9. The Greeks delight in compounds. Sometimes they form these of two nominatives, leaving out such letters as would seem harsh, as vavpaxía a sea-fight, from vave a ship, and μáxn a fight; sometimes of a genitive and nominative, as vεwoolKoç a dock, literally a ship's house, vew olкog; sometimes of a dative (or, as some call it, an ablative) and a nominative, as ópɛσirpopoç nourished or bred in the mountains, from dat. plur. opeot in the mountains, and rpopós nourished; sometimes of a noun and verb, as vouvexns wise, discreet, from vovv (acc. of vovç) mind, understanding, and exw to have ; sometimes of numerals joined to other nouns, as TεTρáπоvç a four-footed creature, a quadruped, from τέτταρες (neut. pa) four, and ποὺς a foot ; ἑκατόνταρχος a centurion, from ἑκατόν a hundred, and αρχός a commander ; sometimes of several particles added together, as διόπερ, ὁπωσδηποτοῦν, &c. N.B. This section is inserted in conformity to the method of that excellent grammarian, Mr. Holmes; though, after all, most of the observations contained in it will be best learned by USE, and by diligently consulting a good lexicon. SECTION VII. OF ADJECTIVES AND THEIR DECLENSIONS. 1. A NOUN adjective, or more properly an adjective 1, so called because adjectitious, or added to a substantive, denotes some quality of the substantive to which it is joined; so in the expressions ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος a good man, καλὴ γυνή a fair woman, μέγας οἶκος a great house, the words good, fair, and great are adjectives. 2. Adjectives are declined in a three-fold manner, that is, either by three terminations, or two, or one. OF ADJECTIVES OF THREE TERMINATIONS. 3. Adjectives of three terminations end in oç, vc, wv, aç, ɛic, wc, and are declined after the manner of substantives according to their termination. Thus, 4. Adjectives of three terminations in og (as raλóg fair, ȧyalóç good, and participles in voc) are declined like substantives of the second and first declension, that is,—masc. OΣ like the 2nd, fem. H like the 1st, neut. ON like the 2nd, as 5. But adjectives ending in og pure or pos make the nom. fem. in a, Gen. in ag, dat. in a, &c. (comp. sect. iii. 8.) as sing. N. y-os and avono-óc, a, ov, G. ov, ac, ov, D. p, q, y, A. ov, av, ov, V., a, ov: except some contracted ones (of which presently) and numerals in oog, as oydo-os eighth, which make n in the fem. 6. Contracted adjectives in og are declined like contracted substantives of the second and first declension, as Sing. Ν. χρύσεος, οὓς; έα, ῆ; εον, οὖν; G. έου, οὔ; έης, ῆς; έου, ου ; D. έφ, φ; έν, ἣν ἐφ, φ ; Α. τον, οὖν ; έην, ἢν ; εον, οὖν, &c. Sing. Ν. ἀργυρέος, οὓς; ἐα, ᾶ; έον, οὔν; &c. Sing. Ν. ἁπλόος, οὓς ; όη, ἢ ; όον, οὖν ; G. όου, ου; &c. 7. AXλog, äλλŋ, äλλo, forms its neut, sing. in o, but is in all other respects declined like píλoç. (Comp. sect. ix. rule 8.) 8. Adjectives of three terminations in vg, wv, aç, ɛic, wc, are declined like substantives of the third and first declension, that is to say, the masculine and neuter are declined like the third, and the feminine like the first, thus,-M. YΣ like the 3rd, F. EIA like the 1st, N. Y like the 3rd, as dúc [Note. Some adjectives in uç have ɛa for vv in the accus. sing. as túpia, eveta. Sometimes these adjectives are considered as having only two terminations. See Hom. Od. E. 467. M. 369. Thuc. iv. 83. 104. viii. 8. 64.] M. ON like the 3rd, F. OYZA like the 1st, N. ON like the 3rd, as Ekóv willing, and participles in wr. Sing. Ν. 'Εκών, οὖσα, όν, G. όντος, ούσης, όντος, δε. 1 See Bishop Lowth's Introduction to English Grammar, p. 40. note [1]. Μ. ΑΣ like the 3rd, F. ΑΣΑ like the 1st, N. AN like the 3rd, as πᾶς all, and participles in ας. Two adjectives in as are thus declined : —ας, αινα, αν, G. -ανος, αίνης, ανος, &c. namely, μέλας black, τάλας miserable. Μ. ΕΙΣ like the 3rd, F. ΕΣΣΑ like the 1st, N. EN like the 3rd, as χαρίεις gracious. Note, σεις, Θεσσα, ον, are contracted into ους, ουσα, ουν, as μελιτό-εις, οὓς (honeyed); όεσσα, οὖσσα ; όεν, οὖν, &c. : ήεις, ήεσσα, ηεν, into ης, ησσα, ην, as τιμήσεις, ῆς (honourable); ήεσσα, ἤσσα ; ῆεν, ἢν : (comp. sect. iii. 29.) And observe further, that participles in εις form their feminine in εισα, as τυφθείς beaten, εἶσα, ἐν, G. έντος, είσης, έντος. Μ. ΩΣ like the 3rd, F. YIA like the list, Ν. ΟΣ like the 3rd, as participle τετυφώς having beaten. Sing. Ν. τετυφώς, υία, ός, G. ότος, υίας, ότος, &c. 9. The adjectives πολύς much, and μέγας great, have their neut. sing. πολύ and μέγα, and their accus. masc. πολύν and μέγαν, but borrow' all the rest from the old words πολλός and μεγάλος, thus, Sing. Ν. πολύς, πολλή, πολύ, G. πολλοῦ, πολλῆς, πολλοῦ, &c. Sing. Ν. μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα, G. μεγάλου, μεγάλης, μεγάλου, &c.-N.B. The learner should here write out, through all the cases and numbers, those of the above examples which are designedly left imperfect. OF THE ADJECTIVES OF TWO TERMINATIONS. 10. Adjectives of two terminations end in oς, ως, ας, ης, ις, ους, υς, ην, ων; and are declined after the manner of substantives, according to their termination. 11. Thus those in og and the Attics in wg are declined like the second declension; all the others like the third. 12. These adjectives make their genitives respectively in ov, ω, αντος, εος, ους, ιτος, οδος, υος, ενός, όνος, as substantives of the like terminations. 13. Most derivative and compound adjectives in og are thus declined with two terminations, and thus the Attics decline all adjectives in oç. Some adjectives are declined both with two and with three terminations, as αἰώνιος, α, ον, and ὁ καὶ ἡ αἰώνιος, καὶ τὸ —ον; τέρ-ην, εινα, εν, and ὁ καὶ ἡ τέρην, καὶ τὸ τέρεν. 14. N. B. The learner, in declining the above adjectives, should repeat the proper articles with every case, as, Sing. N. ὁ καὶ ἡ ἔνδοξος, καὶ τὸ ἔνδοξον, G. τοῦ καὶ τῆς καὶ τοῦ ἐνδόξου, D. τῷ καὶ τῇ καὶ τῷ ἐνδόξῳ, Α. τὸν καὶ τὴν καὶ τὸ ἔνδοξον, &c. Sing. N. ὁ καὶ ἡ ἀληθής, καὶ τὸ ἀληθές, G. τοῦ καὶ τῆς καὶ τοῦ ἀληθέος, οὓς, D. τῷ καὶ τῇ καὶ τῷ ἀληθ-έϊ, εἶ, Α. τὸν καὶ τὴν ἀληθέα, ῆ, καὶ τὸ ἀληθές, V. masc. and fem. ὦ ἀληθής, neut. ὦ ἀληθές. Comp. sect. iii. 32. OF ADJECTIVES OF ONE TERMINATION. 15. Adjectives of one termination end in ξ, ιν, ς, ρ, ψ, and are declined after the manner of substantives, according to their termination, but are scarcely used in the neuter gender 2. Sing. N. ὁ καὶ ἡ ἅρπ-αξ, G. αγος, rapacious τριγλώχιν, G. ινος, three-pointed 16. Decline άρπαξ thus, and so the rest : Sing. N. ὁ καὶ ἡ ἅρπαξ, G. τοῦ καὶ τῆς ἅρπαγος, D. τῷ καὶ τῷ ἅρπαγι, Α. τὸν καὶ τὴν ἅρπαγα, V. ὦ ἅρπαξ. Dual, N. A. V. τὼ καὶ τὰ ἅρπαγε, G. D. τοῖν καὶ ταῖν ἁρπάγοιν. Plur. N. οἱ καὶ αἱ ἅρπαγες, G. τῶν ἁρπάγων, D. τοῖς καὶ ταῖς ἅρπαξι, Α. τοὺς καὶ τὰς ἄρπαγας, V. ὦ ἅρπαγες. 1 The poets often use G. πολέος, D. πολέϊ, plur. N. πολέες, G. πολέων, D. πολέσι, Α. πολέας, also πολλός, ή, όν, like φίλος. 2 See Port-Royal Greek Grammar, by Nugent, p. 74, and Holmes's, p. 25. 17. The numerals εἷς one, δύο two, τρεῖς three, τέσσαρες four, are declined as follows : Sing. Ν. εἷς, μία, ἕν, G. ἑνός, μιᾶς, ἑνός, D. ἑνί, μιᾷ, ἐνί, Α. ἕνα, μίαν, ἕν. So its compounds μηδείς and οὐδείς no one, &c. Ν. μηδείς, μηδεμία, μηδέν, G. μηδενός, μηδεμιᾶς, μηδενός, &c. Dual, ' N. A. V. δύο, G. D. δυοῖν and δυεῖν, D. δυσί poetic. But δύο is used for all genders and cases except the dative. Plural, N. οἱ καὶ αἱ τρεῖς, καὶ τὰ τρία, G. τριῶν, D. τρισί, Α. τοὺς καὶ τὰς τρεῖς, καὶ τὰ τρία. Plural, N. οἱ καὶ αἱ τέσσαρες, καὶ τὰ τέσσαρα, G. τεσσάρων, D. τέσσαρσι, Α. τοὺς καὶ τὰς τέσσαρας, καὶ τὰ τέσσαρα. SECTION VIII. OF THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES, &c. 1. ADJECTIVES in Greek, as in English, have three degrees of comparison: the positive, as great; the comparative, as greater, or more great, of two ; the superlative, as greatest, or most great, of many. 2. Adjectives in oc, after a long2 syllable, form their comparative and superlative by changing oc into ότερος, and οτατος, as pos. ἔνδοξος noble, compar. ἐνδοξότερος nobler, superl. ἐνδοξότατος noblast ; after a short 3 syllable, into ωτερος and ωτατος, as pos. σοφός wise, compar. σοφώτερος wiser, superl. σοφώτατος wisest. But if the preceding syllable be doubtful, the comparative and superlative are formed either in οτερος and στατος, or in ωτερος and ωτατος, as ἶσος or ἴσος equal, compar. and superl. ἰσότερος and ἰσότατος, or ἰσώτερος and ἰσώτατος. 3. Adjectives in εις, to form the comparative and superlative, change that syllable into εστερος and εστατος; in ις, αρ, and oυς, take τερος and τατος ; in ης, υς, and as, add to their neuters τερος and τατος ; in ην and wr add to their nominatives plural τερος and τατος; in 5 change os of their genitive singular into ιστερος and ιστατος. 4. Some adjectives in os cast away o or w in their compar. and superl. as γεραιός, γεραίτερος, γεραίτατος. Το παλαιός, σχολαῖος, θέρειος, δεξιός. 5. The Attics compare many adjectives in os by αιτερος and αιτατος, as ἴδιος, ἰδιαίτερος, ἰδιαί τατος. 5ο ήσυχος, ἴσος, μέσος, πλησίος, ὄψιος, &c. ; and many by εστερος and εστατος, as αἰδοῖος, αἰδοιέστερος, αἰδοιέστατος. So γενναῖος, σπουδαῖος, ἀνιαρός, &c. Some with both, as ἄσμενος, ασμεναίτερος and ἀσμενέστερος, &c. A few by ιστερος and ιστατος, as λάλος, λαλίστερος, λαλίστατος, by syncope λάλιστος. [6. Adjectives in us and some in ρος often change those endings into ιων and ιστος; as εὐρύς, Ευρίων, εὕριστος; αἰσχρός, αἰσχίων, αἴσχιστος. Το ἐχθρός, οικτρός, κυδρός; and μακρός has μήκιστος.] [7. Some also ending in os, ης, and as, form in the same way, though somewhat irregularly. 1 80 Dual, Ν. Α. V. άμφω both, G. D. ἀμφοῖν. Comp. sect. v. 3, 3. 1 The last syllable but one that has a long vowel (see sect. i. 6.) or a diphthong in it, is always long, as μέρος, γελοίον; so if it has a short or doubtful vowel before two consonants or a double one, as σεμνός, ἔνδοξος : but if it has a short vowel before a single consonant, the syllable is short, as copós. The doubtful vowels, a, i, v, before another vowel, are generally short; but before a consonant, often long. 3 Yet from διπλόος, ούς, we have comparat. neut. διπλότερον, Mat. xxiii. 15. Some of these forms, in the comparative, instead of and their own consonant, take σo or 77, or some form not far removed from this: as, Το βάσσων, γλύσσων, πάσσων, from βαθύς, γλυκύς, παχύς. Ήσσων, οι ἥττων, is by some derived from ἡμισίων ; but ἥκιστα shows that it is properly ἡκίων, from some unknown positive.] [8. There are many comparatives and superlatives, which appear to be derived from substantives and prepositions, and others whose positive is lost or unknown.] We may here observe, that adverbs and prepositions form comparatives and superlatives: as, These are usually assigned to ἀγαθός, whose regular forms occur in later writers, and such as are not Attic. μείων, μεῖστος, less, least. This is assigned to μικρός, whose regular comparative, μικρότερος, is found. πλείων οι πλέων, πλεῖστος, more, most. The neuter is usually πλέον, and in the plural in Attic we usually find πλέονες οι πλείους, πλέονα οι πλείω. ῥᾴων, ῥᾷστος, easier, easiest. It appears that there was an old word ῥήτος, whence came ῥηΐτερος and ῥητων, or Dorice ῥaiτερος, and ῥαίων; the Attic form of which is ῥᾴων, and in the superlative ῥητατος and ῥήϊστος, Durice ῥάϊστος, Att. ῥᾷστος. χείρων, χείριστος, worse, worst. Perhaps from χέρης (which in Homer has a comparative sense), from which comes χερείων, in Homer, as ἀρείων from "Αρης. ὁπλότερος, ὁπλότατος, younger, and youngest. The following may class under the same head; they are commonly derived from verbs: λωΐων oι λφων, λωϊστα οι λῷστα, better, and best. These may come from λωϊος, which has λωίτερος. φέρτερος, φέρτατος, and φέριστος, better, and best. Said to be from φέρω, in the sense of προφέρω, whence comes προφερής· Δεύτερος, δεύτατος.] 9. Sometimes comparatives and superlatives are compared again, as from compar. χείρων worse, χειρότερος much worse; from ἐλάχιστος least 1, ἐλαχιστότερος less than the least. 1 See Lexicon on this word. 10. Comparatives and superlatives are generally declined like other adjectives; but comparatives in wy, especially irregular ones, thus, Sing. Ν. ὁ καὶ ἡ πλείων, καὶ τὸ —ον, G. -ονος, D. —ονι, Α. —ονα, σα, ω, καὶ τὸ —ον, V. —ov, Dual, N. A. V. —ονε, G. D. - ονοιν, Plur. N. V. —ονες, σες, θες, καὶ τὰ —ονα, οα, ω, G. -ονων, D. -οσι, Α. —ονας, σας, ους, καὶ τὰ —ονα, σα, ω. Το μείζων, κρείττων, &c. SECTION ΙΧ. OF PRONOUNS. 1. A PRONOUN is so called because it stands pro nomine, for, or instead of, a noun. 2. Pronouns may be distinguished into personal or primitive, possessive, demonstrative, relative, compound, and reciprocal. 3. The personal or primitive pronouns are three, ἐγώ I, plur. ἡμεῖς we, of the first person ; σύ thou, plur. ὑμεῖς ye, of the second ; G. οὗ he or she, plur. σφεῖς they, of the third ; which are thus declined : 4. [From the oblique cases of ἐγώ, σύ, οὗ, and the nom. plural and dual, are derived the possessive pronouns, having the signification of the genitive of the personals. Thus, ἐμός, ή, όν mine; σός, ή, ἐν thine; ἑός or ὅς, ἥ, ὃν his ; σφωίτερος, α, ον both yours ; νωίτερος, a, or both ours; ἡμέτερος, α, ον ούτε; ὑμέτερος, α, or yours ; σφός, ή, όν and σφέτερος, α, or your, in the plural, and used by the poets as the pronoun possessive of the 3rd pers. sing. his.] 5. The demonstratire pronouns are [ὅδε], οὗτος this, and ἐκεῖνος that, he. the article. In Attie it is ὁδί.] Οὗτος is thus declined : [Οδε is declined like 6. In like manner are declined the compounds τοι-οῦτος such, τοσ-οῦτος so much, τηλικ-οῦτος 80 great, as Ν. τηλικ-οῦτος, τηλικ-αύτη, τηλικ-οῦτο, G. τηλικ-ούτου, τηλικαύτης, τηλικ-ούτου, &c. But the Attics form the neuter of these in ov. 7. Εκεῖνος is declined like the relative pronoun ὅς, ending the neuter sing. in o : Sing. N. ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο. 8. The relative pronouns are ὅς, ή, ὅ, who, which, and αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό, he, she, it. "Os is thus Αὐτός is declined in the same manner, forming the neut. sing. in o. [Αὐτός has properly the signification of he, she, it, only in the oblique cases; in the nominative it is he, himself, and if the article precedes, it is the same. This, by the Attics, is made into αυτός, αυτή, ταυτό or ταυτόν, ταυτοῦ, de. Miv and viv are used for the acc. sing. of aúrós in all genders; and vív also in the acc. plural.] |