(to which they refer, or are joined. The three

first of these are varied, to exprefs Number; as, Thefe, thofe, others [9]; the last of which admits of the Plural form only when its Substantive is not joined to it, but referred to, or understood: none of them are varied to exprefs the Gender: only two of them to exprefs the Cafe; as, other, one, which have the Poffeffive Cafe. One is fometimes used in an indefinite fenfe, (answering to the French on,) as in the following phrases; "one is apt to think;" "one fees;" "one fuppofes." Vho, which, that, are called Relatives, because they more directly refer to fome Subftantive going before, which therefore is called the Antecedent. They alfo connect the following part of the Sentence with the foregoing. These belong to all the three Perfons; whereas the reft belong only to the Third. One of them only is varied to exprefs the three Cafes; Who, whofe [1],

(that

[9]" Diodorus, whose design was to refer all occurrences to years,-is of more credit in a point of Chronology, than Plutarch or any other, that write Lives by the Lump." Bentley, Differt. on Themiftocles's Epiftles, Sect. vi. It ought to be others, or

writes.

[1] Whofe is by fome authors made the Poffeffive Cafe of which, and applied to things as well as perfons.

"The

(that is, who's [2],) whom : none of them have different endings for the Numbers. Who, which, what, are called Interrogatives, when they are used in afking questions. The two latter of them have no variation of Number or Cafe. Each, every [3], either, are called Diftributive; because they denote the Perfons, or things, that

"The question, whose solution I require,

Is, what the fex of women most desire." Dryden. "Is there any other doctrine, whofe followers are punished ?" Addison.

The higher Poetry, which loves to confider every thing as bearing a Perfonal Character, frequently applies the perfonal Poffeffive whofe to inanimate beings: "Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden Tree, whofe mortal tafte Brought death into the world, and all our woe."

Milton.

[2] So the Saxon bwa hath the poffeffive Cafe bwas. Note, that the Saxons rightly placed the Aspirate before the w, as we now pronounce it. This will be evident to any one that fhall confider in what manner he pronounces the words what, when, that is, boo-àt, boo-èn.

[3] Every was formerly much ufed as a Pronominal Adjective, standing by itself: as, "He propofeth unto God their neceffities, and they their own requefts, for relief in every of them." Hooker, v. 39. "The corruptions and depravation to which every of thefe was fubject." Swift, Contests and Diffentions. We now commonly say, every one.

make

し

make up a number, as taken feparately and fingly.

Own, and self, in the Plural felves, are joined to the Poffeffives, my, our, thy, your, his [4], her, their; as, my own hand; myself, yourselves: both of them expreffing emphafis, or oppofition; as, "I did it my own felf," that is, and no one else; the latter alfo forming the Reciprocal Pronoun; as, "he hurt himself." Himself, themselves, feem to be used in the Nominative Cafe by corruption, inftead of his felf, their felves [5]: as, "he came himself," "they did it themselves;" where himself, themselves, cannot be in the Objective: Cafe. If this be fo, felf muft be, in thefe inftances, not a Pronoun, but a Noun. Thus Dryden ufes it:

[4] The Poffeffives his, mint, thine, may be accounted either Pronominal Adjectives, or Genitive Cafes of the respective Pronouns. The form is ambiguous; juft in the fame manner as, in the Latin phrafe cujus liber," the word cujus may be either. the Genitive Case of qui, or the Nominative Masculine of the Adjective, cujus, cuja, cujum. So likewife, mei, tui, fui, noftri, veftri, have the fame form, whether Pronouns, or Pronominal Adjectives.

[5] His felf and their felves were formerly in use, even in the Objective Cafe after a Prepofition :

Every of us, each for his self, laboured how to recover him." Sidney. "That they would willingly and of their felves endeavour to keep a perpetual chaftity." Stat. 2 and 3 Ed. VI. ch. 21.

"What

"What I fhow,

Thy felf may freely on thyself bestow.” Ourfelf, the Plural Pronominal Adjective with the Singular Subftantive, is peculiar to the Regal Style.

Own is an Adjective; or perhaps the Participle own [6], of the verb to owe; to be the right owner of a thing [7]

All Nouns whatever in Grammatical Conftruction are of the Third Perfon; except when an addrefs is made to a Perfon: then the Noun, (anfwering to what is called the Vocative Cafe in Latin,) is of the Second Perfon.

A

ADJECTIVE.

N ADJECTIVE is a word added to a Subftantive to express its quality [8].

[6] Chaucer has thus expreffed it:

In

"As friendly, as he were his owen brother." Cant. Tales, 1654, edit. 1775. And fo in many other places; and, I believe, always in the fame manner. [7]" The Man that aweth this girdle.” Acts, xxi. 11. [8] Adjectives are very improperly called Nouns ; for they are not the Names of things. The Adjectives. good, white, are applied to the Nouns man, fnow, to exprefs the Qualities belonging to thofe Subjects; but

the

In English the Adjective is not varied on account of Gender, Number or Cafe [9]. The only variation which it admits of, is that of the Degrees of Comparison.

Qualities for the most part admit of more and lefs, or of different degrees, and the words that exprefs fuch Qualities have accordingly proper forms to exprefs different degrees. When a Quality is fimply expreffed without any relation to the fame in a different degree, it is called the Pofitive; as, wife, great. When it is expreffed with augmentation, or with reference to a less degree of the fame, it is called the Comparative; as,

the Names of thofe Qualities in the Abstract, (that is, confidered in themselves, and without being attributed to any subject), are goodness, whiteness; and thefe are Nouns, or Subftantives.

[9] Some few Pronominal Adjectives must here be excepted, as having the Poffeffive Cafe; as one, other, another: " By one's own choice." Sidney.

"Teach me to feel another's woe."

Pope, Univ. Prayer.

And the Adjectives, former, and latter, may be confidered as Pronominal, and reprefenting the Nouns, to which they refer; if the phrase in the following fentence be allowed to be juft: "It was happy for the state, that Fabius continued in the command with Minucius: the former's phlegm was a check upon the latter's vivacity.”