Bridport-James Williams, Esq. Bristol-J. N. Sanders, Esq., F.G.S., Chairman. J. Reynolds, Esq., Treasurer. J. B. Estlin, Esq, F.L.S., Secretary. Calcutta-James Young, Esq. C. H. Cameron, Esq. Cambridge-Rev. Leonard Jenyns, A.M., F.L.S. Rev. John Lodge, A.M. Rev. Prof. Sedgwick. A.M., F.R.S. & G.S. Canterbury-John Brent, Esq. William Masters, Esq. Carlisle-Thomas Barnes, M.D., F.R.S.E. Carnarvon-R. A. Poole, Esq. William Roberts, Esq. Chester-Henry Potts, Esq. Chichester-C. C. Dendy, Esq. Corfu-John Crawford, Esq. Plato Petrides. Coventry-C. Bray, Esq. Denbigh-Thomas Evans, Esq. Edward Strutt, Esq., M.P. Devonport and Stonehouse-Joli Cole, Esq. John Norman, Esq. Lt. Col. C. Hamilton Smith, F.R.S. Durham-The Very Rev. the Dean. Edinburgh-J. S, Traill, M.D. LOCAL COMMITTEES. Exeter-J. Tyrrell, Esq. John Milford, Esq. (Coaver.) Glamorganshire-W. Williams, Esq., Aber pergwm. Glasgow Alexander McGrigor, Esq. A. J. D. D'Orsey, Esq. Guernsey-F. C. Lukiss, Esq. Orford Ch. Daubeny, M.D., F.R.S., Prof. Chem. Pesth, Hungary-Count Szechenyi. Plymouth-H. Woollcombe, Esq., F.A.S., Chairm. Wm. Snow Harris, Esq., F.R.S. E. Moore, M.D., F. L.S., Secretary. G. Wightwick, Esq. Presteign Rt. Hon. Sir H. Brydges, Bart. A. W. Davis, M.D. Hitcham, Suffolk-Rev. Professor Henslow, Ripon Rev. H. P. Hamilton, A.M., F.R.S., G.S. A.M., F.L.S. & G.S. Hull-James Bowden, Esq. Rev. Wm. Shepherd, LL.D. Manchester Local Association Sir Benjamin Heywood. Bt., Treasurer. Merthyr Tydvil-Sir J. J. Guest, Bart., M.P. T. Sopwith, Esq., F.G.S. Newport, Isle of Wight-Ab. Clarke, Esq. R. G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Newport Pagnell-J. Millar, Esq. Wm. Forster, Esq. Rev. P. Ewart, A. M. Ruthin-The Rev. the Warden. Humphreys Jones, Esq. Ryde, Isle of Wight-Sir R. Simeon, Bt. Sheffield-J. H. Abrahams, Esq. Shepton Mallet-G. F. Burroughs, Esq. South Petherton-John Nicholetts, Esq. Henry Coppock, Esq., Secretary. Sydney, New S. Wales-W. M. Manning, Esq. Tavistock-Rev. W. Evans. John Rundle, Esq.. M.P. Wrexham-Thomas Edgworth, Esq. Dawson Turner, Esq. York-Rev. J. Kenrick, A.M. John Phillips, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S. ABYSSINTA, Bedouins of, page 268 -, doctor in, 195 Africa, Eastern, trading town of, 212 Alps, engineering among, 407, 410 Anglo-Saxons, fine arts among the, 25 Apple and pear, produce of the, 142 Athens, causes of the decline of, 32 Australian squatters, 456 Baims and Balsams, 119 Bangor Cathedral, 409 Barbers and surgeons, 87, 91 Baths for the working classes, 395 Bees for the poor, 32 -in Surinam, 56 -, memory of, 24 , pasturage of, 55 Billingsgate market, 439 Bindness, mental, 92 Book clubs, 179 Bottle papers at sea, 494 Boulogne, Roman lighthouse at, 12 Bridges in the Himalaya Mountains, 275 Bronze, figure-casting in, 259 Bade light, atmospheric, 173 Buenos Ayres, 177 CAMBRIDGE, round church at, 220 Capital, distribution of, 156 Carat, standard, and sterling, on the Casts from organized substances, 270 Chalets and pasturages of the Alps, 474 Chapel Royal, St. James's, 321 Colonel Gardiner, 353 Colours, harmony of, 60 Cookery, English, French notions of, 456 Cornwall, machine at Tresavean Mine, 48 Coventry, ancient, 129 Cadbear, 192 DIAMOND, Commercial value of the, 214] IBRAHIM Pasha, harem of, 391 -, in the arts, uses of the, 246 in, 102 Drawing crayons, 264 Drifting sands, plantations on, 114 Dust-storms of New South Wales, 427 132 Improvements, public, in 1844, 497 248 Iron, importance of, 395 JEW in Jerusalem, visit to, 368 Kordofan, autumnal custom of, 308 Kuvi, 55 190 Lapland, Christmas on the frontiers of, 8 Eating fish, effects of, 352 Eton College, Louis Phillippe's visit works, 73; Fitzalan steel and file Medallions en clichée,' 202 Port Philip, trees of, 20 RAILWAYS, rambles from: the Mole, River Gambia, sleeping fish of, 328 Scotch fishermen, superstitions of, 408 Spaniards, type of the, 20 Standard, sterling, and carat, on the St. David, cathedral of, 433 Sterling, standard, and carat, on the Stock Exchange, the, 29 Straw, pictures and devices in, 183 of Telescopes, reflectors for, 287 Nettles, English and foreign, 392 Germany and America; education in, OCCUPATIONS of the people, changes in, 139 Giraffe hunting, 355 Great Britain, occupations of the peo- Great men and national greatness, 240 Curiosities of British Natural History-Honey, rapid manufacture of, 48 Timber houses, old English, 89 Toulouse, description of, 21 VALHALLA, description of the interior Vegetation, power of, 315 Vehicles and travelling on the Conti- Venice, water-carrying girls of, 321 Paris in 1579, description of, by a Ve- Wakes and burials, Irish, 279, 283 netian ambassador, 8 Paris, pavement of, 20 Paris, Punch in, 235 Wandering Jew, the, 144 Warping, fertilization of land by, 221 Water, production of sound under, 13 Winds of New South Wales, 416 Philosophy, practical, in a small way, 11 Wine districts of France, 9.), $50; of Pig-killing at Rome, 320 Pix, trial of the, 98 Plait manufacture of Tuscany, 298 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. DESIGNERS. 1 Brown. ENGRAVERS. 4 Harvey. 5 SUBJECT. 1 Group of Butterflies 2 Perugino and Figures from a picture in 3 The Entombment in the Palazzo Pitti, from Perugino 4 Hudibras and Ralph 5 Remains of Caligula's Lighthouse 6 Greensted Church, Essex 7 View of Toulouse 9 Diagram of the Human Figure, walking " SUBJECT. Portugal and Madeira, 431; of Spain, Wood, pictures and devices on, 1:5 16 Portrait of Francia, and Presentation in 18 Group of British Butterflies 19 Procession of Freemasons' Orphans at 45 Fairholt. Sears. 49 Brown. Jackson, 8 Anglo-Saxon Diawing. From St. Æthel- wold's Benedictional' 10 Jacquard Weaving-Shed 11 Wool Combs 12 Drawing Worsted into Stivers 13 Warp scouring 14 Drawing in the Worsted Warp 12 Anelay. Sears. 17 Thorne. 21 Tiffin. Jackson. 25 Rowlett. €9 Fairholt. Fussell. 33 L. Jewitt. 24 Butterley Iron-Works. Casting Iron 75 73 J. Jewitt. M.Hampton. Welch. Horner. 26 Sears. 28 Puddling Furnace and Shin- gling Hammer 79 Welch. " Wragg. 29 Rolling Bar-Irɔu [a, Pontia Cardamines; b, Pieris Crataegi; c, Pontia Rape; d, Pontia Napi; e, Pontia Brassica; f, Gonopteryx Rhamni; g, Colias Hyale.] CURIOSITIES OF BRITISH NATURAL HISTORY. BUTTERFLIES. Ir, having never seen or heard of a butterfly, one were to meet our gaze, as on winnowing wings it danced through the summer air from flower to flower, should we conceive it possible that it had ever been a crawling and voracious worm, and then a torpid being enveloped like a mummy in a case,-whence it sprung forth in newness of life, light-winged, and graceful in every movement, and arrayed with beauty? And though we know this to be the fact, when we look at the sluggish leaf-eating caterpillar, and contrast it with what it will be, when on broad wings it traverses garden and meadow, extracting from the flowers their nectar for food, we feel involuntary emotions of wonder, No. 755. so striking is the contrast. Well might the Greeks, elegant even in their mythology, apply the term Psyche to the soul-and to the butterfly, the latter being the mystical emblem of the former. All know what a caterpillar is, there are few who are not familiar with the caterpillars of many of the more common butterflies, so destructive to the esculent vegetables of the kitchen-garden; but still some points in their structure and economy may not be so generally understood. The caterpillars of the butterfly tribe have hard horny jaws; a body consisting of segments, to the number of twelve, exclusive of the head. They are furnished with legs of two kinds: of these, the first three pairs, attached to the three first segments of the body respectively, are true, or persistent, being the rudiments of the legs of the perfect insect; these are VOL. XIII.-B |