niches above, with statues. The groins partake of the nature of those in the centre of the chapel, but done without pendentives. At the West end of the ailes are porches, curiously added to the first division of these ailes. The perforated brass screen inclosing the tomb of Henry, is wrought in the true spirit of the features of the chapel, while the tomb (exclusive of the statues of the royal pair) is designed in the then Italian mode; therefore (setting aside its excellent workmanship) not strictly in character.

The mouldings are but few, individually; yet, by repeating them on particular objects, they appear at first view exceeding numerous. The ornaments in the foliaged parts seem in general but little studied or varied, being a constant repetition of the Tudor devices, the rose, portcullis, fleurde-lis, dragon, greyhound, &c. The several statues fine, and evince the strict costume of the day, whether they pourtray saints, or personages then living.

As this survey has been expressly taken for the present purpose of carrying on on rise and progress, I embraced the opportunity of looking over with much care the several seats of the stalis, in order to give so.... e confident answer to "An Old Correspondent," who has more than once alluded to their indecent tendency. 1 can find very few of the carvings but what are strictly decorous; they indeed, in the mass, claim approbation, from the just moral they convey, and the costumic information they every where impart.

At this period of our National Architecture, the true Pointed Style, like other long esta! lished principles, gave way; when, in a manner as sudden and as strange, another mode of design was brought forward, evidently set on foot to drive for ever from the rising genius of the Country all bias or ankering after the fore-one glories of our old masters of art, before we proceed further on this topic, it will be needful in this place to advert to some common opinions, prevalent among my brethren, and which are thus maintained.

"There are three distinct species of Gothic (their nick-name for our Antient Architecture)ChurchGothic,Castle Gothic, and Mansion Gothic, each

having its own peculiar decorations, (that is, as fancy may devise.) First; (scouting all styles and dates) externally, pointed doorways and windows, buttresses, pinnacles, &c. Internally, arches, columns, &c. Arrangement to take any form but that of the Christian one, a cross.-Second; externally towers, battlements, loop-holes, &c. Internally, dungeons, rooms with little or no light, walls bare, and to carry more the seeming of a prison than that of a place of defence, accompa nied with every splendid accommodation, both for war, and royal residence. - Third; externally, squareheaded doorways and windows, octangular turrets (for shew, not the incumbent uses, staircases); battlements, arched recesses (an internal church decoration), pinnacles, spires, &c. (church decorations). internally, every part of the plan to assume a moder house-finishing appearance.” (It must however be owned, that, in a few of these new apartments, some wiredrawn scraps are larded over the walls, taken from plaster casts on screens, monuments, groins, &c.) That the above" opinions" may not be thought coined for the present oceasion, look at all the things" run up” in this way, serving for Chapels, (no necessity to "do" a church), Castles †, and Abbeys, alias gentlemen's seats, produced within these few years, in Town and Country,

In contradiction to such unclassic ideas, I observe, that, in every æra, a particular style of building manifested itself, as successively shewn in this progress; and that the decorations seen on sacred elevations (excepting such as had a direct Scriptural reference) were also introduced on castellated and mansion-formed edifices. And, although the plan of a castle has not the figure of a cross, ailes, chapels, &c. ; yet it presents doorways, windows, arches, columns, and ornamenis, in like manner as found on the limes of a church. Notwithstanding but few mansions exist of a date prior to the sixteenth century; still, if we may conclude from

*Tavistock Chapel, Chapel in Prospect place, St. George's Fields, &c. + Kew. Fonthill, &c. § Rochester Castle, Durham Castle, Windsor in its pristine state (see Hollar), Caernarvon, Conway, &c. the

the domestic buildings attached to Cathedrais and Abbey's, their decorations being run in continuation, all our old mansions must have partaken of the like prevailing embellishments. The style, to count on in this last respect, may be exemplined from numerous houses in being, built in the Tidor times, and in the Tudor st.ie; they may be met with in all degrees of workmanship, from the most simple cottage or shop, to the most sumptuous edifice; and, if specimens are wanted, Coventry possesses in particular, a complete assemblage of all that may be called beauteous and transcendant. In fact, an entire series of houses and mansions can be pointed out to those who may be desirous of studying from such remains. But minds thus framed, I fear, are few; the great body of professionalists rely too much on their own taste," and their own creative" faculties, to condescend to be come compilers, or copyists, from our antient piles: they may, indeed. set about to improve, or destroy them; but they can never fall back into the errors of a superstitious or exact imitation of any one of the said works, religious, warlike, or civil.

46

Taking leave of the Pointed Orders in the examples drawn from Henry's Chapel, let it be remembered, that whatever progressive characteristics we have descanted on, prevailing in metropolitan and monastic: hurches, the like objects are invariably to be traced (on smaller scales) in most of the parochial erections throughout the kingdom. Castles and mansions, though not singly brought forth for discussion, bore a hike tendency to the ascendant precedents, as above hinted at. Thus, around the land, ever shone one periodical blaze of Architectural pride, unrivalled and original.

AN ARCHITECT,

They have hitherto continued in a blind state, as a prepared instrument by which the fulness of the Gentiles is to be brought in about the last days; for the blessing of each tribe is especially declarative of their peculiar state in the last days,Gen. xlix. 1. And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yoursires together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the LAST DAYS. Of Judah he says, He stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion, who shall rouse him up?

Balaam, likewise, prophesying of the Israelites, says, "Behold, the people shall rise up as a great lion, and lift up himself as a young lion; he shall not lie down till he eat the prey, and drink the blood of the Slain. Numb. xxiii 24. This surely implies that the Jews will at some late period arise in a warlike, in a disturbed, and probably in a deceived state; but, as the final Restoration of that people is one of the predicted events which is to crown the closing term of 2,000 years from the Birth of Christ, aud we are already entered on the last century but one of that period, is it not a time to call forth our peculiar attention to the new movements of that people? They have hitherto been the standing miracle of the World; and, although for the last seventeen centuries in a comparatively quiescent state, there is now a working begun; and a train fraught with the seeds of alteration has been lately introduced among them, by a powerful Empire virtually devoid of any revealed religion. And if it is not superstitious to expect the swelling bud of vegetation to expand with the coming Spring, neither can I think it so to look forward to the fulfilment of the prophecies concerning that people, now that such steps are taking as will eventually bring them into action with the other powers of Christendom. And as the devices of human creatures become instrumental in the hands of Providence, may not the

subject is particularly treated on in a new exposition of the metallick image and the Apocalypse, though published under the title of the Revival of the Roman empire. It is there contended that the prophetic history of the Jews forms a much greater part of the Revelation of St. John than has hitherto been apprehended; and particularly that they are in the 9th, and several other chapters, described individually under the term man, and collectively by the appellative of men. But this appellative, when evidently given to a race distinct from other people then mentioned, is first educed as descriptive of the Jews, from prototypes in the Old Testament; and as they are found in their own scriptures, the Jews themselves may do well to consider them. The only one which I shall mention is a passage that has often ben brought forward, but I believe never in the same point of view; it is from the great compendium of all prophecy, the metallic image; Daniel there speaking of a certain people belonging to the last empire, foretels that they shall, at the time of the end, mingle themselves with the seed of men; and this does appear to signify that there is in prophecy a peculiar people denominated pre-eminently men; and though in another part of Daniel, ch. ii. 41, the same people are symbolized by clay; it is potters clay, which is a selection of the best sort of clay. We will now, therefore, view what the author of the Revival of the Roman Empire says in favour of the supposition that the term man, when emphatically applied, designates a Jew in the Apocalypse.

Revelations, chap. ix. ver. 4. And it was commanded them that they should not hurt the grass of the earth, neither any green thing, neither any tree; but only those men who have not the seal of God in their forebeads.'

"In the latter part of this chapter it is also said, the four angels were prepared to slay the third part of men; but, as this is never apprehended to mean the third part of mankind, it must, in either sense in which it can be taken, designate some particular people distinguished by the denomination of men; which necessarily puts us upon the endeavour

to find out who are the people preeminently called men.

"It appears in the 7th chapter, that 144,000 Jews were sealed and in the 14th ch. when the 144,000 appear with the Lamb as the first fruits, it is said that they were redeemed from among men ; and that no man except the 144,000 could learn the new song (new covenant); the insurmountable difficulty which the Jews in general find to learning the joyful Christian doctrine, or new song, is well known; but, as the Gentiles of all kindred and tongues can learn that song, does it not seem to follow that those men who could not learn the song were Jews, the blindness of whom is accounted for by St. Paul, Romans xi. 7. What then? Israel hath not obtained that which he seeketh for; but the ELECTION (the 144,000) hath obtained it, and the rest were blinded. And accordingly, the blindness of the Jews, though constantly mixed with Christians, continues a wonder to this day. The Jews, as selected by their Maker, are entitled to the chief distinction; and in respect to the term men may receive it in the following words, given as from the Deity himself: Ezekiel xxxiv. 31, And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, saith the Lord God."

Mr. Butt seems aware of some particular meaning of the word man in the Apocalypse, as he says, "omit the word man whenever it is not found in the Greek." He also says, "The same things are often exhibited in different views by various emblems at once;" that is, as we must conclude,"various emblems" in one chapter or particular section of prophecy. In his explanation of symbols, it likewise appears that trees and grass denote men having spiritual life.

"St. Paul, in Romans 11th, particularly describes the Jews by the emblem of the olive tree; and that the vine is in the Old Testament a chief type of the Jews, and that they may from thence in the Scripture language appropriately be called trees, has already been discussed in the preceding chapter; and if trees were there rightly apprehended to mean Jews, they must mean the same here. When, therefore, the above 4th verse says, the locusts were not to hurt

any tree, but only those men which have not the seal of God in their foreheads, do not the trees and the men, from the word only, appear to be of one and the same kind, though spoken of (as is common in the succession of discourse) under various denominations, but as if the sense was, hurt not the Jews, excepting that part of them which have not the seal; and thus would the term of men and that of tree be found, as indeed they here seem to be, synonymous. And this will agree with the safe sealing only of some Jews in the 7th chapter. Daniel, in his 2nd chapter, shews at the 43d verse, that of two different nations which will in the latter time mingle themselves together, one only is to be termed men. And whereas thou sawest iron mixed

with miry clay, they shall mingle themselves with the seed of MEN: but they shall not cleave one to another, even as iron is not mixed with clay. And the 7th chapter of Hosca, 1st verse, says, when I would have healed Israel, then was the iniquity of Ephraim discovered. And at the 8th verse it is said, Ephraim, he hath mixed himself among the people.... Our Saviour born of the Jews is styled the Son of man; the most eminent of the prophets are also frequently called son of man, which may have a particular meaning, or may be casual; but in this part of the present chapter the term men is so evidently made use of to specificate and distinguish a certain people from their conquerors the horsemen, that henceforward, whenever that same term is emphatically applied, we cannot but conclude that it is one of the scripture appellatives of some peculiar race of people*."

That the term man is still further emphatically applied in the Apocalypse, will be found on turning to the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th chapters. In the 13th it appears that men will be allured to coalesce with, and worship a great Antichristian empire or beast, while in the 14th there is a strong prohibition and warning against this very crime: 9th verse, If any MAN worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead, er in his hand, 10th verse, The same

* Revival of the Roman and Greek Empires, from p. 207 to 212.

shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God; and in the 16th ch. it appears that the forbidden crime had been committed, as it opens with the first vial of wrath pouring upon men which had the mark of the beast, and upon them which worshiped his image. Yours, &c.

Mr. URBAN,

I. P.

The

Jan. 6. THINK no one will dispute (though it is not so generally adopted as it should be) that the Clergy ought to be taught to read; but few have seen or acknowledged the necessity of extending that instruction to their Clerks, although our ears are on every Sunday assailed with the most disagreeable voices and the most wretched pronunciation from the person, who, next to the Clergyman, leads the congregation. Instead of drawing the attention, and adding to the devotion of those assembled solemnly to deprecate the wrath of God, to implore his assistance and protection, and praise him for his mercies, I believe every person will agree that nine-tenths of our Clerks perform their part in a disagreeable, iguorant, and sometimes even in a laughable manner. responses are, surely, an important part of the service of our Church; and if the person appointed to make them, were to do so in a serious and sensible manner, it would naturally follow that the congregation would do so also. A quiet, calm, and as our excellent exhortation expresses it, "an humble voice," would excite attention, and restore the lost custom of each person in the assembly audibly joining in the same manner. The dissonant voice of the Clerk, and his bad pronunciation, has probably been the cause, that he alone now is heard at all. Clerks, I believe, are usually chosen after their education (if such it may be called) is finished: they must certainly read and write; but would it not be desirable to have them prepared for their office, and pains taken to impress on them the importance of it, and to instruct them in the manner they ought to follow the Clergyman?

I do not think it would be beneath the Dignitaries of our Church to suggest the above in their Visitations. I am persuaded the happiest effects would eusue, not only in but out of

the