σε

" of the year, which returns into it“ self: because he is the God of all nature, he is said to have fought "with Cupid, and to have been overcome by him, because, as "we read in the tenth Eclogue, "Omnia vincit amor. Therefore, according to fables, Pan is said to "have been in love with the nymph Syrinx, who being pursued by him implored the aid of the earth, and was turned into a reed, which " Pan, to sooth his passion, formed "into a pipe." SERVIUS.

σε

Pan was esteemed by the ancients to be the God of the shepherds, and to preside over rural affairs; thus our poet,

Do not think much to rub your lip with a reed.

Arcadia, he fell in love with a nymph, and married her ; that she brought forth Pan, at whose countenance being affrighted she ran away; but that Mercury was exceedingly delighted with him, and wrapped him up in a hare's skin, and carried him to the mansion of the Gods, and shewed him to Jupiter and the rest, who admired him very much, especially Bacchus, and called him Pan, bocause he rejoiced all their hearts.

Καί ῥ ̓ ὅγ ̓ ἐς ̓Αρκαδίην πολυπίδακα μητέρα μήλων

Εξίκετ'· ἔνθα δὲ οἱ τέμενος Κυλλήνιον ἐστιν. Ενθ ̓ ὅγε, καὶ θεὸς ὢν, ψαφαρότριχα μῆλ' ἐνόμευεν

̓Ανδρὶ παρὰ θνητῷ· θάλε γὰρ πόθος ὑγρὸς ἐπελθὼν,

Νύμφῃ ἐϋπλοκάμῳ Δρύοπος φιλότητι μιγῆναι. Ἐκ δ ̓ ἐτέλεσσε γάμον θαλερὸν, τέκε δ ̓ ἐν μεν γάροισιν

Ερμείῃ φίλον υἱὸν, ἄφαρ τερατεινὸν ἰδέσθαι, Αἰγιπόδην, δικέρωτα, πολύκροτον, ἡδυγέλωτα. Φεῦγε δ' ἀναΐξασα, λεἶπεν δ ̓ ἄρα παῖδα τιθήνη Δεῖσε γὰρ, ὡς ἴδεν ὄψιν ἀμείλιχον, ἠυγένειον. Τὸν δ' αἶψ' Ερμείας ἐριούνιος εἰς χέρα θῆκε Δεξάμενος χαῖρεν δὲ νόῳ περιώσια δαίμων. Ρίμφα δ ̓ ἐς ἀθανάτων ἕδρας κίε, παῖδα καλύ. μας

Πάρ

Δέρμασιν ἐν πυκινοῖσιν ὀρεσκῴοιο λαγωοῦ. δὲ Ζηνὶ κάθιζε καὶ ἄλλοις ἀθανάτοισιν Δεῖξε δὲ κοῦρον εόν. πάντες δ ̓ ἄρα θυμὸν ἔτερφθεν

Αθάνατοι, περίαλλα δ ̓ ὁ Βάκχειος Διόνυσος. Πᾶνα δέ μιν καλέεσκον ὅτι φρένα πᾶσιν ἔπερψε.

Herodotus, in his Euterpe, tells us, that the people of Mendes in Egypt esteemed Pan as one of the eight deities, whom they looked upon as prior to the twelve: that they represented him as having the face and legs of a goat: that they also worship all goats, especially the males; that both Pan and a goat are called Mendes in the Egyptian language; and that some abominable rites were used in this goatworship. Τὸν Πάνα τῶν ὀκτὼ θεῶν

learn the very same thing?

I have a pipe composed of seven unequal reeds ;

λογίζονται εἶναι οἱ Μενδήσιοι. τοὺς δὲ ὀκτὼ θεοὺς τούτους, προτέρους τῶν δυώδεκα θεῶν φασὶ γενέσθαι. γράφουσί τε δὴ καὶ γλύφουσι οἱ ζωγράφοι καὶ οἱ ἀγαλματοποιοὶ τοῦ Πανὸς τὤγαλμα, κατάπες Ἕλληνες, αιγοπρόσωπον καὶ τραγοσκελέα· οὔτι τοιοῦτον νομίζοντες εἶναί μιν, ἀλλ ̓ ὅμοιον τοῖσι ἄλλοισι θεοῖσι. ὅτε δὲ εἵνεκα τοιοῦτον γράφουσι αὐτὸν, οὔ μοι ἥδιον ἐστι λέγειν. σέβονται δὲ πάντας τοὺς αἶγας οἱ Μενδήσιοι, καὶ μᾶλλον τοὺς ἔρσενας τῶν θηλέων· καὶ τούτων οἱ αἰπόλοι τιμὰς μέζονας ἔχουσι· ἐκ δὲ τούτων εἷς μάλιστα, ὅστις ἐπεὰν ἀποθάνῃ, πένθος μέγα παντὶ τῷ Μενδησίῳ νομῷ τίθεται. καλέεται δὲ ὅ, τε τράγος καὶ ὁ Πὰν Αἰγυπτιστὶ, Μένδης. ἐγένετο δ ̓ ἐν τῷ νομῷ τούτῳ ἐπ ̓ ἐμεῦ τοῦτο τὸ τέρας· γυναικὶ τράγος ἐμίσγετο ἀναφανδόν. τοῦτο ἐς ἐπίδεξιν ἀνθρώπων ἀπίκετο. In the same book he tells us, that the Greeks thought Pan to be the son of Penelope by Mercury; Πανὶ δὲ τῷ ἐκ Πηνελόπης, ἐκ ταύτης γὰρ καὶ Ἑρμέω λέγεται γενέσθαι ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων ὁ Πάν. This indeed is not greatly to the honour of that lady, so famous for her chastity: much less is that, which has been related by some writers of a later date, that he was called Пav, because he was the son of Penelope by all her wooers. Bochart will have his name to be derived from the Hebrew D pan or 15 pun, which signifies a great astonishment, because such terrors are called panic. The same learned writer observes also that is by some pronounced phun; whence Faunus is another name for the same deity.

32. Pan primus calamos, &c.] Thus he is mentioned by Bion, as the inventor of the shepherd's pipe; | Ως εὔρε πλαγίαυλον ὁ Πάν.

The fable of Pan being in love with the nymph Syrinx, who fed from him till she came to a river that stopped her fight, where she was turned into reeds, is related in the first book of Ovid's Metamorphoses. This poet tells us, that Pan, grasping his arms full of reeds instead of the nymph, stood sighing by the river side; where observing the reeds, as they were moved by the wind to make an agreeable sound, he cut some of them, and joining them together with wax, formed shepherd's pipe :

Panaque, cum prensam sibi jam Syringa putaret,

Corpore pro Nymphæ calamos tenuisse palustres.

Dumque ibi suspirat, motos in arundine

Inter se junctis nomen tenuisse puellæ.

35. Quid non faciebat Amyntas.] Here again Catrou will have Amyntas to be one of Virgil's supposed scholars, Cebes, and that he here stirs up Alexander, or Alexis, to emulate the ardour of Cebes in his poetical studies.

36. Est mihi disparibus, &c.] of music, the shepherd now enHaving represented the excellence deavours to allure Alexis, by setting forth the great value of the pipe which he possessed, and by a present of two beautiful kids.

posed of seven reeds, unequal in The shepherd's pipe was comlength, and of different tones,

which Damætas formerly gave me when he died, saying, You now are the second spake: and foolish Amyntas envied.

dum.

The

joined together with wax. figure of it is to be seen in several monuments of antiquity. Theocritus indeed mentions a pipe of nine reeds;

Σύριγγ ̓ ἂν ἐποίησα καλὰν ἐγὼ ἐννεάφωνον, Λευκὸν καρὸν ἔχουσαν, ἴσον κάτω, ἴσον ἄνωθεν, but seven was the usual number.

Cicutis.] Cicuta is commonly thought to be hemlock. It is not to be supposed, that they ever made their pipes of hemlock, which is very offensive. It is probably used for any hollow stalk in general. Servius says it means the space between two joints of a reed; "Cicuta au"tem est spatium, quod est inter cannarum nodos."

37. Damætas.] Catrou is of opinion, that Virgil, under the name of Damœtas, means the poet Lucretius, who was the reformer of the hexameter verse. This flute, says he, is a legacy, which Virgil had left him by Lucretius, who died the very day that Virgil put on his manly gown; that is, about the time when our author began his most early poems. But Lucretius was not a writer of Bucolicks; and it cannot be supposed, that Virgil, at the age of sixteen or seventeen years, could be thought of consequence enough to be a successor to a poet of so established a reputation as Lucretius.

39. Invidit stultus Amyntas.] Servius, as he is quoted by Masvicius, says, that one Cornificius, who pretended to write against Virgil, is meant here: "Amyntam Corni"ficium vult intelligere, quia co"natus est contra Virgilium scri

"vidit." But Burman observes, that this note is not to be found in any of the manuscripts or printed editions of that commentator.

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Virgil intends hereby," says Catrou, to make Alexander un"derstand the progress that Cebes "had made in poetry. He was come to such a height, as even "to envy his master the first glory "in versification. The works of a poet are represented under the symbol of the instrument, to "which he sings. Thus Cebes en"vies Virgil the flute which he had "received from Lucretius; that is, "the glory of hexameter verse.' Thus, according to this learned critic, Virgil, who had taken Cebes to instruct, and had succeeded so well therein, as to make him a good poet, calls him a fool for emulating his master; notwithstanding that four or five lines before he had proposed him to Alexander, as worthy of his imitation. Besides, it is plain, that Damotas bequeathed his pipe to Corydon with his dying breath, and that Amyntas envied him the legacy at that very time;

Et dixit moriens: te nunc habet ista secundum :

Dixit Damætas: invidit stultus Amyntas.

Therefore Cebes must have been present, when Lucretius bequeathed his poetical genius to Virgil, and have envied him for it. Now is it possible for any one to suppose, that Virgil, at the age of seventeen, could be thought second to Lucretius, or that he had then instructed a youth so well in poetry, that he should think of being his rival?

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Pierius found in a very ancient manuscript sparsis etiam nunc pellibus; Ambo bina die, &c. Catrou prefers this reading, and has admitted it into the text. Burman rejects it, because it is not countenanced by the best manuscripts ; and he thinks ambo superfluous, since we have had duo already. 42. Die.] Virgil is wont to use die for quotidie or uno die, "Ecl. iii. 34. Æn. xi. 397. thus also Quintilian. x. de Inst. Orat. 3. "Virgilium paucissimos die compo"suisse versus auctor est Varus." BURMAN.

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Nec tuta. valle.] He augments the value of these kids, by telling Alexis, in what a dangerous place he had found them. It was in a valley, probably between two rocks, of difficult and dangerous access; or perhaps exposed to wild beasts or robbers.

Reperti] La Cerda understands this word to express, that these kids had been lost, and found again. Dr. Trapp is earnest for this interpretation, because he says they must have been stolen by Corydon, if they had not been his own before; and therefore ought to be restored to the right owner. But we may suppose them to have been wild kids; and it is plain that they were taken from the dam, because they are put to a sheep to nurse.

41. Sparsis etiam nunc pellibus albo.]

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"Kids at first have white spots, which alter, and lose their beauty afterwards. Therefore he says, I reserve two kids for you, "which have not yet lost the white 66 spots out of their skin." SERVIUS.

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43. Jampridem a me illos, &c.] This is taken from the third Idyllium of Theocritus ;

Η μάν τοι λευκὰν διδυματόκον αἶγα φυλάσσω, Τάν με καὶ ἁ Μέρμνωνος Εριθακὶς ἁ μελανόχρως

Αἰτεῖ. καὶ δωσῶ οἱ, ἐπεὶ τύ μοι ἐνδιαθρύπτη.

I have a pretty goat, a lovely white,
She bears two kids, yet fills three pails

at night.

This tawny Bess hath begg'd, and begg'd in vain ;

But now 'tis her's, since you my gifts disdain. CREECH.

Thestylis.] It is plain from this passage, that Thestylis is not the mother of Corydon, as Catrou imagines.

Abducere orat.] "Orat "ut abducat; thus in the tenth "Eneid, Donat habere for Donat "ut habeat." SERVIUS.

44. Sordent tibi munera nostra.] Thus Horace ;

Cunctane præ campo et Tiberino flumine sordent ?

45. Huc ades, &c.] The shepherd being in doubt, whether these presents of the pipe and kids are sufficient to engage Alexis, renews his invitation by offering him a present of flowers, to be gathered by the hand of a fair nymph, to which he adds some fruits, which he proposes to gather himself, and intermix with leaves of the finest odour.

Huc ades.] "I have observed "this form of words to be used "both by the Greeks and Latins, "in appellations full of love. Thus "Sappho to Venus, λλà y dd "sed huc tu ades; and again,

μoì xai võv, nunc mihi ades. The"ocritus, in his fifth Idyllium, in"culcates it twice, and yg "dge, sed enim ades, huc ades. "Virgil, in this place, Huc udes, Virgil, in this place, Huc ades, "O formose puer; and again, Huc "ades, insani feriant sine littora "venti; and in the ninth Eclogue, "Huc ades, O Galatea." LA CERDA. Lilia.] See the note on ver. 130. of the fourth Georgick.

46. Calathis.] Servius observes, that calathus is a Greek word, for which the Romans used quasillum; thus Cicero, At vero inter quasilla appendebatur aurum. La Cerda says, that the calathus seems to have been a basket used by the ancients for flowers, as may appear from several passages besides this now before us. Thus Ovid;

Sparsosque sine ordine flores
Secernunt calathis:

Come hither, O lovely boy. See the nymphs are gathering whole baskets full of lilies for you a fair Naiad

And Jerom, "Rosarum et liliorum "calathus." He observes also, that it served not only for flowers, but for all other country things, as appears from the following passages of Ovid;

Afferat in calatho rustica dona puer:
And Columella;

Pomisque Damasci
Stipantur calathi:
And Nemesianus ;

Decerpunt vitibus ulmos,
Et portant calathis.

Hence he infers that the poet did not transfer the word from workbaskets, as some imagine, because agriculture is the most ancient of all arts: whence it seems more profrom agriculture to work-baskets. bable, that the word was transferred This learned critic proceeds to give a new signification to calathus. "It means not only a basket," says he, "but all flowers, which when "they blow, expand into an orb. "The Latin Dictionaries indeed are entirely silent about it, but

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