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The neuter τὸ σῶμα a body is thus declined. Comp. Rule 16.

Sing. N. A. V. τὸ σῶμα, G. τοῦ σώματος, D. τῷ σώματι,

Dual, N. A. V. τω σώματε, G. D. τοῖν σωμάτοιν.

Plur. N. A. V. τὰ σώματα, G. τῶν σωμάτων, D. τοῖς σώμασι.

OF THE GENITIVE SINGULAR.

23. [Generally the genitive is oc, either-(1.) Added at once to the nominative, as μήν, μηνός, though in most cases the long vowel is changed into the corresponding short one, as λιμήν, λιμένος, ἠχώ, ἠχόος (contr. ήχους); and, in some, this short one is rejected by syncope, as κύων, κυόνος, κυνός ; πατήρ, πατέρος, πατρός: or (2.) When the nominative ends in c, this letter in the genitive is changed into os, the short vowel being, as before, introduced, as τριήρης, τριήρεος ; αἰδώς, αἰδους τους ; βοῦς, βοός. This rule embraces the words beginning with a double letter, as E, i. e. γς, κς or χc, or ψ, i. e. βc, πς, φς ; for example, αἷξ (αἴγς), αἰγός ; ἀλώπηξ (ἀλώπηκς), ἀλώπεκος ; θρίξ (θρίχς), τριχός ; and φλέψ (φλέβς), φλεβός; ὤψ (ὦπς), ἀπός; κατῆλιψ (κατήλιος), κατήλιπος. The nominatives in aς, εις, ους, which make the genitives in αντος, εντος, οντος, are hardly exceptions to this rule, as the form of the nominative was originally ανς, ενς, and orc, or more properly αντς, &c., which was gradually softened down to the present forms. It must be observed, that in this large declension, the exceptions to the preceding rules are numerous. Probably the formations were at first far more regular, but as, from various causes, the forms of the nominatives have changed, an apparent irregularity has been introduced. The most usual is, that, after a cowel in the nominative, instead of os, the terminations δος, θος, and τος, are used to preserve the length of the termination of the nominative. Use will best teach which of these terminations is received. The following rules, however, may be useful.]

24. [(1.) Words in a and i take τος, as σῶμα, μέλι ; except γάλα, γάλακτος (from γάλαξ probably), and σίνηπι, σινήπιος (Attice σινήπεως). (2.) Words in v (except άστυ, άστεος or ἄστεως, and πῶν, πώεος) and ac take aros. Some, however, in ac, whose last syllable but one is short, take αρος, as ἔαρ, ἔαρος, i. e. they follow the general rule.—(3.) Neuters in as short, make aτος or aoς, which the Attics contract into ως, as κρέας, κρέατος, κρέως ; and feminines in as short, make δος, as παστάς, παστάδος.(4.) Words in us make tos (Attice εως), ιδος, ῖθος, ιτος. Probably the original form was ιστος (see Hom. II. Ο. 87), from which the others were formed by elision and provincial pronunciation.-(5.) Some words in ης have ητος, as πένης, φιλότης. Πάρνης (a mountain on the borders of Attica) has Πάρνηθος.-(6.) Neuters in os make eos (Attice ovς). (7.) Some words in vs make not only vos, but υδος (as χλαμύς) and υθος (as κόρυς).-(8.) Some words in ως make woς, 25 ήρως, and ωτος, as φώς.]

25. [It may be observed generally, that, to account for the apparent irregularities, the original forms of the nominatives should be known. Thus, for example, of nouns in oυς, some make οῦντος, some όντος, some όος. Those in οῦντος are contracted nouns, as μελιτούς, μελιτοῦντος, from μελιτύεις, όεντος ; and, as well as those which form οντος, fall under the general rule (2), the old termination having been ενς οι εντς and ους οι οντς. Those which form in ooç, are probably not derived from older forms of this sort, and are therefore also obedient to the same rule. Οδούς was originally perhaps οδών (Herod. vi. 107.) or οδόνς. Ποῦς has ποδός ; but it seems to have had another form πός, as its compounds are often parisyllabic. Again, the old forms of γάλα, γυνή, ὕδωρ, σκώρ, were probably γάλαξ, γύναις, ὕδας, σκάς. The diphthongal terminations have many irregular forms, as ναῦς, ναός and νηός ; γραύς only γραός. Κτείς and εἷς make ενός ; κλεῖς makes κλειδός.]

OF THE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR.

26. The accusative singular usually ends in a : but nouns in ις, υς, αυς, and ους, which have os pure in the genitive, change c of the nominative into v in the accusative; as N. ὄφις a serpent, G. ὄφιος, Α. ὄφιν ; Ν. βότρυς a bunch of grapes, G. βότρυος, Α. βότρυν ; Ν. ναῦς a ship, G. ναός, Α. ναῦν ; Ν. βους an or, G. βούς, Α. βοῦν '. But barytones, i. e nouns not accented on the last syllable, which have os impure in the genitive, make in their accusative both a and y, as N. ἔρις contention, G. ἔριδος, Α. ἔριδα and ἔριν ; Ν. κόρυς a helmet, G. κόρυθος, Α. κόρυθα and κόρυν. Πους a foot, in the accusative has only πόδα, but its compounds have both a and r, as πολύπους many footed, πολύποδα and πολύπουν, &c. So κλείς a key, has in the accusative both κλεῖδα and κλεῖν ; παῖς a boy, παῖδα and πάϊν ; χάρις, G. χάριτος, when signifying favour has only χάριν, when a goddess χάριτα. [Oxytones, i. e. nouns accented on the last syllable, also having os impure in the genitive, have only a, as ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδα.]

OF THE VOCATIVE SINGULAR.

27. The vocative singular is generally like the nominative, and always so in participles 2 of this third declension but sometimes it differs-1. By changing the long vowel of the nominative into a short one, as nom. ὁ τέρην tender, voc. ὦ τέρεν ; nom, ὁ πατήρ, νου, ὦ πάτερ.-2. By casting of the final s of the nom. from nouns in ευς and ous, and barytones in us and us, as N. βασιλεύς a king, V. ὦ βασιλεῦ ; Ν. βοῦς, V. ὦ βοῦ ; Ν. ὄφις, V. ὦ ὄφι ; Ν. νέηλυς a stranger, V. ὦ νέηλυ ; Ν. παῖς, V. ὦ παῖ. 5ο Ν. ἄναξ α king, V. ὦ ἄνα. But ὁ ποὺς a foot, ὁ ὁδούς a tooth, have in the vocative ὦ τους, ὦ ὁδούς.—3. By changing s of the nom. into v, or εις into ev, as N. ὁ Πολυδάμας Polydamas, V. ὦ 1 The poets, however, have βότρυα, νῆα, βσα. 2 See the participles active under the examples, sect. x. 11.

Πολυδάμαν ; Ν. ὁ τάλας miserable, V. ὦ τάλαν ; Ν. ὁ χαρίεις agreeable, V. ὦ χαρίεν. [This rule in fact coincides with the last, if we remember that these formations in aç and as are in general corruptions of the form avg and evç.]-4. Nouns in w and we have the vocative in ot, as Anrú Latona, voc. Anroi.—5. Proper names change the long vowel of the nom. into its short one, as N. 'Aπóλλwv, voc. "Απολλον ; nom. Σωκράτης, voc. Σώκρατες.

OF THE DATIVE PLURAL.

28. [The dative plural appears to have been originally formed from the nominative plural by adding or σt, and considering the neuter termination to be eg instead of a, as in Ionic, Æolic, and Doric, this form remained, παίδεσ-σι, ἄνδρεσ-σι, πραγμάτεσι. Then the usual changes for the sake of euphony took place, i. e. some vowels and consonants were omitted, and other alterations were made when necessary for the sake of quantity, which in this case was determined by that of the nom. plural. Thus ὀρνίθεσσι, ὀρνίθεσι, ὄρνιθσι, ὄρνισι; τυφθέντεσ-σι, τυφθέντεσι, τυφθέντσι, τυφθtii; a change analogous to that already observed in the nominative. These remarks can be easily applied to explain different examples: as practical rules, the following may suffice.] The dative plural is formed-1. From the dative singular, by taking σ before 1, and rejecting d, 0, v, and 7, as D. sing. βότρυι, D. plur. βότρυσι ; λαμπάδι, λαμπάσι ; ὄρνιθι, ὄρνισι ; δελφῖνι, δελφῖσι ; σώματι, opaci.-2. From the nom. sing. by adding to nouns ending in, 4, or after a diphthong, as Ν. κόραξ, D. plur. κόραξι'; Ν. "Αραψ, D. plur. "Αραψε 1; Ν. βασιλεύς, D. plur. βασιλεῦσι. But ετείς, G. κτενός, a comb, makes κτεσί; ποῦς, G. ποδός, a foot, ποσί; and οὖς, G. ὠτός, an ear, ὠσί. 3. The dative singular εντι is in the dative plural changed into εισι, οντι into ουσι, as from τιθέντι, τιθεῖσι, from λέοντι, λέουσι.-4. Nouns in ηρ, G. ερος, by syncope ρος, make the dative plural in ασι, as from πατήρ, πατράσι. So ἀρήν has ἀρνάσι, υἱεύς, a son, υἱάσι; but γαστήρ, γαστῆρσι, σωτήρ, σωτῆρσι.

5. The poets often form the dative plural from the dative singular, by changing into tσi or eσσi, as D. sing. ήρωι to a hero, D. plur. ἡρεσι οι ἡρώεσσι.

29. Contractions in this declension are of two kinds. The first in the nominative, as well as in all the other cases, without changing the natural terminations, as in the two first declensions. Thus Ν. ὁ λᾶας, λᾶς, a stone, G. λάκος, λᾶος, &c. ; Ν. ἡ δαίς, δᾷς, a torch, G. δαΐδος, δᾴδος, &c. ; Ν. τὸ ξαρ, ἦρ, spring, G. ἔαρος, ήρος, &c. ; Ν. ὁ τιμήεις, τιμῆς honourable, G. τιμήεντος, τιμῆντος, &c. ; Ν. ὁ πλακόεις, πλακούς, a cake, G. πλακόεντος, πλακοῦντος, &c. But

30. The second sort of contractions have no place in the nominative, but change the natural terminations of some other cases. Observe, therefore,

31. I. The Rules of Contraction.-1. All these nouns before contraction are declined according to the example Atλgiv; but-2. When contracted, to avoid the concourse of vowels, the genitives singular change their ao or aw into w; aot into ; oo into ov; and likewise the to into ov, εw plur. into, or dual into οι, if they come from nouns in nc, &c, or oç.—3. Datives singular always contract ai into a, ɛï into ε, u into , oï into o.-4. Nominatives, accusatives, and vocatives contract as and aa, and ta after p into a, ea from ης pure into a or n (as υγιής, acc. Ἁγιᾶ and ὑγιῆ), ea impure into η; also et from ης, ες, or og into η; εες, εας, into εις; ια into t, and tag into ις ; νες, νας into υς; σες, σας into ους; oa into ω.

ρ

N. B. Though these Rules of Contraction must necessarily appear puzzling to a beginner, yet, for his encouragement, he may be assured that PRACTICE will soon make them familiar, and indeed the best way of learning them will be by diligently committing to memory the following examples of contracted nouns. observe then,

32. 11. The Cases to be contracted.

We

1. Nouns in nc, oc, and ɛç are contracted in all cases that can admit of contraction. And note, that some nouns in 7c are masculine, others feminine; nouns in ος and εc neuter only.

Ο Δημοσθένης Demosthenes is thus declined and contracted :

Sing. Ν. ὁ Δημοσθένης, G. -εος, ους, D. —εϊ, ει, Α. —εα, η, V. —ες.
Dual, N. A. V. Δημοσθέν-εε, η, G. D. -έοιν, οἶν.

Plur. N. V. Δημοσθένεες, εις, G. —έων, ῶν, D. εσι, Α. —εας, εις 2.

Neuters in eg and og are thus declined:

Sing. N. A. V. Tò TÉλ-oç (an end), G. —eos, ovs,

Dual, N. A. V. τέλ-εε, η, G. -έοιν, οἶν.

D. —¿ï, εɩ.

Plur. N. A. V. τέλεα, η, G. -έων, ῶν, D. —εσι.

Note. The compounds of xλioç are doubly contracted, as N. ò 'Hoaxλ-éns, ñs, G. —éεoç, έovc, and jog, [observe also, that, in neuters, if a vowel precedes ɛa, it is contracted only into a, not ŋ, as rà

As to the two datives Kópak, and "Apa, this rule coincides with that immediately preceding; for Kópak makes in the Cative sing. Kópak, and so in the dative plur. it would, according to that rule, have kopako, of which Kópak, is only a different expression. So Apay, dat. sing. "Apaßi, and dat. plur. "Apaßo or "Apavi. Comp. sect. i. rule 8. * [It must be observed, that proper names have properly no plural. The learner will, therefore, attend only to the

χρέα from χρέος, κλέα from κλέος,] &c. but voc. Ηράκλεες, —εις. Some proper names in nc form the accusative in ην, as 'Αριστοφάνης, acc. 'Αριστοφάνην.-This is usually called the first declension of contracted nouns.

2. Nouns in is and

are contracted only in the dative singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural: c is masculine or feminine, neuter.

Sing. N. ò opic (a serpent), G. —105, D. —û, 1, A. —ıv, V. -4

Dual, N. A. V. öpiɛ, G. D. —iow.

Plur. N. V. ὄφιες, ις, G. -ίων, D. —ισι, Α. —ιας, ις.

Neuters in, as oivŋi mustard, are declined in the same manner, only the nom. acc. and voc. sing. are alike (comp. Rule 16), and the nom. acc. and voc. plur. are formed —ia, i. This declension in toç is properly Ionic, as appears from its being used by Herodotus, who wrote in that dialect. The Attic form, which is used by the writers of the N. T., is as follows:

Sing. N. ò op-s, G. —ews, D. —eï, εɩ, A. —ıv, V. - -6.

Dual, N. A. V. öp-ɛɛ, G. D. —έow.

Plur. N. V. ὄφ-εες, εις, G. -έων, D. -εσι, Acc. -εας, εις.

Thus also are declined ή δύναμις power, ἡ πόλις a city, &c.

This is usually called the second declension of contracted nouns.

3. Nouns in svg, vg, and v (G. ɛoç), are likewise contracted only in the dative singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, as

Sing. N. & Baotλ-ɛúç (a king), G. —έoç, Attic —έwç, D. —ïï, eĩ, A. —έa, V. —ɛv.

Dual, N. A. V. βασιλέε, G. D. -έοιν.

Plur. N. V. βασιλ-έες, εῖς, G. —έων, D. —εῦσι, Α. —έας, εἴς.

So ò πñxνs (a cubit), G. —eos, Att. —ews; but A. —vv, V. —v, and dat. plur. xeo. So the neut. rò äorv a city; only remember that the nom. acc. and voc. sing. are alike, and that the nom. acc. and voc. plur. are formed in —ɛa, ŋ. This is called the third declension of contracted nouns.

4. Nouns which end in vg, G. vog, contract only in the nom. acc. and voc. plur., as ò ẞórp-vç, G. —voς, N. V. plur. βότρυες, υς, Α. —νας, υς. So ὁ στάχυς an ear of corn, ὁ ἰχθύς a fish, ή άρκυς a net, ǹ dpuç an oak.

[The following are somewhat irregular :

1. Sing. Ν. ναῦς, G. νεώς, οι νηός, or ναός, D. νηΐ, Α. ναῦν, and in later writers νάα. Dual nom. and acc. are wanting; G. and D. vεoiv.

Plur. N. νῆες, and ναῦς in later writers.

G. νεῶν, D. ναῦσι, Α. ναῦς, and in later writers νᾶας.

2. S. N. ypauç, G. ypaós, D. ypat and ypnî, A. yрavv, V. ypav.

Ρ. Ν. γράες and γρῆες, G. γράων, D. γραῦσι, Α. γραῦς.

3. S. Ν. βοῦς, G. βοός, D. βοί, Α. βοῦν.

Ρ. Ν. βόες, G. βόων, D. βουσί, Α. βόας and βοῦς.]

5. Nouns in w and we are contracted only in the singular, their dual and plural being declined like Móyog of the second declension, as ǹ λɛxú a woman in child-bed.

Sing. Ν. ή λεχτώ, G. -όος, ούς, D. πόϊ, οἷ, Α. πόα, ὤ, V. οῖ.

There are but two nouns in we that follow this form, y aids modesty, and i wc the morning. Nouns thus declined are feminine only.-This is usually called the fourth declension of contracted

nouns.

6. Nouns neuter in as pure and pas are contracted in all the cases that admit of contraction, thus,

Sing. N. A. V. τὸ κέρ-ας (a horn), G. -ατος, αος, ως, D. —ατι, αϊ, α.

Dual, N. A. V. κέρατε, αε, α, G. D. -άτοιν, άοιν, ν.

Plur. N. A. V. kép-ara, aa, a, G. —árwv, áwv, ŵv, D. —aoɩ.

So To Kptaç flesh.-This is usually called the fifth declension of contracted nouns.

33. In all the declensions of substantives-1. The nominative, accusative, and vocative dual are always alike; so the genitive and dative dual.-2. In the plural the nominative and vocative are always alike; and the genitive always ends in wv.-3. In every number the nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are always the same, and in the plural these cases, if uncontracted, always end in a, except in Attic nouns of the second declension in wv. See above, Rule 16.

34. N. B. Here let the learner, before he proceeds, write down with the article through all the numbers and cases, and commit to memory, several other examples of nouns of each declension, besides those above given.- Οργή anger, πρύμνα the poop of a ship, ἀγορά a market-place, μωρία folly, ταμίας a butler, σατράπης a viceroy, κριτής a judge, οἰνοπώλης a vintner, may be very proper examples of the first declension ;-H ooós a way, Tò TEKvov a child, of the second;-and of the third, o uv a month, ò ἀστήρ α star, ἡ νύξ, G. νυκτός, the night, ή φλέψ, G. φλεβός a vein, μέλι honey, νάπυ, G. -νος, mastard, νόημα a design ;-and for the contracts in this declension ἡ τριήρης a galley, τὸ Ἱππομανές the Hippomanes, & Hepiλéns Pericles, ǹ dúvaμıç power, both according to the Ionic and Attic form, ò βαρβεύς an umpire, ἡ γραῖς, γραός, an old woman, ή φειδώ parsimony, τὸ κρέας flesh.

SECTION IV.

OF THE GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

1. THE gender of Greek nouns is known either by their signification or by their termination.

I. BY THEIR SIGNIFICATION.

2. Nouns signifying males, winds, months, and rivers, are generally masculine.

3. Nouns signifying females, countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants, are for the most part feminine. 4. Nouns referring to both sexes are common, as ò kai ǹ wap¤ivoç a virgin.

II. BY THEIR TERMINATION.

n

5. In the first declension, nouns in ŋ and a are feminine, in ns and aç masculine (as in sect. iii. 5).-6. In the second declension, nouns in og (and wc) are masculine, and sometimes feminine or

common.

7. Nouns in ov are neuter, whatever they signify, as rò kopáσtov a damsel, rò Ovyárpiov a little daughter.

8. Nouns of the third declension in v, 5, ρ, ψ, ας -αντος, ης, εις, ευς, ους, ως, are generally masculine ; in w, ιν, γξ, της -τητος, ις, υς, αις, αυς, ας -αδος, generally feminine ; in a, ι, υ, αρ, ορ, ας -arog are almost always neuter.

SECTION V.

OF HETEROCLITES, OR IRREGULAR NOUNS.

1. HETEROCLITES (so called from ¿ripwç kλiróg otherwise declined) are such nouns as differ from the common way of declining, by being either defective, cariant, or redundant.

2. Defectives in number are either singular only, as generally proper names and such as want the plural in sense, as the names of herbs, liquors, ages of men, virtues, vices, and the like; or plural only, as the feasts of the gods, thus, rà Aiovuoia the feast of Bacchus; some names of cities, as ai ̓Αθῆναι Athens, τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα Jerusalem.

3. Defectives in case are-1. Aptotes (from a neg. and πrwσiç a case), which have but one ending for every case, as the names of letters, aλpa, ẞira, &c., foreign names, Aaßid, 'Iopanλ, names of numbers from four to a hundred, as πévre, ïë, &c., and some substantives neuter, as rò xpɛwv fate, Tipas the body, nap a vision, &c.-2. Monoptotes (from póvos a single, and Trois case), which are used but in one case, as n xpeiw necessity (Hom. Il. x. 172), ǹ dws a gift, & 'ráv ho, such an one! ho you, sir! ai Karakλweg the Fates.-3. Diptotes (from dig twice, and Twσiç a case), which have but tro cases, as ỏ Xiç a lion, A. ròv Xiv; so the dual aμøw, G. and D. aμpoi, both.-4. Triptotes (from τρις thrice, and πτῶσις a case), which have but three cases, as ὁ μάρτυς a witness, A. μάρτυν, D. plur. μάρτυσι. So the blessed name ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus, as to termination, N. ὁ Ἰησοῦς, G. D. V. Ἰησοῦ, Α. Ἰησοῦν.

4. Variants in gender are masculine in the singular, and masc. and neut. in the plural, as sing. N. ὁ δεσμός a chain ; plur. οἱ δεσμοί and τὰ δεσμά. Το δίφρος, κύκλος, &c. But sing. ἡ κέλευθος a path ; plur. τὰ κέλευθα. Sing. ὁ καὶ ἡ Τάρταρος Tartarus; plur. τὰ Τάρταρα.

5. Variants in case, as rò yóv-v the knee, ro dóp-v a spear, G. —aros; To vdwp water, gen. vdaros; ή γυνή a woman, gen. γυναικός, &c. voc. γύναι, as if from γυναιξ. But these irregularities may be best learnt by USE.

6. Redundants form their oblique cases in a two-fold manner. Thus some nouns in ovç are declined after both the second and third declension, as ò voug the mind, G. vov and voóc, D. về and voi. So xpous, &c. Some nouns in wc of the Attic form are declined also according to the third, 25 ο γέλως laughter, G. γέλω and γέλωτος ; ὁ κάλως a cable, G. κάλω and κάλωτος. Some nouns in ηs are declined after the first and third, as ὁ Θάλης Thales, G. Θάλου and Θάλητος. Ο Μωσῆς, Motes, Mat. viii. 4. hath dat. Mwoy, Mat. xvii. 4. acc. Mwony, Acts vi. 11. and also G. Mwośwç, Mat. xxiii. 2. D. Muoti, Mark ix. 4. A. Mwoia, Luke xvi. 29. as if from Mwoεúc. So from Μωϋons, Acts vi. 14. we have not only acc. Moüony, Acts vii. 35. but also G. Mwvoiwg, Acts xv. 1. and D. Mavoti, 2 Tim. iii. 8. as if from Mwürtug. Some nouns have a double genitive, &c. of the same declension, ἡ τίγρεις, a tigress, G. —δος and —ιος ; ἡ θέμις right, G. -ιδος and -ιστος. Ο Ζεύς Jupiter is thus declined : G. Ζηνός οι Διός, D. Ζηνί or Δι, Α. Ζῆνα or Δία, V. ὦ Ζεῦ. The truth is, Διός, &c. are from nom. Δίς ; Ζηνός, νί, -va from nom. Zýv.

SECTION VI.

OF NOUNS COGNATE, FEMININE, PATRONYMICS, GENTILES, POSSESSIVES, AMPLIFICATIVES, DIMINUTIVES, VERBALS, AND COMPOUNDS.

1. COGNATE nouns are of various sorts; for-1. From most adjectives may be deduced masculines in ων, feminines in της, ια, υνη, and neuters in tov ; as from φίλος, η, ον, come Φίλων (a proper name) and φιλότης, φιλία, φιλοσύνη, and τὸ φίλιον love, friendship.2. From the dative plural of the third declension in ovat are formed feminines in ta; as from yέpwv an old man, dat. plur. γέρουσι, comes γερουσία a senate.3. From adjectives in ης come feminines in εια ; as from ἀληθής true, ἀλήθεια truth.4. From substantives are made adjectives in αιος, αλεος, and ios, as δρομαῖος, οὐράνιος, from δρόμος, οὐρανός.

2. Feminine substantives from masculines of the first declension in ης end in ις, τρια, οι τρις, as ή προφήτις a prophetess, ή ποιήτρια a poetess, ή αυλητρίς a minstreless, from ὁ προφήτης, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ αὐλητής. From masculines of the second they end in a, ινη, or aινα, as θεά a goddess, δούλη a female slave, ἰατρίνη a female physician, λύκαινα a she-wolf, from their masculines θεός, δοῦλος, ἰατρός, λύκος. From masculines of the third they often end in aινα, ασσα, εια, as λέαινα a lioness, άνασσα α queen, ιέρεια α priestess, from ὁ λέων a lion, ὁ ἄναξ a king, ὁ ἱερεύς α priest.

3. Patronymics (from πατρὸς ὄνομα, the name of a father) are names which the poets give to persons from their fathers or ancestors, thus Πηλείδης is the son of Peleus, 'Ατρείδης the son of Atreus, Ηρακλείδης a descendant of Hercules.-1. Masculine patronymics end in άδης, ιδης, or ιάδης ; for 1. From primitive proper names of the first declension in aç or nc, or of the second in tog, come patronymics in αδης, as Αἰνει-άδης, Ιπποτ-άδης, Ηλιάδης, from Αἰνείας, Ιππότης, "Ηλιος, 2. From the second in os impure, or from the genitive of the third, in ιδης, as Αἰακ-ίδης, Νεστορίδης, from Αἰακ-ός, Νέστωρ, ορος 1. But when the penultima (i. e. the last syllable but one of any genitive is long, the last syllable may be changed into ιαδης, as 'Αγχισ-ιάδης, 'Ατλαντ-ιάδης, from Αγχίσης, ου ; "Ατλας, αντος. So from Πηλεύς, νέος, Ionie - 7ος, comes Πηλείδης, by crasis Πηλείδης, and Ionic Πηλῆιάδης.-2. Feminine patronymics end in aς, ις, ηΐς, ινη, οι ωνη ; for 1. From masculine patronymics in αδης and ιδης, by leaving out in, come as and is, as 'Ηλιάς and Καδμίς, from 'Ηλιάδης and Καδμίδης ; but the poets often insert η, as Καδμηίς, Βρισηίς, Χρυσηίς. 2. Feminine patronymics from primitive nouns of the second and third declension with the last syllable impure 2 end in ινη, with the last syllable pure in wνη ; as 'Αδραστείνη, Νηρίνη, from "Αδραστος, Νηρεύς ; and 'Ακρισι-ώνη, Μετι·ώνη, from ̓Ακρίσιος, Ηετίων. Note, patronymics in δης and yη are of the first declension, but in ων, αs, and us of the third.

4. Gentiles, or the names of tournamen, end generally in της, γιος, ιος, ινος, οι ευς ; as Σπαρτιάτης, ̓Αθηναῖος, Βαβυλώνιος, Ρηγῖνος. ̓Αλεξανδρεύς from the cities Σπάρτη, ̓Αθῆναι, Βαβυλών, Ρήγιον, ̓Αλεξάνδρεια. Feminines end often in σσα, as Κρῆσσα, Κίλισσα, from Κρήτη, Κιλικία ; and sometimes in ta, from masculines in toc, as 'Αθηναία, &c.

5. Possessives, or adjectives expressing possession or relation, are derived both from proper names and appellatives, and end in eoς, ιος, ειος, κος, νος, or ωδης; as Εκτόρεος, πατρώϊος, ̓Αχίλλειος, μουσικός, ἀνθρώπινος, λιθώδης, from "Εκτωρ, πατήρ, ̓Αχιλλεύς, μοῦσα, ἄνθρωπος, λίθος.

6. Amplificatives increase the signification, and end in oς, ιας, or ων, as αρνειός a full-grown lamb, from ἄps a lamb ; παιδνός a great boy, a lad, from παῖς a boy ; πωγωνίας a man with a great beard, from πώγων a beard; στομίας one with a large mouth, from στόμα a mouth; χειλών blubber-lipped, from χείλος a lip.

7. Diminutives are derived both from proper names and from appellatives. 1. Masculines generally end in ων, αξ, σκος, λος, υς, as μωρίων a fool, from μῶρος, λίθαξ a little stone, from λίθος, ἀνθρωπίσκος a little man, a manikin, from ἄνθρωπος, ἐρωτύλος a little love, from ἔρως, —ωτος, Διόνυς, diminut. of Διονύσιος Dionysius. 2. Feminines end in ις, σκη, νη, as κρηνίς a little fountain, from κρήνη, παιδίσκη a little maid, from παῖς, παιδός, πολίχνη a little city, from πόλις.-3. Neuters in ιον, θυγάτριον a little daughter, from θυγάτηρ, προς [and especially in διον].

8. Verbals are deduced, 1st, from the active present of verbs, as νίκη a victory, from νικάω to conquer, είδος a form, from εἴδω to see : 2ndly, from the 2nd aor. as φυγή fight, from ἔφυγον, 2 aor. of φεύγω to flee ; πάθος sufering, from ἔπαθον, 2 aor. of obsolete πήθω to suffer : 3rdly, from the perfect middle, as λόγος a word, from λέλογα, perf. mid. of λέγω to speak ; τροφή food, from τέτροφα, perf. mid. of τρέφω to nourish : 4thly, from the three persons singular of the perfect passive, which end in μαι, σαι, and ται, as γράμμα a letter, γραμμή a line, from γέγραμμαι, 1 pers. perf. pass. of γράφω to write; ψαλμός α psalm, from ἔψαλμαι, 1 pers. perf. pass. of ψάλλω to sing to music; κρίσις judg ment, from κέκρισαι, 2 pers. perf. pass. of κρίνω to judge, δοκιμασία proof, from δεδοκίμασαι, 2 pers. perf. pass. of δοκιμάζω to prove; ποιητής a poet, Χριστός Christ (anointed), χαρακτήρ α character, ῥήτωρ an orator, κιθαριστής the art of playing on the harp, ορχήστρα the orchestra, and ὀρχηστρίς α dancer, κοιμητήριον a cemetery, ἄροτρον a plough, and adjectives in τεος, as λεκτέος, from the respective third persons perf. pass. πεποίηται, κέχρισται, κεχάρακται, ἔῤῥηται, κεκιθάρισται, ὤρχησται, κεκοίμηται, ἤρωται, λέλεκται.

1 Ionic patronymics end in των, as from Κρόνος Κρονίων; Doric patronymics in das, as from Κρέων Κρεώνδας. 2 Sec sect. i. 19.

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