a board, and then surrounded with a wall of clay about an inch distant all round, and rising to a greater height than the specimen. Into the cell thus formed, thick, strong, melted glue was poured, until the specimen was completely enveloped. The glue, when in a state sufficiently set to be handled, was cut into two or more pieces by a sharp knife, and the specimen removed from the inside. These pieces, when afterwards temporarily put together, formed a mould which had many advantages on account of its elasticity. In the mould thus made casts were formed of plaster of Paris, or sometimes of wax; for it was found that wax, if not heated too highly, will cool in the mould so quickly as to leave the glue unacted on. Mr. Fox sent, as specimens of this art, casts of a deer's horn and of a calculous concretion, very rough on the surface; and on the expression of a desire on the part of the Society to know whether the softer parts of anatomical preparation could be moulded in a similar way, Mr. Fox sent a cast of a specimen which could not have been moulded in any way but with an elastic mould, such as of glue.

specimens have rather the minuteness of nature than the imperfection of art."

So far the application is merely to give a metallic surface to the organized substance; but by carrying on the process until a thick deposit be obtained, instead of merely coating the object, a mould will be obtained, from which casts may be made either by electric agency or by the usual means; and such casts will present the minutest points of diversity on the surface of the object. Some specimens of this kind are now to be seen in the exhibition of the proposed modes of decoration for the new Houses of Parliament, in King-street, St. James's.

Education of Children.-In the education of children, love is first to be instilled, and out of love, obedience is to be educed. Then impulse and power should be given to the intellect, and the ends of a moral being be exhibited. For this object, this must be effected by works of imagination; that they carry the mind out of self, and show the possible of the good and the great in the human character. The height, whatever it may be, of the imaginative standard will do no harm; we are commanded to imitate one who is inimitable. We should adProfessor Schreibers, of Vienna, some years ago dress ourselves to those faculties in a child's mind which are took casts in metal of the internal parts of the ear,first awakened by nature, and, consequently, first admit of culby which we are to understand, the cavities in a parti- tivation; that is to say, the memory and the imagination. The cular bone of the skull. The bone was first placed comparing power, the judgment, is not at that age active, and in a crucible, and covered with sand, leaving the open- ought not to be forcibly excited, as is too frequently and mising into the ear uncovered. It was then heated red-takenly done in the modern systems of education, which can only hot, until all the volatile animal matter was destroyed. lead to selfish views, debtor and creditor principles of virtue, and The whole was removed from the fire, and allowed to In the imagination of man, exists the cool; and fusible metal was poured through a small seeds of all moral and scientific improvement; chemistry was first funnel into the cavity of the bone, till full. The bone alchemy, and out of astrology sprang astronomy. In the childitself was next eaten away by exposing it to the action hood of these sciences, the imagination opened a way and furof dilute muriatic acid; and the metal was thus libe- nished materials on which the ratiocinative power in a maturer state operated with success. The imagination is a distinguished characteristic of man, as a progressive being; and I repeat that it ought to be carefully guided and strengthened as the indispensable means and instrument of continued melioration and refinement.-S. T. Coleridge.

rated in the exact form of the cavities themselves.

It seems not improbable that electro-metallurgy will come in aid of this art, as of many others. An organized specimen, whether of vegetable or animal structure, may be either coated with a permanent film of metal, or may have a metallic mould formed from it, according to the object in view. For instance, an apple or a pear may be thus treated. It is first brushed over with blacklead, and then a small pin is thrust in at the stalk; and to this pin is connected the wire belonging to the zinc end of a galvanic battery; and the fruit is immersed in the solution of sulphate of copper, in which a piece of copper is also placed. By the action of the apparatus, a film of copper becomes deposited on the fruit. Cucumbers, potatoes, carrots, and various other vegetables may be coated in a similar way. After the objects are coated, the pin is withdrawn, and a little hole is thus left through which the juices of the vegetable may evaporate, and thus promote the complete drying of the encased object. The copper film retains its form even after the vegetable object has almost shrivelled away. Leaves and delicate twigs may be coated with copper or other metal in a similar way. On this point Mr. Smee states, "The beauty of electro-coppered leaves, branches, and similar objects, is surprising. I have a case of these specimens placed on a black ground, which no one would take to be productions of art. In the same room with them are a couple of those cases in which Ward has taught us to grow in this smoky metropolis some of the most interesting botanical specimens. In these cases are contained varieties of fairy-formed adiantums, verdant lycopodiums, brilliant orchidea, rigid cacti, and creeping lygodiums, all growing in their natural luxuriance. The electro-coppered leaves, however, are beautiful when placed by the side of the productions of this miniature paradise; and when I state that the numerous hairs covering the leaves of a melostoma, and even the delicate hairs of the salvia, are all perfectly covered, the botanist must at once admit that these

an inflated sense of merit.

Cornish Miners.-The fifth volume of the Transactions of the

Royal Geological Society of Cornwall treats of mining operatious. The Cornish miner, says the Athenæum' in its review of this work, is naturally brave and often reckless. He delights in overcoming difficulties-his patience and perseverance is of the most marked kind, and in many parts of the country, he termination. At Botallack Mine, which is worked for a conhas constructed works, which testify to his hardihood and desiderable distance under the Atlantic Ocean, the miners were tempted to follow the ore upwards to the sea, but the openings made were small, and the rock being extremely hard, a covering of wood and some cement sufficed to exclude the water and protect the workmen from the consequences of their rashness. Mr. Henwood, the author, thus describes a visit made by him and one of the mine-captains to a mine in the same district with Botallack, and similarly situated :-" I was once, however, underground in Wheal Cock during a storm. At the extremity of the level seaward, some eighty or one hundred fathoms from when the reflux of some unusually large wave projected a peb the shore, little could be heard of its effects, except at intervals, ble outward, bounding and rolling over the rocky bottom. But, when standing beneath the base of the cliff, and in that part of the mine where but nine feet of rock stood between us and the ocean, the heavy roll of the large boulders, the ceaseless grinding of the pebbles, the fierce thundering of the billows, with the crackling and boiling as they rebounded, placed a tempest, in its most appalling form, too vividly before me ever to be forgotten. More than once, doubting the protection of our rocky shield, we retreated in affright, and it was only after repeated trials that we had confidence to pursue our investigations. AlEnd, are similarly situated, and the positions of several of the most all the mines in the parish of St. Just, near the Land's steam-engines are highly picturesque: perched on the verge, and even on the ledge of a tremendous precipice, they seem at the mercy of every storm, and to the beholder from beneath, they almost appear suspended in the air, and tottering to their fall." In the Cornish mines are 30,000 persons employed, averaging 18,472 men, 5764 women, and 5764 children.

milk being brought into a common dairy, where it is kept in very large copper vessels, and the produce divided. The deep yellow colour is given by saffron." It is, however, to Bowring's Report on the trade and productions of Tuscany that we must look for fuller details of this district and its system. From this valuable source we learn that the district which produces the Parmesan cheese is about twenty miles wide, from Milan to Pavia and Lodi, and double that length, from Abbiategrasso to Codogno. The cows set apart for this purpose are about eighty thousand in number. It is seldom found profitable to rear them in the immediate neighbourhood; they are brought from Switzerland, from Tyrol, and from Bavaria. They are purchased at the age of three or four years, and continue to give milk abundantly for about seven years. There are ten or twelve thousand imported every year, at a price varying from fourteen to twenty pounds sterling each. At the end of the seven years, when|viding the curd by means of a stick armed with crossthey are no longer serviceable for cheese-making, they are sold for three or four pounds a-piece. About seventy thousand calves are produced annually in the district; and these sell at from twelve to thirty shillings each, to be consumed as food in the towns. About as many pigs are kept as there are cows, since the whey will afford the main part of their food; and these sell for an average price of about thirty shillings each. Taking all these things together, it is found that the worn-out cows, the calves, and the pigs, sold in each year, produce a sum rather greater than the purchase-price of the young cows every year, leaving the butter and cheese to represent the agricultural value or profit of the system.

It is estimated that each of the cows in the district yields about a hundred and forty pounds of butter annually on an average. This is sold by the farmers to the retailers at about seven pence per pound, and by them retailed at a moderate profit. The cheese produced from each cow is about two and a half times this quantity every six months. There are two qualities of the cheese, the one called la sorte maggiore (the May lot, and the other la sorte quartirola (the winter lot), the whole produce being collected twice in the year. The average price is about five or six pence per pound.

After two or three years' seasoning in the warehouses of the merchants, who are principally at Codogno in the province of Lodi, and Corsico in the province of Milan, the weight of the cheese is found to have diminished about five per cent. Of the thirty million pounds of cheese produced annually in the district, about half is of smaller market-value than the rest, arising either from a defect in quality or a defect in shape.

The whole produce of the Parmesan (so-called) district in cheese and butter is valued at about thirty-two millions of francs (about a million and a quarter sterling) per annum. With respect to the district itself, there are three kinds of pasture used for the cows: viz. the marcito (constantly-flooded meadow land), the irrigatorio stabile (merely irrigated ground), and the erbatico (rotation meadow-ground). The marcito is quite an indigenous cultivation. It consists in dividing the ground into many small parallelograms, sensibly inclined to one side. The water which fills the little canals between the parallelograms overflows these spots slowly, and by the inclination of the ground falls into a lower canal. From this again it is diffused over other parallelograms, until at length the whole meadow is flooded. This kind of pasture maintains a rapid and continual vegetation. The irrigatorio stabile is a kind of irrigated pasture calling for no particular remark; and the erbatico consists of a rotation of meadow with rice, grain, flax, Indian corn, and oats.

Some years ago, Mr. Arthur Young and Mr. Pryce both described the mode of making the Parmesan cheese from their own observations. The following are the chief points in the method:-At ten o'clock in the morning, five and a half brents' of milk (each brent being about twelve gallons) are put into a large copper, which is suspended over a slow wood fire. After the milk has been stirred for about an hour, and has attained a lukewarm state, a little rennet is squeezed through a cloth into the milk. The copper, suspended by a crane, is then removed from over the fire, and left stationary for about an hour, at the end of which time it is stirred up. When the whey has separated a little from the curd, the cazaro, or dairyman (for cheese-making is not women's work in Italy), examines the state of coagulation, and gives instructions to his sotto-cazaro, or assistant, to commence working. This working consists in breaking or diwires. The curd having subsided, and part of the whey removed, the copper is again suspended over the fire, where it is exposed to a pretty strong heat, but not so high as to reach the boiling-point. A little saffron is added; the contents of the copper are kept agitated by a wooden stirrer; and the cazaro from time to time examines the whey, by means of his finger and thumb, to determine when the right degree of solidity and firmness of grain is attained. At the proper time, three-fourths of the remaining whey are poured off, and the copper is cooled sufficiently to enable the curd to be taken out on a coarse cloth. The cloth is placed in a tub to drain, and is then placed within a hoop, with about half a hundredweight laid upon it for an hour. The cloth is next taken off, and the whey, now beginning to assume the form of cheese, is placed on a shelf in the same hoop. At the end of two or three days, it is sprinkled all over with salt. The same process is repeated every second day for thirty or forty days; two cheeses being placed one upon another, in which way they are said to receive the salt better. When the salting is completed, the cheeses are scraped clean, and are rubbed and turned every day while in store. A little linseedoil is applied to the surface, to protect them from insects. The cheeses are never sold till they attain the age of six months.

There are other districts in Europe where a sort of fame has been acquired for the production of cheese possessing some quality or other of a peculiar kind. Such, for example, is that of Gruyère, in Switzerland. There is most probably a peculiarity either in the pasturage of the district, or in the mode of cheesemaking, or in both, which gives to Gruyère cheese a flavour for which it has become celebrated throughout Europe. Forty thousand hundredweights of this cheese are made yearly, the greater part of which is exported.

Bridges in the Himalaya Mountains.-Another kind of bridge, called Suzum, is formed of twigs very indifferently twisted; there are five or six cables for the feet to rest upon, and side ropes about four feet above the others to hold by, connected with the lower ones by open wicker-work, or ribs, one or two feet apart. The side ropes are at a most inconvenient distance from each other, and in one place they are so far asunder that a person cannot The ropes, from being conreach both with his extended arms. structed of such frail materials, do not bear much stretching, and the bridge forms a curve the sixth part of a circle. Frequent accidents have occurred, and only a month before I crossed in August last, two people were lost by one of the side ropes giving way. The guides that accompanied me did not tell me of this until they saw ten or twelve of my loaded followers on the bridge at once.-Account of Koonawur, by the late Capt. Gerard,

We shall thus twice cross the county of Sussex, and once cross Surrey; and in so doing pass through much of the finest scenery in each county.

The scenery of Sussex has been often praised, and sometimes highly, yet many are little aware of its richness and variety. The attractions of more distant counties have caused it to be unfairly neglected. Tourists seldom keep in mind that

"To know that which before us lies in daily life

Is the prime wisdom;"

but value scenery as some folks value old china, for its being unattainable near home. Scenes that they would scarcely look at a second time if within reach by an hour's ride, they fall into raptures over if they need two or three days to arrive at. But our business is to describe, not to rail; and we must call attention to choice spots when we come upon them, without heeding whether others will admire them or not.

RAMBLES FROM RAILWAYS. THE ADUR, ARUN, AND WEY.-No. I. WITHOUT departing from the plan on which we commenced this series of our rambles-that of following the windings of a river-we purpose in the present paper to conduct such of our readers as will accompany us over a somewhat longer course than we have yet led them. "Somer is ycomen in," as the old poet sings; and among the many delightful things that come with it, none is more delightful than the opportunity it affords to some-alas! that it is to so few of the careworn sons of toil, of a brief respite from their daily labour and anxiety. In a large city almost all are overwrought-mind and body are alike overstrained, and become enervated unless they sometimes seek quiet and repose, and, by availing themselves of free Nature's grace, obtain a renewal of health and vigour. All who can should make a summer holiday, however short; for not alone is the health improved thereby, knowledge streams in upon the mind, a season is afforded for thoughtfulness; we can in seclusion look before and after, ponder on our past course and see where we have erred, and form plans of manly purpose for the future; while by communing with those of different pursuits and interests to our own, some of our pre-pleasantly reach from the Balcombe station of the judices are brushed away, and we learn to look with more kindly feelings on all; and the taste is refined and chastened by a return to simple natural enjoyments, and an absence for awhile from the feverish excitement of the city.

Thus, if we mistake not, it will be found that along with the buoyancy of health come an expansion and purification of the mind-nay, may we not say-something of a renovation of the whole man? Nought like a solitary ramble among the mountains for this purpose. But there are many who can make a short holiday, yet to whom a mountain trip is quite impracticable: for such we are about to point out a route that will lead them through a variety of beautiful scenery, and that offers at the same time many attractions to the man of science and the lover of our national antiquities; while it will yield an abundance of enjoyment to those who are prepared, as every pedestrian ought to be, to draw pleasure from every wholesome source.

The course we intend to take is to follow the Sussex Adur from its source till it falls into the sea; then to keep along the sea-shore till we reach the mouth of the Arun, up which river we shall proceed to its junction, by means of a cutting, with the Wey; and then along the Wey till that river unites with the Thames.

The Adur has really three or four sources; one is about two miles from Slinfold, another about as far from Nuthurst in Sussex- and all the Sussex rivers rise in the county-these unite near West Grinstead; they are swelled by a brook that rises near West Chiltington. But the stream that we take as our guide has its source near Slaugham. This we can easily and Brighton Railway. We leave the station on our left, and crossing a field, come at once into the lane that leads to Slaugham-and a most delightful lane it is. If we wanted to give any one a favourable notion of a thoroughly countrified English lane, we could not select a better. The proximity of the railway has done nothing to destroy its rural character. It is as unpolished and unimproved as Sir Uvedale Price or Mr. Gilpin could desire; but then, how it abounds with wild flowers which they would not have stooped to look at! We never saw a lane more full of flowers, or of choicer and lovelier kinds, than this lane in this present spring. From it and the neighbouring wood few young botanists but would be able to find a new specimen or two for their herbarium. Then there are a cottage or two and a farmhouse, just enough to break the continuity of hedge-row pleasantly, and not sufficient to destroy the quiet. There are some, fine trees in the hedges too, and peeps between them across the Weald, which stretches away on our left, with a huge barrier of lofty downs beyond. On a clear bright day, with just clouds enough in the sky to chequer with their flitting shade the level stretch of scenery, and to relieve the uniformity of the distant downs, the tourist will hardly wish for a more lovely prospect.