action, the situation, as oixía Пérρov, Peter's house, &c. But frequently the genitive expresses the object of an action or feeling expressed in another noun, as óloç viov, regret with respect to the son, or for the son; ávôpòç evμévria, good-will towards a man. The following cases must be noticed where relation is expressed by the genitive.]

[A. To words of all kinds other words are added in the genitive, which show the respect in which the sense of those words must be taken; the genitive then signifies with regard to.]

[(a) Thus with verbs; in the phrases üç, özç, πws, ouтws Exεɩ, to be qualified or endowed in any way; c TIC evvoias ǹ μvnμng Exe, as each was with respect to benevolence or memory, i. e. as each wished well to a party, or remembered the past; кaλç éxeiv μéơng, to be pretty well as to drunkenness, i. e. to be pretty drunk.]

[(6) And with other verbs, ¿πɛiyɛσlai apŋoç, to be in haste with respect to the battle; opáλλeo0aι ixidos, to be deceived with respect to hope, i. e. to be disappointed.]

[So Kariaya Tng kepaλñs, I am broken as to my head, or my head is broken, &c.]

[(c) Again, with adjectives, to give a more exact definition, araç appévwv πaidwv, childless with respect to sons. So Soph. El. 36. äokevog doñidov. This is very common.]

[(d) So with adverbs, πрóσw ȧperñs ȧvýкeiv, to carry it far with respect to virtue; Tóдów τňs Arias, far advanced with respect to age.]

[(e) Hence the neuters Touro, TоGOUTO, Tóde, with a preposition, take a genitive as a definition; LUVEREGOV & TOUTO ȧváуrns, they came to this with respect to necessity, i. e. into such necessity.] [() Hence the genitive is put with verbs (a), or substantives (b), or absolutely (c), where otherwise περί would be used. Thus, τῆς μητρὸς ἥκω τῆς ἐμῆς φράσων, about to speak about my mother (a); ἀγγελία τῆς Χίου, the relation concerning Chios (b); τῆς σῆς φρενός, ἕν σου δέδοικα, as to what regards your turn of mind.]

[(9) The genitive, in the same way, also illustrates words and propositions, el répaç μndèv čoraι Tov ázaλλayпvai тov kivdúvov, if there is to be no end, viz. with respect to deliverance from danger.] [Some of the above cases may be rare. In the following the genitive regularly occurs, and is founded on the sense with respect to.]

[35. B. Words expressing relation, but requiring another word as the object of this relation, take this object (which, however, must not be passive) in the genitive.]

[Thus (a), adjectives, with an active sense, derived mostly from verbs active, have a genitive where the verbs have an accusative; áv¤óúñшv ov înλýpovec, not mischievous with respect to men, i. e. which do not harm men; óλé☺pioi piλwv, destructive to friends. Many adjectives in -Koç, and many compounded with a privative, have this government. So participles sometimes; róžWV ticos, skilful with respect to bows.]

[(5) Words which express a situation or operation of the mind, a judgment of the understanding which is directed to an object without affecting it. Thus the adjectives experienced, ignorant, remembering, desirous, as rñç Ovoíaç ovк áðaýç, áλλ' ¡μπuipos, not ignorant with respect to the sacrifice, but experienced1.]

[And the verbs to recollect or forget, to remind, to be careful or careless (with the adjective and substantive corresponding to them), to consider, reflect, understand, or long for any thing, as Mvýσañoε áλкñç3, be mindful as to courage, i. e. remember your courage.

Κύκλωπες Διὸς οὐκ ἀλέγουσιν, are careless as to Jupiter 3.

'Evovμou rov tioórwv, consider with respect to those who know.

"HOOνTO TELXilóvrov, they perceived them fortifying1.

Mý μeyádov éπiovμεîv, not to be desirous of great things, not eager with respect to.]

[Hence also many verbs of sense take a genitive, as τns pwvñs ȧkoúw, I hear the voice, and ws σφραντο τῶν καμήλων, when they smelt the camels.]

[(e) Words which indicate fulness or deficiency, because the word which shows of what any thing is full or empty, shows the respect in which the signification of the governing word must be taken. Thus in adjectives:

Πόλις μεστὴ ἐμπόρων, full with respect to merchants.

Пovator BioToto, rich with respect to the means of livelihood.

"Eonμos piλwv, deserted as to friends.

Γυμνὸς στολίσματος, naked as to garment.]

[And verbs,

Δικῶν ἡ πόλις ἔγεμεν, the city was full of lawsuits.

Kopioaobai Tivos, to satisfy one's self as to any thing; and so to enjoy or be pleased with, in the sense of to have enough of.

Οίκος ἐνδεόμενος οἰκετῶν, a house needy as to domestics.

*A\σoç ńphμwoɛ Xiovros, he made the grove desert as to the lion, i. e. took away the lion.]

[(4) Hence also the verbs to bereave, deliver or clear, escape, keep off or hinder, desist from; any verb expressing distance or separation, to repulse, to make a way for, to cease or make to cease, and all implying deficiency in either a direct or remote sense, have a genitive, as

1 sometimes these adjectives take περί with a genitive, and sometimes the accusative; ὁ ταῦτ ̓ ἐπιστήμων, he who knew or was acquainted with these things.]

These verbs have sometimes the genitive with epi, sometimes the accusative, as Tudéa où μéuvŋuar.]

3 [iboual to spare, and quλárтoμa to guard, both contain the idea to be careful about, and therefore take the genitive.]

Both these classes of verbs take the accusative also.]

'ATOOTEDELV TIVά Tivos, to deprice one of any thing.

Τυράννων ἠλευθερώθησαν, they were delivered from tyrants.

Οὐκ ἀλύξετον μόρου κακίστου, ye shall not escape from the worst fate.

Eipyεodaι Twv voμipov, to be hindered from what is lawful.

̓Απέχειν τῶν ἀργυρείων τρία στάδια, to be three studia distant from the silver-mines.

Τὴν ̓Ασίαν διορίζων τῆς Λιβύης, separating Asia from Africa.

Knous аuvve πaidós, he repelled death from his son.

"Eλnžav póvov, they ceased from slaughter.]

[Let it be remarked, (1.) that although every word cannot be instanced, the principle here noticed explains many constructions; (2.) that verbs in their derivative sense, though perhaps not having the same reference, retain the construction admitted in their proper sense; (3.) that substantives and adverbs having the same significations as the above adjectives, admit the genitive, as ädig twv Telvŋkóτwv, enough of dead persons; xwpis, &c. ; (4.) that some of these words occasionally admit other constructions.]

[(e) This signification, with respect to, shows why the comparative and words involving a comparison require the genitive.

Meilov Tarpos, greater with respect to his father.

▲εÚTEрoç ovdεvós, second with regard to none.

Toν TOνμιν τTwμivovs, overcome by their passions, i. e. worsted, made inferior to.]

[In the following verbs a comparison is also implied, though indirectly.

[(1.) To surpass or to be surpassed by, as

Περιγένοιο ἂν τῆς τοῦ βασιλέως δυνάμεως, you would surpass the king's power.

̓Απολείπεται ̓Αλεξάνδρου, he is inferior to Alexander.]

[(2.) To rule (i. e. be lord or superior over);

Κραίνειν οἱ ἄρχειν στρατοῦ, to rule the army; and so κυριεύειν, κοιρανεῖν, τυραννεύειν, &c. (but these verbs have frequently a dative or an accusative.)]

[(3.) To obey or disobey;

Ἐμοῦ πειθόμενοι, obeying me.]

[(4) Hence adjectives and substantives which imply rule or the contrary (and thus superiority and inferiority) have a genitive, as

Τῆς ἡδονῆς ἐγκρατής, master over pleasure.

5ο ήττων, καρτερός, ἀκρατής ; and ἧττα τοῦ πόματος, defeat by means of drinking; ἐγκράτεια piyovs, mastery over cold, &c.]

[(5.) Again, words referring to value imply a comparison; and hence all such, as well as those, to buy, all, &c., which contain a determination of value, have a genitive. Thus ačios (properly equivalent) and αντάξιος ; as ἰατρὸς πολλῶν ἀντάξιος ἄλλων, a physician is as good as is worth) many others; akiwç rñç áðɩrias, (let them be punished) in a manner worthy of their crime; and again, Tóσоν av πρio; for how much would you buy? Whence the genitive occurs in many combinations, xpvoòv avôpòç idéžaro, she received gold for her husband.]

[(6.) There is, lastly, a comparison in words expressing a difference, as repoç, äλλos, diáḍopos, ἀλλοῖος, ἀλλότριος, διαφέρω ; ἀλλοῖον ἐπιστήμης, diferent from knowledge; ἀνὴρ διαφέρει τῶν äλλwv Zwwv, a man differs from other animals.]

[(f) The genitive also expresses the cause, and is then rendered on account of, where relation is clearly implied, as with verbs; nλw σe tov vou, I admire you on account of or with respect to your sense; οὐ μεγαίρω τοῦδέ σοι δωρήματος, I do not enry you on account of or with respect to this gift; and with adjectives, Oavárov тov σov μeλéa, wretched on account of or with respect to your death. Hence the genitive stands alone in exclamations, pev rov ávôpóç, alas! the man! ở Zev TŪS NETTÓTηTOs, O Jupiter! his acuteness! And with substantives; μελεδήματα πατρός, grief on account of his father; rò Tpoias μìoos, hatred on account of Troy.]

[Hence too, in prayers, the thing appealed to as the cause of granting the prayer is put in the genitive, Aiooouai Оéμioтos, I pray you by Themis, for the sake of Themis: and so dirai 0ɛŵr, entreaties by the gods.]

[And again, the genitive is put with verbs to begin, toỡ lÿv áñò Xúñηs åpxóμevov, beginning life with pain.]

[C. The second great relation expressed by the genitive is that of a whole to its parts; and this is common in other languages, as elę roúrwv, unus horum, &c. Observe these cases: (a) with art. and relative, τῶν ὄντων τὰ μέν ἐστιν ἐφ' ἡμῖν, τὰ δ' οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν, of all things existing, some are in our power, some not; Bouwrwv oi un Bovλóμevoi, those Baotians who were unwilling; Tò voσouv TEXEWV, the weak part of the wall (this construction of the participle is very common): with relatives, apaλaßov Onßaiwv ovç Xoyiσáμevos εiñov, taking those of the Thebans whom. (b) With substantives, (1.) the country as the whole is the genitive when a city of it is mentioned, Oivón rŪS 'ATTIKйs, Enoe, a city of Attica; (2.) the class to which a thing mentioned belongs, is on the same account in the genitive, rpoxòg тŵv kepaμɛikŵv, a wheel of the class of the earthen, i. e. an earthen wheel.]

[(c) With verbs; (1.) with elvat, as avтòç hoeλe twv μevóvtwv elvai, one of those who remained at home (where ele is often added); and (2.) with verbs of all kinds, when the action refers to a part

only of the object, as ἔτεμον τῆς γῆς, laid waste a part of the country; λαβόντα τῶν ταινιῶν, some of the fillets.]

[(d) With adverbs of place, wooi opevòs suas properly in what part of my mind; iv' el kakoũ, in what situation of evil; and of time, as ovè ris nμepas, in a late part of the day.]

[(e) We must observe, too, that for the same reason a genitive is put with many verbs signifying any participation, as μETEOTI, μETEXEIV, &c. Thus, Eúλλaße μóxŌwv, take a part in the labours. 50 προσήκει, τί προσήκει μοι Κορινθίων; what are the Corinthians to me ? Μεταδιδόναι to impart Xon TOυ Bápovs μeradidóvai rois píλois, give your friends a share in your grief. So the verbs to enjoy, i. e. to have a share in; áπoλavtiv Tov ayalov, to enjoy the good. And hence the verb yɛvoμai to taste has the gen. And ow to smell of, and vέw to breathe of, have the gen. for the same reason: Távτ ÖZEL Oépovs, every thing smells of summer, has a part of the summer smell; púρшv πvέεic, you breathe of perfumes. Since verbs signifying to impart, receive, give, have a gen., it appears that hence verbs signifying to obtain, receive, have the same case, as Ovnтou owμαTоÇ ETνXES, you have a mortal body; w dwpwv Xaxy, that he may get gifts; and so кvρeiv, kλпpovoμsiv (the thing inherited; and again, the person from whom one inherits). The construction of the verbs to take, or take hold of (in general verbs middle) with the gen. arises from this cause; répwv nyeμóvwv daßóμevoç, taking (some) of other leaders, i. e. taking other leaders; (and hence the same verbs have the gen. with other meanings, as to blame; iñeλáßeтO тоv пpioμaroc, blamed the decree ;) ¿Cóμɛ0a avrov, we shall keep hold of him ; λιμὴν ἔχεται τοῦ σήματος, borders on ; τῆς αὐτῆς γνώμης ἔχομαι, persevere in ; ἅπτεσθαι abrov, to touch them; whence other verbs of touching, as avw, Oiyyavw, have a gen. The part seized is often in the gen. with these verbs, ¿λáßovto tñs Lŵvng tòv ́Opóvтny, took him by the girdle. Hence, perhaps, the verbs of contrary sense, to let go, to miss, &c., have the gen., and these are usually middle verbs; The πaidos où μelýσoμaι, I will not let the girl go; so apicolai (the actives of both verbs have the acc.), προϊεσθαι, ἁμαρτάνειν.]

[(f) The substantive marking the class from which the superlative takes the chiefest as a part, is in the genitive; » μɛyiorn twv vóowv ávaídela, impudence is the greatest of diseases: and hence the gen. is put with verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, derived from superlatives, or expressing preferableness ; πάντων διαπρέπεις, you excel all, i. e. are the first of all ; διαπρεπεῖς θνητῶν ἔφυσαν, and έξοχα πάντων, chiefly of all. ]

(36. D. The genitive marks the person or thing to which any thing belongs, whether property, quality, habit, duty, &c., and those from which any thing arises. Probably there is here the notion of the relation of the quality, &c., to its possessor.]

[(α) Property, τὰ τῶν οἰκούντων τὴν πόλιν οἰκεῖα τῶν καλῶς βασιλευόντων ἐστί, the property of the citizens belongs to good kings. So idioç, &c., and iɛpóc; as iɛpòc тov Nɛíλov, sacred to the Nile, i. e. made his sacred property. Elvai, yiyveolai especially signify to belong to; ori rov Baoiλños, it is the king's; avrov elvai, to be his own master; or TOU XEYOVTOS, he gives himself up to the speaker. Elvat also expresses quality, power, custom, duty, &c. (avoiac lori, it is the quality or part of folly; wodov nóvov torí, it is a business of great labour); ability, (avròs avoρós tσTIV ixλižaodai, every one can tell); habit or part, ëσTiv äpa dikalov dvopóg; is it the part of a just man ?]

[(6) The gen. with demonstrative pronouns shows in whom a quality is found, as our ayaμaι Tour' ἀνδρὸς ἀριστέως, I do not approve this in a prince; τοῦτο ἐπαινῶ ̓Αγησιλάου, I praise this in Agesilaus. So lavμálw, &c.; and hence these verbs have sometimes a gen. of the object; σou θαυμάζω, I wonder at you ; άγαμαι τῆς ἀρετῆς, I admire their virtue.]

[(c) The gen. again expresses the person or thing from which any thing proceeds: йкovσa тov ἀγγέλου, I heard from the messenger; μαθόντες του κατασκόπου, having learnt from the spy; πατρὸς ἐγένετο Καμβύσου, he was born from Cambyses as his father.]

[(4) The gen. expresses the material from which the thing is made, as orέpavoç πoiaç, a crown of herb.]

[(e) And the author of what is implied in the substantive, "Hpag áλartiaι, the wanderings (of Io) cused by Juno.]

(37. E. The gen. is put with verbs compounded with prepositions which govern the gen. when the prep. might be separated from the verb, and set before the case, without altering the meaning of the verb, but not else; e. g. we cannot say ávriλéyeiv tivós, to contradict any one; for λéyew árri Tiroc is, to speak in the place of any one.]

[F. The gen. determines place and time, in answer to where ? when? &c.]

[Where? daiãç xeipòç oikovσiv, on the left hand.]

[When ? ἥξει βαιοῦ χρόνου, he will come in a short time; τοῦτο ἔσεται ἡμερῶν ὀλίγων, within a few days; and this last signification is common.]

[Since? #olov xpóvov teñópontaι róλic, since what time?]

[How long? ¿rův ãλovтoç, for six years, during six years.]

[G. Lastly, the word governing the gen. is often omitted, as viòc, olkoç, &c. Oovкvdiồng d 'Ohopov, the son of; iv Kpoioov, in the house of Croesus.]

ON THE DATIVE.

[38. The dative in Greek (A), as in other languages, answers to the question cui? or to whom? as didóval Ti Tive, to give any thing to any one; piλog Tivi, ¿xopós Tivi, &c., friendly to any one, &c.; and (B) answers to the Latin ablative.]

[39. A. The following cases may be especially noted:]

[The verbs to order or exhort, to rule, obey or disobey, to yield, i. e. to give an order, &c., to yield obedience to, &c., generally have the dative, (though Keλɛvw has also the ace. and infin., and voveɛτεῖν, παρακαλεῖν, προτρέπειν, παροξύνειν, παρορμᾷν, &c. only the acc. ; υπακούειν again the gen. and dat.) and so vπORTηøσtiv (which seems to mark the same feeling of subordination as the verbs to yield, &c.) and λarpeveiv, to serve, have the dative.]

[Again, verbs of meeting, being in the way of, being troublesome to (obvius esse, molestus esse alicui), have usually the dat. (though ἐντυγχάνω and συντυγ. have also a gen., and ἐμποδίζω sometimes an acc.), as r Evvérvxov; whom did I meet?]

[Verbs of reproaching, censuring, rebuking, have often a dat. of the person (exprobrare alicui aliquid, to object a thing to a person), and acc. of that in which the reproof consists, and sometimes the dat. alone, as τοῦτό μοι ἐμέμφου, you blamed me for this; so ἐπιτιμᾷν, ἐπικαλεῖν. But μέμφομαι has also an acc., and so has Aoicoptiv, though the middle takes the dat.]

[40. Verbs of helping, assisting, injuring, have both dat. and acc., though apnyelv, áμúveiv, ἀλεξεῖν, βοηθεῖν, ἐπικουρεῖν, λυσιτελεῖν only the dat. ; ὠφελεῖν has both; βλάπτω and ὀνίνημι only the acc.]

[Verbs and adjectives signifying useful, injurious, inimical, have a gen. as well as dat.]

[41. Words signifying equality, suitableness, resemblance, on the contrary, have the dat., and hence ὁ αὐτός the same, as τὸν αὐτὸν φίλον νομιζέτω τῇ πόλει, let him reckon the same person his friend whom the city reckons its friend; and so ɛiç, as iμoi piàç ir μarioos, from one mother with me; and rotoūros, as λόγους τῷ σφὼ κατακτείνοντι τοιούτους, words such as he techo condemned you to death would speak and so ἴσος, where in English we have as, than, with, σὺ τύπτει τὰς ἴσας πληγὰς ἐμοί, as many strokes as I. This rule applies to the adverbs iowe, ouoiwe, &c., and to verbs to suit, fit, become, &c., πρέπειν, ἁρμόττειν, ἐοικέναι, and hence to the adverb εἰκότως. We may add, that all adjectives of a similar meaning with opolog, as ȧdeλøóç akin, conformable to, and žuvyôóg, take a dative. But ioos and oμotoç have sometimes the gen. also.]

[(a) 42. The dative also expresses that an action takes place with reference to a person or thing; especially to signify for the advantage, good, or pleasure of any one; as y róvde aλovv køreíλaper, for whom we undertook this expedition, (and hence arise the phrases, Tuwpeiv and dμúveiv tí tivi, as Tipoρnous Пarpórλy ròv póvov, revenge the murder for Patroclus; and so with verbs to fear, as deideiv Tivi, to fear for any one ;) and in honour of; as ópxnoáμevoi Deoïoiv, dancing in honour of the gods. (b) Indeed, generally, a reference to a person or thing may be said to be implied in all verbs, which can admit such a reference; and in this case it is expressed by the dative; ažios iori davárov Tý móλti, he deserves death with regard to the state, i. e. he deserves that the state should condemn him; Deòc ¿rowset μe, ride d' oixoμai, the god saves me, but as far as he is concerned, I am undone; 'Oovootvs Opýpy λodopei, &c., Ulysses in Homer, &c. (c) And thus the dat. is put with verbs and adjectives, where for is used in English, as padios, xaλɛñós, áɣabóç, καλός, εύχρηστος, αἰσχρός, ἡδύς, and others, where the dat. expresses the person or thing, with reference to which one of those predicates is applied as an object. (d) Hence we may explain the dat. (especially with &g) when put to show that a proposition is affirmed to be true only with respect to a certain person, as μακρὰν ὡς γέροντι προυστάλης οδόν, you have come a long way for an old man; and when expressing a judgment, as σὲ ἐγὼ ἐτίμησα τοῖς φρονοῦσιν εὖ, I have honoured you, according to the judgment of those who understand; and very often in the phrase poi, in my opinion. (e) And the dat. of the participle (in definitions of a property, distance, situation, &c.) which expresses the action with respect to which the definition is applied, as do ̓Ελεφαντίνης ἄνω ἰόντι, ἄναντές ἐστι χωρίον, when one goes up from, ge.; () And in definitions of time, when an action has taken place, since a certain person has done this or that, as ἦν ἦμαρ δεύτερον πλέοντί μοι, the second day since I had been sailing.]

[(g) Hence, too, feeling of any kind is expressed by the dative, as Tolouvri povpάvns, thou comest as I hoped ; especially with είναι and γίγνεσθαι, as τῷ Νικίᾳ προσδεχομένῳ ἦν τὰ περὶ Twv 'EyeOralov, Nicias expected the events in Segesta.]

[(h) Hence also the dat. is often put for the gen. in other languages, and partly because the dat. implies reference or respect to a thing; for the Greeks understand a person or thing in relation to the action expressed in the verb or adjective, and others take it with relation to a substantive. Thus διεσπάσθη αὐτοῖς ἡ τάξις, their ranks, &c. ; Ιλιὰς καλόν ἐστι ποίημα τῷ Ὁμήρῳ, Homer's Iliad is, &c.; aroya vμiv oikia, your paternal house. Probably this relation is the basis of the construction of Elvaι, vπáруεi, &c. to be, with the dat., and of passives with the dat., instead of ὑπό and gen., as Τέλλῳ παῖδες ἦσαν, Tellus had children ; and προσπόλοις φυλάσσεται, με is guarded by his attendants.]

[(i) Again, the dat. expresses direction of an action to an object either real or imaginary, as 'Anvy Xeipas avioxov, they lifted up their hands to Minerca; and hence, verbs of praying, (as in prayer the eyes or hands were lifted up,) of looking up to, (àvaßλéπw, ¿μßẞXέw,) have a dative. Indeed the dative alone expresses this, as ovveλex@noav raic Ovoiais, they assembled for the sacrifice. Hence, verbs compounded with ii and póg in this sense have a dat., though the prepositions alone govern the acc. in the same sense, as ταῖς πράξεσι ταῖς αὐταῖς ἐπεχείρησαν, they set to work on the same actions; and πpoσßáλλei Tη Teixel, to set on or attack the fortifications; and so have verbs compounded with other prepositions when they express this direction.]

[(k) Verbs compounded with prep. governing the dat. also govern the dat. if the prep. can be separated without altering the sense, and those compounded with epi, where it has no influence on the construction, as περιβάλλειν συμφοραῖς, &c.]

[(1) Observe, that substantives derived from verbs governing the dat. have often a dat., as dóois ἀνθρώποισιν, a gift to man.]

[43. B. The dative is used like the ablative in Latin, and thus answers several questions.] [(a) Wherewith? where companionship is expressed. Verbs compounded with our and perá, if the prep. can be separated from the verb, or repeated; verbs of following, as wεσOαι, àкоλоvεïv, onctiv, and adjectives and adverbs derived from them or agreeing with them in meaning, as ñc; verbs of conversing or being connected with, contending, have a dative. The words expressing an army, fet, &c., when constituting an accompaniment, are in the dat., as ȧpikóμevol T σTÓλY TOÚTY, coming with the fleet; and when the word expressing this accompaniment has aúróg with it, both are in the dat., as avтоiç iπño lóvres, going together with our horses.]

[(b) Whereby when an instrument is expressed, as dvoïv op0aλμoiv òîâv, to see by means of or with two eyes; and even with subst., as kinoεic тy owμati, motions with the body. Hence, xρñolaι to use has a dative, and in the same sense it is put with verbs with which in Latin and English no mean is signified, as τεκμαίρεσθαι τοῖς πρόσθεν ὡμολογημένοις, to infer from what was granted ; μαντεύονται ῥάβδοις, they prophesy by the help of rods, and so σταθμᾶσθαι.]

[(c) From what? whence where an affection of the mind, &c. is given as a motive, as euvoią avce, I speak from good-will.]

((d) The dat. also expresses the external cause, with passives, where it gives the cause, not the person, by which an action is effected, as xphμaσiv iπαιρóμevoc, elated by riches; with any verbs, when it is rendered on account of, as μόνοι εὐπραγίαις οὐκ ἐξυβρίζομεν, we alone are not insolent on account of our success; and with many passives and neuters, where it expresses the sense, occasion, or object of an action, as τοῖς πεπραγμένοις αἰσχυνόμενοι, being ashamed in consequence of what had been done.]

[(e) The dative expresses the manner or kind of an action, as ßig eiç oikiav πapievai, to go in with force; nuíwoav avròv pvyÿ, punished him with banishment.]

[(f) The dat. expresses frequently with respect to, in this sense, mooi raxis, swift with respect to my feet, the feet being the instrument of speed; and hence we have the dative with verbs of distinguishing one's self or excelling, as πρоéxεi aρεтy.]

[(9) The dat. gives the measure of excess, as viavry Tρεσßúτeрos, older by a year.]

[(A) The dat. answers the question when? and where ?]

[When? τῇ δ' ἡμέρᾳ ἀπήλλαγμαι φόβου, in this day I have been released, c. So τρισὶ μησί, &c.]

[Where? Mapalŵvi μèv öte ñμɛv, when we were at Marathon.]

ON THE ACCUSATIVE.

[44. The accusative in Greek, as in other languages, marks the immediate object affected by the verb, as λaμßávw τýv ảonida, I take my spear; and this wants no farther illustration. But there are some particular cases. Practice, indeed, alone can teach us all the cases where a word which in other languages is the remote object, and introduced by a preposition, is the immediate object in Greek, as he swore by the gods, wμoσε тovç dɛoúg.]

[45. A. But some may be particularised.]

[(α) Πείθω, ὑβρίζω, ἀδικέω, several verbs signifying to assist or profit, and to injure, ἀμείβεσθαι το remunerate, apogruvéw (but not in the N. T.). Verbs of flattering, plávw to anticipate, λavávw, ἀποδιδράσκω, ἐπιλείπω. Verbs expressing the emotion of shame, fear, pity, as αἰσχύνομαι, iTripw, &c.' have an accus.]

[(6) Verbs properly intransitive sometimes become transitive, and take an accusative, as ai πnyai ρέουσι μέλι, the fountains for with honey. So αίσσω, βαίνω, ζέω, λάμπω, σπεύδω.]

[(e) Intransitive verbs often take an accusative of the particular substantive, which expresses their meaning as an abstract, as

Κινδυνεύσω τοῦτον τὸν κίνδυνον, I will run this risk.

Zy Biov hororov, he lives a very pleasant life.]

[(d) The Greeks often put that word in the accusative, which, according to the laws of thought and speech, is the remote object; thus in the verbs to do, to speak, the action done, and word spoken, are the near objects, and the remote ones are they to whom any thing is said or done: yet (1.) by the Greeks these remote objects are put in the accusative, as if they were the near ones, thus CORING TOLÏV Tivá, to do harm to any one; kaкg Xéyeiv Tivá, to speak ill of any one. And, as in some verbs, two near objects may be thought of, as I wrap the child in a mantle, or I wrap the mantle round the child, both may be put in the accusative and (2.) this is the case in Greek, as ri Toinow airóv; what shall I do to him? where one is the accusative of the person, and the other of the thing, so πράττω, δράω, ἔρδω, λέγω, εἰπεῖν, ἀγορεύω, ερωτάω, (for we may ask a person and ask after a thing,) verbs of asking or requiring, as Onßaiove xonμara ÿrnoav; of taking away any thing from one, as Tηv beòv toùg σtepávovç σεovλýkaσi, they deprived the goddess of the crowns; of teaching, σε διδάσκουσι τοὺς παῖδας σωφροσύνην; of putting on or putting of, as ἐνέδυσε τὸν παῖδα τὸν χιτῶνα, he put the rest on the boy ; of concealing, as οὗ σε ἀποκρύψω τὰς ἐμὰς δυσπραγίας; and the

[And so some neuter verbs expressing an emotion, though, even without indicating the object, they convey a perfect idea, as θνήσκοντας οὐ χαίρουσιν, do not rejoice at the death of, &c., and so αλγέω, θαῤῥέω, δυσχεραίνω, &c.]