per intervalla clamorum, incredibili constantia perexit et peroravit: qua ejus virtute consternati inimici, in posterum minus ei molestiæ exhibuerunt. In Heidelbergensi etiam academia, principis authoritate ad profitendum adductus, consimiles æmulorum clamores invicto animo pertulit Adversus doctos aliquot homines Goveanum, Gallandium, Perionium, Turnebum, Me runt ad dialecticæ artis perfectionem definitione nihil | ringus ad Henricum regem de disciplina Ramea retuopus esse. Qui duo judices à Ramo lecti erant, con- lisset, in numerum atque ordinem regiorum professorum trà censuerunt. Postridie tres judices Aristotelei vehe- per literas regias honorificè ad se scriptas, est cooptatus. menter conturbati, de partitione assentiuntur, causam- Gratias itaque et regi Henrico et Carolo Lotharingo que in aliam diem rejiciunt. Verùm ne non damna- publicè egit; sibique persuasit, se à rege in præstanretur Ramus, novum concilium initur, ut ab initio tota tissima reip. parte esse collocatum; sibique adeo dies disputatio retexatur, judicata pridie, pro nihilo habea- ac noctes esse summo studio enitendum, ne tanto mutur. Ab ista judicum inconstantia provocat Ramus; neri ac professioni eloquentiæ simul et philosophia sed frustrà; judicium n. sine provocatione tribus illus deesset: unde animos adolescentium tanta audiendi et judicibus datur; condemnantur triumvirali illa sen- proficiendi cupiditate inflammavit, ut schola regia, licet tentia non solùm Animadversiones Aristotelicæ, sed ad audiendum amplissima, plerumque tamen auditorum Institutiones etiam Dialecticæ: auctori interdicitur, concursum frequentiamque capere minime potuerit. ne in posterum vel docendo vel scribendo, ullam phi-| Adversariorum petulantiam summa constantia tulit atlosophiæ partem attingeret: ludi etiam magno appa- que pervicit; symbolumque ejus hoc fuit, “Labor ratu celebrantur, in quibus Ramus et Ramea Dialec- omnia vincit." Anno 1552, cum in Cameracensi schola tica ludibrio habetur. Ab his difficultatibus unus frequentissimis auditoribus dialecticam suam auspicaomnium Carolus Lotharingus Ramum liberavit: Hen-retur, inter strepitus, clamores, sibilos nihil commotus, rico enim regi persuaserat, philosophiam semper liberam esse oportere. Hinc Ramus pristinæ docendi ac scribendi libertati restitutus, per annos quatuor summa in pace studiis operam dedit. Anno ætatis trigesimo primo orationem de studiis philosophie et eloquentiæ conjungendis habuit: cum Talæo fratre (sic eum perpetuo vocat) professionis partes ita divisit, ut Talæus matutinis horis philosophiam, ipse pomeridianis elo-lancthonum, pari silentio est usus. Viginti annis abquentiam doceret: in poetis, oratoribus, philosophis omnisque generis authoribus explicandis, usum dialecticæ demonstravit : id Ramo postea crimini datum est, quòd in philosophico studio non philosophos, sed, contra leges academiæ, pro philosophis poetas explicaret: purgat se Ramus; petitque ut gymnasium suum Præleum per probos et doctos homines invisatur. Sed judex quidam, nobilis adolescens, datus, discipulos Rami indicta causa, condemnat; publicis et scholis et sigillis et tabulis prohibet; omnibus denique academiæ muneribus et præmiis excludit. Ab hac sententia tam nova discipuli Rami ad Julianense philosophorum comitium provocant, et absolvuntur, modò præceptor eorum jurejurando confirmet, libros, academiæ legibus definitos, à se esse prælectos. Confirma Ramus: paulò tamen pòst ab eodem judice adolescente, non discipuli, ut antea, sed magistri eorum oppugnantur: Ramo injungitur, ut in publicis scholis disciplinam suam ipse detestaretur et ejuraret. Is ad superiores academiæ ordines secundò provocat: sed cùm vitandi tumultus causa, scripto se absens, defenderet, adolescens ille judex, etsi duabus appellationibus rejectus, tertiò judicat ac damnat. Quartò provocat Ramus : cùm provocationis diem accusator antevertisset, coactus est Ramus subito in senatum venire: hic iterum Carolus Lotharingus unico præsidio fuit: accusationem cujusdam audiit gravissimam Ramum Academicum nominantis, qui de humanis divinisque legibus dubitaret, qui lubricos D. Augustini locos ad effrænatam atque impiam libertatem suis auditoribus proponeret, et quo facilius incautis animis abuteretur, omnes logicas disputationes tolleret. Contra has calumnias facile se defendit Ramus. Decretum est itaque in senatu, uti Ramus discipulique ejus in pristinum atque integrum statum restituerentur. Ipse anno ætatis trigesimo sexto cùm Blessiis Carolus Lotha stemius fuit, donec sanitatis causa medici vino uti suaserunt: vini enim fastidium ceperat ex quo infans in cellam vinariam clam parentibus irrepens, se tam immodicè ingurgitavit, ut mortuo similis humi reperiretur. Pro lectulo stramentis ad senectutem usque usus est. Calebs tota vita permansit. Prælei gymnasii labore (qui ipsi sine ullo publico stipendio erat mandatus) contentus fuit. A discipulis suis oblata munera, quamvis debita, tamen non accepit. Anno 1556, Ciceronianum edidit de optima juventutis instituendæ ratione. Pronuntiationem Latinæ linguæ in academia Parisiensi tunc temporis inquinatissimam, corrigendi author cumprimis fuit, reclamantibus licet Sorbonistis, pravarum omnium consuetudinum propugnatoribus tam obstinatis, ut sacerdotem quendam novatæ pronuntiationis coram senatu Parisiensi insimulatum, quasi ob hæresin, ut aiebant, grammaticam, amplissimis proventibus ecclesiasticis privandum contenderent: et lite quidem superiores videbantur discessuri, nisi P. Ramus cæterique professores regii ad curiam convolantes, judicii tam alieni insolentiam dissuasissent. Verùm illius temporis tam crassa ignorantia fuit, ut libris editis, proditum sit, in ea academia doctores extitisse, qui mordicus defenderent, "ego amat" tam commodam syntaxin esse, quàm "ego amo;" ad eamque pertinaciam comprimendam, authoritate publica opus fuisse. In mathematicis quid effecerit Ramus, Schola Mathematicæ aliaque ejus opera testantur. Ea meditantem, belli civilis calamitas interpellavit; acceptis igitur à rege literis, ad regiam Fontisbelaquei bibliothecam profectus, mathematicas prælectiones ad initio plenius et uberius retractavit. Tum in Italiam cogitabat, quo ipsum Bononia honorificè invitarat; vel saltem in Germaniam : sed viis omnibus terror mortis intentatus, rumor etiam Prælei sui indignis modis direpti ac bibliothecæ spoliatæ, ad re fautorem denique ipsum Electorem Palatinum, qui discedentem Ramum, aurea imagine sua donavit. Inde Francofurtum pergens, à primariis aliquot civibus honorificè est acceptus: deinde Noribergam ad præ giam Vincennarum proprius urbem revocarunt. Sed et | Olevitanum, hospitem etiam Immanuelem Tremellium, alia vis etiam gravius urgebat, ut è Vincennis per invia itinera profugiendum esset, et subinde variis in locis delitescendum: in fuga tamen et latebris otium hospitesque sui cupidissimos reperit; in eoque otio Scholas Physicas conscripsit, vel potius inchoavit. Erumpentestantissimos opifices et mechanicos aliosque viros docrursus bello civili, in optimatum castra profugit: eo tumultu post sex menses sedato, reversus, nihil in bibliotheca præter inania reperit scrinia; mathematicas tantùm commentationes Resnerus (qui Parisiis permansit) direptoribus commodùm eripuit. Impendente jam tertium civili bello, impetravit à rege Carolo ad invisendas exteras academias annuam dimissionem, quasi legationem liberam. In extremis regni finibus, vix militum quorundam manus, nisi prolato in medium diplomate regio, effugisset. Ter dimissus, ter repetitus, tandem velocitate summa eo pervenit, ubi sicariis licentia nequaquam pareat. Adventus ejus in Germaniam bonorum ac doctorum omnium singulari humanitate et gratulatione exceptus est. Argentorati Joannes Sturmius, ejus academiæ author simul et rector, peramanter eum accepit deinde academia toto adjunctis etiam quibusdam ad ampliorem gratulationem comitibus et baronibus, liberalissimè tractavit: quo die, denique, nobilissimæ nuptiæ in eo loco celebrabantur, in prytaneum summus urbis magistratus, publicæ gratulationis gratia cum Sturmio eum adduxit. Bernam præteriens, tantùm vidit, nec tamen sine consulis Stegeri honorifica liberalitate, atque Halleri, Aretii, aliorumque doctissimorum hominum amica gratulatione discessit. Tiguri, Henricus Bullengerus simulatque in urbem ingressus est Ramus, gratulator primus affuit, cœnamque ei apparavit, eruditissimis convivarum, Josia Simleri, Rodolphi Gualteri, Lodovici Lavalteri sermonibus longè gratissimam. Postridie cùm ab eodem Bullingero in aulam publicam deduceretur, miratus quid sibi vellet in eum locum frequentissimus civium cujusque ordinis conventus, quæsivit ex eo, ecquæ illic etiam, ut Argentina, nobiles nuptiæ celebrarentur. Cui Bullingerus, tibi, inquit, nostra civitas nuptias illas celebrat. Præbuit ei Heidelberga amicum Ursinum, tos et præsertim Joachimum Camerarium, profectus est: hic jurisconsultorum collegio mandatum à senatu est, ut P. Ramo convivium publico urbis nomine instruerent. Inde Augustam perexit ubi urbis consul primarius eum liberalissimè tractavit, adhibitis in convivium eruditis variæ doctrinæ convivis, sed imprimis Hieronimo Wolfio, et Tichone Bracheo, cum quo post prandium in suburbanum consulis deductus, varios sermones de studiis mathematicis habuit. Rumore tandem restitutæ pacis revocatus, Lausannam contendit: hic a viris doctis exoratus, logicam árpóαri dies aliquot maximo concursu exhibuit. Geneva cum doctissimis hominibus tum de cæteris liberalibus studiis, tum de logicis collocutio illi assidua fuit, maximè cum Francisco de Cretensi et Andrea Melvino, Scoto. Cum aliis multis eruditissimis viris, in Italia Commandino et Papio, in Anglia Dio et Acontio, in Germania Chytreo, aliisque permultis amicitiam per literas jaxantè coluerat. Nobiles et inclytæ civitates eum magnis et honorificis, muneribus, et sexcentorum coronatorum oblato stipendio appetiverunt. Joannes electus rex Pannoni amplissimo stipendio Alba Julia regendam academiam illi obtulit. Cracoviam liberalissimè, immo in Italiam mille ducatorum stipendio Bononiam invitatus, patriam tamen deserere noluit: itaque Carolus ix, petitum undique calumniis domi, invidorùmque morsibus, non solùm præsenti ope sublevavit, sed honore auxit et amplificabit, eique vacationem à laboribus concessit. Tandem, anno 1572, in illa Parisiensi Christianorum ac civium internecione, indignissime periit. Necis causam sunt qui in æmulos ejus conferant: plerique eandem quæ ceteris ea nocte trucidatis fuisse existimant. Legatum annuum mathematico professori in Parisiensi academia luculentum testamento reliquit. THE SECOND DEFENCE OF THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND, AGAINST AN ANONYMOUS LIBEL ENTITLED "THE ROYAL BLOOD CRYING TO HEAVEN FOR VENGEANCE ON THE ENGLISH PARRICIDES " TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN, BY ROBERT FELLOWES, A. M. OXON. A GRATEFUL recollection of the divine goodness, is the cured the paltry aid of some despicable hirelings, and first of human obligations; and extraordinary favours suborned some of his silly and extravagant admirers, to demand more solemn and devout acknowledgments; support him under the weight of the unexpected and with such acknowledgments I feel it my duty to begin recent disgrace which he had experienced. This will this work. First, because I was born at a time, when immediately appear. Such are the signal favours the virtue of my fellow-citizens, far exceeding that of which I ascribe to the divine beneficence, and which I their progenitors in greatness of soul and vigour of en- thought it right devoutly to commemorate, not only terprize, having invoked heaven to witness the justice that I might discharge a debt of gratitude, but parof their cause, and been clearly governed by its direc- ticularly because they seem auspicious to the success tions, has succeeded in delivering the commonwealth of my present undertaking. For who is there, who from the most grievous tyranny, and religion from the does not identify the honour of his country with his most ignominious degradation. And next, because own? And what can conduce more to the beauty or when there suddenly arose many who, as is usual with glory of one's country, than the recovery, not only the vulgar, basely calumniated the most illustrious at- of its civil but its religious liberty? And what nachievements, and when one eminent above the rest, tion or state ever obtained both, by more successful inflated with literary pride, and the zealous applauses or more valorous exertion? For fortitude is seen reof his partizans, had in a scandalous publication, which splendent, not only in the field of battle and amid the was particularly levelled against me, nefariously un- clash of arms, but displays its energy under every diffidertaken to plead the cause of despotism, I who was culty and against every assailant. Those Greeks and neither deemed unequal to so renowned an adversary, Romans, who are the objects of our admiration, emnor to so great a subject, was particularly selected by ployed hardly any other virtue in the extirpation of the deliverers of our country, and by the general suf- tyrants, than that love of liberty which made them frage of the public, openly to vindicate the rights of prompt in seizing the sword, and gave them strength the English nation, and consequently of liberty itself. to use it. With facility they accomplished the unLastly, because in a matter of so much moment, and dertaking, amid the general shout of praise and which excited such ardent expectations, I did not dis-joy; nor did they engage in the attempt so much, as an enterprize of perilous and doubtful issue, as in a contest the most glorious in which virtue could be signalized; which infallibly led to present recompence; which bound their brows with wreaths of laurel, and consigned their memories to immortal fame. For as yet, tyrants were not beheld with a superstitious reverence; as yet they were not regarded with tenderness and complacency, as the vicegerents or deputies of Christ, as they have suddenly professed to be; as yet appoint the hopes nor the opinions of my fellowcitizens; while men of learning and eminence abroad bonoured me with unmingled approbation; while I obtained such a victory over my opponent, that notwithstanding his unparalleled assurance, he was obliged to quit the field with his courage broken and his reputation lost; and for the three years which he lived afterwards, much as he menaced and furiously as he raved, he gave me no further trouble, except that he pro the vulgar, stupified by the subtle casuistry of the | tion, which may be an object of envy to others, rather than of regret to myself. I am far from wishing to make any vain or arrogant comparisons, or to speak ostentatiously of myself, but, in a cause so great and glorious, and particularly on an occasion when I am called by the general suffrage to defend the very defenders of that cause; I can hardly refrain from assuming a more lofty and swelling tone, than the simplicity of an exordium may seem to justify and much as I may be surpassed in the powers of eloquence, and copiousness of diction, by the illustrious orators of antiquity; yet the subject of which I treat, was never surpassed in any age, in dignity or in interest. It has : priest, had not degenerated into a state of barbarism, more gross than that which disgraces the most senseless natives of Hindostan. For these make mischievous demons, whose malice they cannot resist, the objects of their religious adoration; while those elevate impotent tyrants, in order to shield them from destruction, into the rank of gods; and to their own cost, consecrate the pests of the human race. But against this dark array of long received opinions, superstitions, obloquy, and fears, which some dread even more than the enemy himself, the English had to contend; and all this, under the light of better information, and favoured by an impulse from above, they overcame with such sin-excited such general and such ardent expectation, that gular enthusiasm and bravery, that, great as were the I imagine myself not in the forum or on the rostra, numbers engaged in the contest, the grandeur of con- surrounded only by the people of Athens or of Rome; ception, and loftiness of spirit which were universally but about to address in this as I did in my former dedisplayed, merited for each individual more than a me- fence, the whole collective body of people, cities, states, diocrity of fame; and Britain, which was formerly and councils of the wise and eminent, through the styled the hot-bed of tyranny, will hereafter deserve to wide expanse of anxious and listening Europe. I seem be celebrated for endless ages, as a soil most genial to to survey as from a towering height, the far extended the growth of liberty. During the mighty struggle, tracts of sea and land, and innumerable crowds of specno anarchy, no licentiousness was seen; no illusions tators, betraying in their looks the liveliest interest, of glory, no extravagant emulation of the antients in- and sensations the most congenial with my own. Here flamed them with a thirst for ideal liberty; but the rec- I behold the stout and manly prowess of the Germans, titude of their lives, and the sobriety of their habits, disdaining servitude; there the generous and lively taught them the only true and safe road to real liberty; impetuosity of the French; on this side, the calm and and they took up arms only to defend the sanctity of stately valour of the Spaniard; on that, the composed the laws, and the rights of conscience. Relying on and wary magnanimity of the Italian. Of all the the divine assistance, they used every honourable ex- lovers of liberty and virtue, the magnanimous and the ertion to break the yoke of slavery; of the praise of wise, in whatever quarter they may be found, some which, though I claim no share to myself, yet I can secretly favour, others openly approve; some greet me easily repel any charge which may be adduced against with congratulations and applause; others, who had me, either of want of courage, or want of zeal. For long been proof against conviction, at last yield themthough I did not participate in the toils or dangers of selves captive to the force of truth. Surrounded by the war, yet I was at the same time engaged in a ser- congregated multitudes, I now imagine, that, from the vice not less hazardous to myself, and more beneficial columns of Hercules to the Indian ocean, I behold the to my fellow-citizens; nor, in the adverse turns of our nations of the earth recovering that liberty which they affairs, did I ever betray any symptoms of pusillanimity so long had lost; and that the people of this island are and dejection; or shew myself more afraid than be- transporting to other countries a plant of more beneficame me, of malice or of death: For since from my cial qualities, and more noble growth, than that which youth I was devoted to the pursuits of literature, and Triptolemus is reported to have carried from region my mind had always been stronger than my body, I to region; that they are disseminating the blessings of did not court the labours of a camp, in which any com- civilization and freedom among cities, kingdoms, and mon person would have been of more service than my- nations. Nor shall I approach unknown, nor perself, but resorted to that employment in which my ex-haps unloved, if it be told that I am the same person ertions were likely to be of most avail. Thus, with the who engaged in single combat that fierce advocate of better part of my frame, I contributed as much as despotism; till then reputed invincible in the opinion possible to the good of my country, and to the success of many, and in his own conceit; who insolently of the glorious cause in which we were engaged; and challenged us and our armies to the combat; but I thought, that if God willed the success of such glorious whom, while I repelled his virulence, I silenced with atchievements, it was equally agreeable to his will, his own weapons; and over whom, if I may trust to that there should be others by whom those atchieve the opinions of impartial judges, I gained a complete ments should be recorded with dignity and elegance; and glorious victory. That this is the plain unvarand that the truth, which had been defended by arms, nished fact appears from this; that, after the most noble should also be defended by reason; which is the best queen of Sweden, than whom there neither is nor ever and only legitimate means of defending it. Hence, was a personage more attached to literature and to while I applaud those who were victorious in the field, learned men, had invited Salmasius or Salmasia (for I will not complain of the province which was assigned to which sex he belonged is a matter of uncertainty) me; but rather congratulate myself upon it, and thank to her court, where he was received with great disthe author of all good for having placed me in a sta- tinction, my defence suddenly surprized him in the cern, midst of his security. It was generally read, and by the queen among the rest, who, attentive to the dignity of her station, let the stranger experience no diminution of her former kindness and munificence. But, with respect to the rest, if I may assert what has been often told, and was matter of public notoriety, such a change was instantly effected in the public sentiment, that he, who but yesterday flourished in the highest degree of favour, seemed to day to wither in neglect; and soon after receiving permission to depart, he left it doubtful among many, whether he were more honoured when he came, or more disgraced when he went away; and even in other places it is clear, that it occasioned no small loss to his reputation; and all this I have mentioned, not from any futile motives of vanity or ostentation, but that I might clearly show, as I proposed in the beginning, what momentous reasons I had for commencing this work with an effusion of | gratitude to the Father of the universe. Such a preface was most honourable and appropriate, in which I might prove, by an enumeration of particulars, that I had not been without my share of human misery; but that I had, at the same time, experienced singular marks of the divine regard; that in topics of the highest conthe most connected with the exigencies of my country, and the most beneficial to civil and religious liberty; the supreme wisdom and beneficence had invigorated and enlarged my faculties, to defend the dearest interests, not merely of one people, but of the whole human race, against the enemies of human liberty; as it were in a full concourse of all the nations on the earth: And I again invoke the same Almighty Being, that I may still be able with the same integrity, the same diligence, and the same success, to defend those actions which have been so gloriously atchieved; while I vindicate the authors as well as myself, whose name has been associated with theirs, not so much for the sake of honour as disgrace, from unmerited ignominy and reproach; but if there are any, who think that it would have been better to have passed over these in silent contempt, I should agree with them, if they had been dispersed only among those who were thoroughly acquainted with our principles and our conduct; but, how were strangers to discover the false assertions of our adversaries? When proper pains have been taken to make the vindication as extensive as the calumny, I think that they will cease to think ill of us, and that he will be ashamed of the falsehoods which he has promulgated; but, if he be past the feeling of shame, we may then well leave him to contempt. I should sooner have prepared an answer to his invective, if he had not entrenched himself in unfounded rumours and frequent denunciations that Salmasius was labouring at the anvil, and fabricating new libels against us, which would soon make their appearance; by which he obtained only a short delay of vengeance and of punishment; for I thought it right to reserve my whole strength unimpaired against the more potent adversary. But the conflict between me and Salmasius is now finally terminated by his death; and I will not write against the dead; nor will I reproach him with the loss of life as he did me with the loss of sight; though there are some, who impute his death to the penetrating severity of my strictures, which he rendered only the more sharp by his endeavours to resist. When he saw the work which he had in hand proceed slowly on, the time of reply elapsed, the public curiosity subsided, his fame marred, and his reputation lost; the favour of the princes, whose cause he had so ill-defended, alienated, he was destroyed after three years of grief rather by the force of depression than disease. However this may be, if I must wage even a posthumous war with an enemy whose strength I so well know, whose most vigorous and impetuous attacks I so easily sustained, there seems no reason why I should dread the languid exertions of his dying hour. But now, at last, let us come to this thing, whatever it may be, that provokes us to the combat; though I hear, indeed, the cry not of the royal blood, as the title pretends, but that of some skulking and drivelling miscreant. Well, I beseech, who are you? a man, or nobody at all? Certainly one of the dregs of men, for even slaves are not without a name. Shall I always have to contend with anonymous scribblers? though they would willingly indeed pass for kings' men, but I much doubt whether they can make kings believe that they are. The followers and friends of kings are not ashamed of kings. How then are these the friends of kings? They make no contributions; they more willingly receive them; they will not even lend their names to the support of the royal cause. What then? they support it by their pen; but even this service they have not sufficient liberality to render gratuitously to their kings; nor have they the courage to affix their names to their productions. But though, O anonymous Sirs! I might plead the example of your Claudius, who composed a plausible work concerning the rights of kings, but without having respect enough either for me or for the subject to put his name to the production, I should think it scandalous to undertake the discussion of so weighty a subject, while I concealed my name. What I, in a republic, openly attempt against kings, why do you in a monarchy, and under the patronage of kings, not dare to do except clandestinely and by stealth?. Why do you, trembling with apprehension in the midst of security, and seeking darkness in the midst of light, depreciate the power and the majesty of sovereigns by a cowardice, which must excite both hatred and distrust? Do you suspect that you have no protection in the power of kings? But surely, thus skulking in obscurity and prowling in disguise, you seem to have come not so much as advocates to maintain the right of kings as thieves to rob the treasury. What I am, I ingenuously profess to be. The prerogative which I deny to kings, I would persist in denying in any legitimate monarchy; for no sovereign could injure me without first condemning himself by a confession of his despotism. If I inveigh against tyrants, what is this to kings? whom I am far from associating with tyrants. As much as an honest man differs from a rogue, so much I contend that a king differs from a tyrant. Whence it is clear, that a tyrant is so far from |