1848, where he was elected into the National Assembly, September 1849.

BONAPARTE, LOUIS, third brother of Napoleon, was born September 2, 1778, and was educated in the artillery school at Chalons, where he im. bibed anti-republican principles. After rising from one honour to another, he was made king of Holland, 1806; but, in fact, he was never more than a French governor of Holland, subordinate to the will of his brother. Amid all the faults which marked his reign, it must be remembered to his advantage that on several occasions he firmly withstood the demands of France; that he replied to one requisition by saying that, since he had been placed on the throne of Holland, he had become a Dutchman;' that he nobly refused to accept the tendered crown of Spain; and lastly, that he did not enrich himself during his reign. After the restoration of the House of Orange, Louis considered himself free from all responsibility, and returned to Paris, January 1, 1814, where he was coldly received by the emperor. After living for some years in Rome-where he separated from his wife-he removed in 1826 to Florence, where he lived in retirement. On the escape of his son, Louis Napoleon, from the prison of Ham, the ex-king of Holland was removed as an invalid to Livorno, where he died, July 15, 1846. Louis B. was the writer of several works: Marie, ou les Hollandaises, 1814, a novel, giving some sketches of Dutch manners; Documents Historiques, &c., sur le Gouvernement de la Hollande (3 vols., Lond. 1821); Histoire du Parlement Anglais, 1820; and a critique on M. de Norvins's History of Napoleon. Louis B. was married in 1802 to Hortense Beauharnais, daughter of General Beauharnais (q. v.) by his wife

BONAPARTE-BONASIA.

Josephine, afterwards Empress of the French. As this marriage was wholly a matter of submission to his brother's will, and put aside a former engagement, it naturally ended in unhappiness and separation.

The amiable and accomplished HORTENSE EUGENIE BEAUHARNAIS, the adopted daughter of Napoleon, queen of Holland, and Countess St Leu, was born in Paris, April 10, 1783. After the execution of her father, she lived for some time in humble circumstances, until Napoleon's marriage with Josephine. In obedience to the plans of her step-father, she rejected her intended husband, General Desaix, and married Louis B. in 1802. In 1814, she was the only one of all the Napoleonida who remained in Paris. After the Hundred Days, she visited Augsburg and Italy, and then fixed her residence at Arenenberg, a mansion in the canton Thurgau, where she lived in retirement, sometimes spending a winter in Italy. In 1831, when her two sons had implicated themselves in the Italian insurrection, the countess travelled in search of them through many dangers, and found the elder deceased, and the younger-now Emperor of the French-ill at a place near Ancona. Returning with her son to Paris, she was pleasantly received by Louis Philippe and by Casimir Périer, but was obliged, in the course of a few weeks, to remove with her son to England. After some stay here, she removed to her countryseat, Arenenberg, where she died, after severe suffering, October 3, 1837, and was buried near the remains of her mother, Josephine, at Ruel, near Paris. She was the authoress of La Reine Hortense en Italie, en France, et en Angleterre, pendant l'année 1831, and wrote several excellent songs. She likewise composed some deservedly popular airs; among others the well-known Partant pour la Syrie, which the present Emperor of the French, with a delicate union of political tact and filial pride, has made the national air of France. Of her three sons, the eldest, NAPOLEON LOUIS CHARLES, born 1803, died in childhood, March 5, 1807. The second, LOUIS NAPOLEON, born 1804, crown-prince of Holland, married his cousin Charlotte, daughter of Joseph B., and died at Forli, March 17, 1831. The third, CHARLES LOUIS NAPOLEON, is now Emperor of the French. See LOUIS NAPOLEON.

BONAPARTE, JEROME, youngest brother of Napoleon, was born at Ajaccio, November 15, 1784. After receiving his education in the college at Juilly, he served as naval lieutenant in the expedition to Hayti. When war broke out between France and England in 1803, Jerome was cruising off the West Indies, but he was soon compelled to take refuge in the port of New York. While in America, he married Elisabeth Patterson, daughter of a merchant in Baltimore, December 27, 1803. Subsequently, he was employed by Napoleon in the liberation of Genoese prisoners who had been captured by the Dey of Algiers. In the war with Prussia, he commanded, in concert with General Vandamme, the tenth corps in Silesia, and on the 1st December 1807, was made king of Westphalia. He was recognised with great pomp at Cassel, where he lived in splendour, caring very little for government, not even taking the pains to acquire the vernacular language of the country. After the war with Austria, the finances of Westphalia, through mismanagement, plunder, and extravagance, as well as war-expenditure, were found in an exhausted condition. The battle of Leipsic brought the reign of Jerome to a close. After the peace of 1814, he left France, and resided in Switzerland, at Grätz, and in the beginning of 1815, at Trieste. He was made a peer when Napoleon returned from Elba, and fought by the side of the Emperor at Ligny and

at Waterloo. After his brother's abdication, he left Paris, June 27, and visited Switzerland and Austria, but ultimately settled in Florence. His request to be allowed to return to France was rejected in 1847, by the Chamber of Peers, but was afterwards granted, and at the outbreak of the February revolution, Jerome B. was in Paris, where he was appointed Governor of the Invalides, December 23, 1848; and in 1850, was made a French marshal.

His marriage with Elisabeth_Patterson having been declared null by Napoleon, Jerome was forced, after he had gained the Westphalian crown, to marry Sophia Dorothea, daughter of King Frederick I. of Würtemberg. After the battle of Waterloo, her father wished to annul the marriage; but the wife of Jerome declared her resolution to share through life the fortunes of her husband. Jerome B. left in America one son by his first marriage, and had three children by his second wife-JEROME B., the elder son, born August 24, 1814, died May 12, 1847; MATHILDE LETITIA WILHELMINE B., Princess of Montfort, born at Trieste, May 27, 1820, married the Russian Count Anatol Demidov, and lived with her husband at the court of Louis Napoleon during his presidency. The younger son, NAPOLEON JOSEPH CHARLES PAUL B., born at Trieste, September 9, 1822, passed his youth in Italy; entered the mili tary service of Würtemberg, 1837; afterwards travelled in several countries of Europe; and was banished from France, 1845, on account of his intercourse with the republican party. He returned to Paris with his father, 1847, and after February 1848, was elected into the Legislative National Assembly. Here he advocated democracy, so as to offend his cousin, the president, who sent him, in 1849, as envoy to Madrid; but immediately recalled him, as, on the journey, young Napoleon had the imprudence to declaim loudly at Bordeaux against the reactionary measures of the government. Napo leon B. is generally regarded as a believer in communism. In his personal appearance, he is said to bear a striking resemblance to his uncle, the Emperor Napoleon.

BONA'SIA, a genus of gallinaceous birds of the Grouse (q. v.) family or Tetraonida, perhaps more properly only a sub-genus of Grouse (Tetrao), distinguished by having the toes and the lower part of the tarsus (or shank) destitute of feathers; also by the elongated feathers of the upper part of the head. To this genus belongs the Hazel Grouse of the continent of Europe (Tetrao Bonasia of Linnæus), a species which, although not found in Britain, is very widely distributed from Siberia to Africa, and throughout that continent. In size, it scarcely exceeds the common partridge, is prettily mottled with gray and reddish brown, and has a black band near the extremity of the lateral tailfeathers. It loves the deepest solitudes of forests. The eggs are 12-18 in number. The flesh of this bird is highly prized, and German etiquette has long assigned it a place above all other dishes at the tables of princes, as the only dish which may be served twice in succession. Another species of B. is the Ruffed Grouse of America (B. Umbellus, or Tetrao Umbellus), known also in some parts of the United States by the names of Pheasant and Partridge. It is nearly equal in size to the black-cock of Europe. Besides having the feathers of the upper part of the head elongated, the male has a large shoulder-tuft on each side. This bird is found in almost all parts of North America, from the Gulf of Mexico to Hudson's Bay, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It is polygamous, and in spring the males make a noise called drumming, by rapid clapping of their wings, to attract the attention of the other sex, whilst they

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