In the second class, For -χμαι, έχσαι, and -χται are put -γμαι, -ξαι, and -κται, as λέλεγμαι, λέλεξαι, λέλεκται, from λέγω, In the third class, For -κμαι, -κσαι, and -κται are put -σμαι, -σαι, and -σται, as πέπεισμαι, πέπεισαι, πέπεισται, from πείθω. In the fourth class, The characteristic of the perf. act. is altogether omitted, as in ἔψαλμαι, ἔψαλσαι, ἔψαλται, from ψάλλω ; but πέφασμαι, πέφανσαι, πέφανται. OF FORMING THE PERSONS OF THE DUAL AND PLURAL PERFECT. 15. M before pat in the first class, y before paι in the second, and a before pa in the third, are preserved in the first person dual and plural ', as in τετύμμε-θον and -θα from τέτυμμαι; λελέγμεθον and -θα from λέλεγμαι ; πεπείσμεθον and -θα from πέπεισμαι. 16. In the second and third person dual and in the second plural the tenues of the third person singular are changed into their aspirates, as from τέτυπται, τέτυφθον, τέτυφθε; from λέλεκται, λέλεχθον, λέλεχθε; from πέφανται, πέφανθον, πέφανθε. But if the third pers. sing. end in ται pure, then a is inserted before for and θε; thus from νενέμηται, νενέμησθον, νενέμησθε. 17. The third person plural is formed from the 3rd person singular, if it end in rai pure, by inserting v before ται, as from κέκριται, κέκρινται. N. B. It would be very proper for the learner in this place to write out, according to the above rules, the perfect passive γέγραμμαι from γράφω, πέπλεγμαι from πλέκω, πέπλησμαι from πλήθω, ἔσπαρμαι from σπείρω, λέλυμαι from λύω, throughout all the persons and numbers. OF THE PRETER-PLUPERFECT, AND MOODS OF THE PERFECT. 18. The pluperfect is formed from the perfect by changing μaɩ into μny and prefixing & if the verb begin with a consonant, as τέτυμμαι, ἐτετύμμην. 19. The persons of the pluperfect are formed after the analogy of the persons of the perfect, preserving the terminations as in ἐτετύμμην. 20. So, as to the other moods, the perfect imperative derives its second person sing. from the second person sing. of the indicative, as τέτυψαι, τέτυψο; λέλεξαι, λέλεξο: κέκρισαι, κέκρισο ; its other persons from the second pers. plural, as τέτυφθε, τετύφθω; λέλεχθε, λελέχθω; κέκρισθε, κεκρίσθω. Whence also may be deduced the perfect infuitive, as λελέχθαι, κεκρίσθαι. The perfect optative and subjunctive are most usually formed by the auxiliary in and; but sometimes the optative is formed from the indicative by changing μαι into μην, as λέλυμαι, λελυμένος εἴην and λελύμην 2, υο, υτο, &c. a, e, o, take t before μην, as ἔκταμαι, ἐκταίμην, από, αυτό, δε. Sometimes the perfect subjunctive is formed by changing the vowel of the indicative before paι into ὤ, as ἔκταμαι, ἐκτῶμαι. OF THE FIRST AORIST. 21. The first aorist is formed from the third person singular of the perfect by changing at into ην, and tenues into their aspirates, and dropping the prefixed consonant, if any, as τέτυπται, ἐτύφθην; ὠρυκται, ὠρύχθην. 22. Verbs which in the perfect had changed & into a, resume their & in the first aorist; as ἔστραμμαι, ἐστρέφθην; and those which had cast away v, poetically take it again, as * ἐκλίνθην for ἐκλίθην from κλίνω. Τ 23. Some first aorists in the penultima have r for a of the perfect, as ἐτάφθην I was buried, from θάπτω, τέθαμμαι; ἐτρέφθην I was nourished, from τρέφω, τέθραμμαι, to prevent the disagreeable concurrence of aspirates. Comp. p. 20, note 4. 24. Some first aorists assume 6, as ἐμνήσθην from μέμνηται; and some reject it, as ἐσώθην from σέσωσται; and some change η into e, as εὑρέθην from εὕρηται. 1 And where y precedes the characteristic of the theme in the second class, it is preserved also in the second and third person both of the singular and of the dual, and in the second person of the plural, as from ἐλέγχω, perf. pass. ἤλεγμαι, - γξαι, -γκται. Dual, ήμεθον, γχθον, γχθον. Plur. -μεθα, -γχθεί 2 See more in Port-Royal Grammar, by Nugent, p. 162. 3 Απεκτάνθην in the N. Τ. (see Rev. ii. 13. ix. 18, 20. Mat. xvi. 21.) is formed, after the same analogy, from ἀποκτείνω. OF THE FIRST FUTURE. 25. The first future is formed from the third person sing. of the first aorist by adding σομαι, and dropping the augment, as ἐτύφθη, τυφθήσομαι. (Comp. rule 8, above.) OF THE PAULO-POST-FUTURE. 26. The paulo-post-future is formed from the second pers. sing. of the perfect by inserting ομ before at, as τέτυψαι, τετύψομαι; πέπλεξαι, πεπλέξομαι. 27. The tenses of the other moods are formed from the correspondent ones of the indicative, as in the following TABLE OF THE COGNATE OR CORRESPONDENT TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE. 28. N. B. The learner should repeat this in the same manner as the similar table in the active voice, sect. x. 57. τυπῶ τυπῆναι SECTION ΧΙΙ. OF THE MIDDLE VOICE OF VERBS IN 2, AND OF THE DEPONENT VERB. 1. THE tenses of the middle voice are declined after the form of the active or passive, according to their termination; thus perf. mid. τέτυπα is declined like perf. act. τέτυφ-α, ας, ε, &c. and 1 fut. mid. τύψομαι like pass. pres. τύπτομαι, η, εται, &c. 2. Here follows, therefore, A TABLE OF THE COGNATE OR CORRESPONDENT TENSES IN THE MIDDLE VOICE. 3. N. B. The learner should here repeat all the persons of every tense, which he will easily do if he is perfect in the terminations of the actice and passive voices. 4. But the terminations of the 1st aorist, indicative, imperative, and optative, and of the 2nd [foren of the] fut. being somewhat peculiar, may be learned thus : Indic. 1 Aor. sing. ἐτυψάμην, ω, ατο. Dual, άμεθον, ασθον, άσθην. Plural, άμεθα, ασθε, αντο. Imper. 1 Aor. sing. τύψαι, άσθω. Dual, ασθον, άσθων. Plural, ασθε, άσθωσαν. Optat. 1 Aor. sing. τυψ-αίμην, αιο, αιτο. Dual, αίμεθον, αισθον, αίσθην. Plural, αίμεθα, αισθε, αυτο. Fut. Indic. sing. 1 τυπ-οῦμαι, ᾖ, εἶται. Du. ούμεθον, εἴσθον, εἶσθον. Ρl. ούμεθα, εῖσθε, οῦνται. 1 These three verbs, ἔδω, πίω, φάγω, do not circumflex their second future middle, and are formed as φάγομαι, πέσαι, εται; pl. -όμεθα, εσθε, ονται ; infin. φάγεσθαι, &c. Thus ἔδομαι is distinguished from δοῦμαι, 2 fut. mid. of ἔξω to sit: but observe it makes its 2 pers. sing. ἔδῃ, Att. ἔδει. OF THE FORMATION OF THE TENSES IN THE MIDDLE VOICE. 5. The present and imperfect are the same as the present and imperfect passive. 6. The future is formed from the future active by changing w into ομαι, as τύψω, τύψομαι, [and ὦ, οὔμαι,] as ψαλῶ, ψαλοῦμαι. 7. The first aorist is formed from the first aorist active by adding μην, as ἔτυψα, ἐτυψάμην. 8. [The perfect middle is derived from the 2nd aor. passive by changing @ into a, and prefixing the reduplication, as ἐτύπην, τέτυπα. But in the penult,] [(9.) α (arising from e and et in the present) and e are changed into o, as in ἔσπορα, ἔστολα, ἔκτονα, τέτομα, λέλογα, μέμονα, &c.] [(10.) a from αι or n, or a long in the present, becomes n, as δέδηα, τέθηλα, λέληθα, except κέκραγα, πέπραγα, πέφραδα, άδα, ἔαγα, λέλακα.] [(11.) : from et is changed into οι, as πέποιθα.] [(12.) . from a becomes long, as πέφρικα.] 13. The pluperfect is formed from the perfect by changing a into ειν, and prefixing & if the verb begins with a consonant, as τέτυπα, ἐτετύπειν. 14. The second aorist is formed from the second aorist active by changing or into oμην, as ἔτυπον, ἐτυπόμην. OF THE DEPONENT VERB. 15. A deponent verb hath generally an active signification 1, but is declined in some tenses after the passive, and in others after the middle form, as δέχομαι to receive. 16. The following scheme or tree will show at one view how the tenses of a Greek verb are derived or branched off from the theme or root. N.B. It will be a very useful exercise for the learner to display other verbs in the same manner, as of the first class, τέρπω, λείβω, γράφω ; of the second, πλέκω, λέγω, βρέχω, ὀρύσσω or -ττω ; of the third, ἀνύτω, σπεύδω, πείθω, φράζω, τίω ; of the fourth, ψάλλω, νέμω, φαίνω, σπείρω, τέμνω. 17. In parsing a Greek verb or participle, i. e. in deducing it grammatically from its theme, the best and most natural way seems to be by naming those tenses and words only which, according to the above rules and the preceding tree, intervene between the theme and the word proposed, or which are necessary to account for its form: for instance, if it be required to parse the verb τυφθήσεται, 3d pers. sing. 1 fut. pass. indic. of τύπτω, let the learner proceed thus : τύπτω, (1 fut.) τύψω, (perf.) τέτυφα, (perf. pass.) τέτυμμαι, —ψαι, ται, (1 aor.) ἐτύφθην, (1 fut.) τυφθήσομαι, τυφθήση, τυφθήσεται. Again, for τυπεῖται, 3d pers. sing. 2 fut. indic. middle of τύπτω, τύπτω, (2 aor.) έτυπον, (2 fut.) τυπῶ, (2 fut. mid.) τυποῦμαι, τυπῇ, τυπεῖται. For ἐπεποίθει, 3d pers. sing. pluperf. indic. mid. of πείθω, let him say, πείθω, (1 fut.) πείσω, (perf.) πέπεικα, (2 aor.) 1 ἔπιθον, (perf. mid.) πέποιθα, (pluperf. mid.) ἐπεποίθειν, εις, ει. Once more, for ἀπεσταλμένος, particip. perf. pass. masc. sing. nom. case from the compound verb ἀποστέλλω, let him name ἀποστέλλω, (1 fut.) ἀποστελῶ, (perf.) 2 ἀπέσταλκα, (perf. pass.) ἀπέσταλμαι, (particip.) ἀπεσταλμένος. 18. For the manner in which verbal nouns are deduced from verbs, see section vi. 8. SECTION XIII. OF CONTRACTED VERBS. 1. VERBS ending in άω, έω, and όω, are in the present and imperfect of all moods most usually contracted; and hence arise the contracted or circumflexed verbs; the first kind in &, ac, a, from verbs in άω ; the second in ὦ, εῖς, εἰ, from verbs in έω ; the third in ῶ, οἷς, ο, from verbs in όω. 2. In these verbs no tenses but the present and imperfect are contracted, all their other tenses being formed regularly like verbs of the third class in w pure. 3. The rules of contraction are much the same as in nouns (see sect. iii. 31): for, 1. In verbs in dw, if o or a follow a, the contraction is into ω; if any other vowel or diphthong follow it, into a 3. 2. In verbs in έω, εt is contracted into εt ; eo into oυ. But if a long vowel or a diphthong follows ε, the contraction is made by dropping ε. [In short words the contraction is in general only used in the case of et into ει. Thus we say, τρεῖ, ἔτρει, πνεῖν ; but τρέω, χέομαι, τρέομεν, πνέουσι, πνέῃ, &c.] 3. In verbs in ów, if w or ŋ follows o, the contraction is into w; if e, or o, or ov, the contraction is into ov; if any other vowel or diphthong follow o, the contraction is into o; except in the infinitive, σει into ov, as χρυσόειν, χρυσοῦν, and in the 2d pers. pres. indic. pass. χρυσό, χρυσοῦ. 4. These rules would of themselves enable the learner to give the contracted form of these verbs from the uncontracted, which latter is declined regularly, as in τύπτω. It may, however, be proper to add, 5. A TABLE OF THE CONTRACTED VERBS DECLINED IN THEIR PRESENT AND IMPERFECT TENSES, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. 1 The 2d aorist should here be named because it is necessary to account for the form, i. e. in the present instance, for the characteristic, of the perf. mid. πέποιθα. See above 8. 2 See sect. x. 32 and 48. |